THE MALACCA STRAIT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
ISPS CODE
Dr Vivian Louis ForbesAdjunct Associate Professor, Curtin University
Map Curator, UWAResearch Associate, MIMA
THE STRAIT OF MALACCA:BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
MIMA Conference Prince Hotel and Residence
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia11 to 13 October 2004
MALACCA STRAIT• Northern limit – Pu. Rondo to Ko. Phuket• Southern limit – Pu. Karimum to Tg. Piai• Length – 500 nautical miles (M) (or 926 km)• Width – varies from 210 M (north) to 8M (south)• Adjacent features – Andaman Sea to the north; Straits
of Singapore to south and east; Sumatera Island to the west and Malay Peninsula to the east
• Littoral states – Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand• Surface area – approximately 52,000 sqM• Depth varies – northern sector: greater than 200
metres; central – 200 and 30; southern less than 30m
UNDER KEEL CLEARANCEMALACCA STRAIT
ALL SHIPS PASSING MUST MAINTAIN 3.5 METRES UNDERKEEL CLEARANCE (UKC)
Source : Nippon Maritime Center
MALACCA AND SINGAPORE STRAITSSTILL THE BEST OPTION FOR SHIPS PLYING
BETWEEN INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS
BETTER SURVEYED AND RELIABLE MAPPING
RELIABLE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS, VISUAL AND ELECTRONIC
READILY AVAILABLE EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
GOOD SUPPORT FACILITIES FOR SHIPPING e.g CREW CHANGE, BUNKERS, REPAIRS, PORT FACILITIES, TRANSHIPMENT
SHORTER DISTANCE: for example, ADEN TO YOKOHAMA
VIA MALACCA STRAIT = 6535 N Miles, 21 DAYS 19 HRS at 12.5kts
VIA SUNDA STRAIT = 7165 N Miles, 23 DAYS 21 HRS at 12.5kts
VIA LOMBOK STRAIT = 7549 N Miles, 25 DAYS 04 HRS at 12.5kts
MARITIME JURISDICTION DEFINED• Continental shelf boundary delimited –
Malaysia/Thailand, 24 Oct. 1969 Indonesia/Malaysia, 27 Oct. 1969Indonesia/Thailand, 17 Dec. 1971Indonesia/Malaysia/Thailand, 21 Dec.1971
• Surface area apportioned: Indonesia – 48.7%; Malaysia – 36.5%; Thailand – 14.8%
• Territorial Sea claimed by each State: 12M• Archipelagic baselines redefined by Indonesia
28 June 2002
CONCERNS AND ISSUES• Ship security• Port security• Sea lane safety and security• Innocent passage of ship• Ship’s right to enter port; Port State right to deny entry• Obligations and duties• Damage to facilities and the environment• Resource security – fishers and other operators• Breaches of custom, excise, sanitary, pollution rules• Trafficking in drugs, human cargo, weapons• Seafarers’ rights
SEAFARERS’ RIGHTS• To a safe and secure workplace that complies
with safety standards• To fair terms of employment• To decent working and living conditions on
board ship• To health protection and welfare measures and
other forms of social security protection
Source: Article IV of the Consolidated Maritime Labour Convention (Recommended Draft) ILO. For consideration at PTM Conference, Geneva, 13-24 September 2004
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS
• Developed through the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
• Enforced by maritime security measures contained in International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) in force 1 July 2004
• Encouraged by provisions contained in 1982 Law of the Sea Convention
• Embodied in amendments and also a new chapter to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
SOLAS Convention: Chapters V, XI-1 and XI-2
ISPS CODEIntroduced by IMO, the International Ship and Port
Facility Security Code is a complex set of instructions, Part A (mandatory); Part B (optional); and open to many interpretations. It requires nomination of:
• Ship’s Security Officer (SSO)• Company Security Officer (CSO)• Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO)• Relevant security plans for each ship and portThe Code applies to passenger ships, cargo ships of
500 gross registered tonnage engaged in international voyages and mobile offshore drilling units but excludes warships and other Government non-commercial vessels.
SHIP SECURITYMaster of a ship is required to act upon the security
levels set by Contracting Governments:Level One
– Ensure performance of all ship security duties– Control access to the ship– Control the embarkation of persons and their effects– Monitor restricted areas to ensure only authorised
persons have access– Monitor all areas: deck and surround of ship– Supervise the handling of cargo and ship’s store– Ensure that security communication is available
SHIP SECURITYLevel Two– includes additional protective measures as
specified in the Ship’s Security Plan (guidance in Part B)
Level Three– further specific protective measures as noted in the
Ship’s Security plan.PFSO and SSO to liaise and co-ordinate appropriate
actions
MALACCA STRAIT – ANNUAL SHIPPING TRAFFIC
206651946815974SUBTOTAL OF TANKERS
593145596743965TOTAL REPORTING TRAFFIC
386493649927991ALL OTHER TRAFFIC
35%35%36%PERCENTAGE OF TANKERS
308629622473LNG / LPG
142761334311474CRUDE / PRODUCT TANKERS
330331632027VLCC/DEEP DRAUGHT VESSELS
2001 (162)2000(153)
1999(120)
BASED ON TO VESSEL TRAFFIC SYSTEM (PER DAY)
Source : MARINE DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
SHIP SECURITY ASSESSMENTSecurity assessment - an essential and integral part of
developing and updating SS Plan, requires:• identification of existing security measures,
procedures and operations• identification and evaluation of key ship board
operations• identification of possible threats to key operations• identification of weaknesses, including human factors
in the infrastructure, policies and procedures
xxxxxVietnam
xxxxThailand
xxxxxxxSingapore
xxxxxPhilippines
xxxxMyanmar
xxxxxMalaysiaxLaos
xxxxIndonesia
xxCambodiaXxxxBrunei
ISPSCSIPSISUASOLASIMOCLOS
PORTS ALONG THE MALACCA STRAIT LITTORAL
• INDONESIA (Sumatera) admin. by PT Pelabuhan I– Sabang– Malahayati– Lhokseumawe– Langsa– Tebing Tinggi– Belawan and UTPK– Kuala Tanjung– Tanjungbalai– Bagansiapiapi– Melaka– Dumai– Bengkalis
• MALAYSIA (west coast Peninsula)– Dermaga Tanjung Lembung– Teluk Ewa Jetty– Kuala Perlis– Penang Port– Lumut Port– Telok Intan– Port Kelang– Port Dickson– Sungai Udang Port– Malacca Port– Muar– Tanjung Pelapas
SHIPS CALLING AT NORTH SUMATERIAN PORTS (PTP 1) (Gross Registered Tons GRT)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
ocean goinginter islandTotal
CONTAINERS HANDLED AT NORTH SUMATERIAN PORTS
(Twenty-foot Equivalent Units- TEUS)
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1995 1997 1999 2001
Container Ter.
Conventional B
Total
CARGO FLOW AT NORTH SUMATERIAN PORTS
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
ExportImportDomesticTotal
PASSENGERS ENTERING AND DEPARTING NORTH SUMATERIAN
PORTS
010000002000000300000040000005000000600000070000008000000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
OverseasDomesticTotal