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ReaganHejl,M.S.ResearchAssociate,TexasA&MUniversity
TurfgrassManagement
TurfgrassLawnsareaResource• Soilerosioncontrol• Duststabilizaon• Enhancegroundwaterrecharge• Improvedsurfacewaterquality• Filteringofchemicalpollutants• Heatdissipaon• Temperaturemoderaon• Noiseabatement• Glarereducon• SequestraonofCO2
• ProduconofO2• Enhancespropertyvalue
SessionOutline• Growth&Morphology
• TurfgrassUse&Selecon
• Mowing&Aerificaon
• NutrientManagement
• Irrigaon
• WeedManagementBasics
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Whatareturfgrasses?
Meristem(GrowingPoint)
Grazing/Mowing
Wheredoturfgrassescomefrom?
• Trueorfalse???• MostturfgrassesusedintheUnitedStatesoriginatedinthisconnent.
Wheredoturfgrassescomefrom?
• FALSE!!!• MostturfgrassesusedintheUnitedStatesarenavetootherconnents.
• Europe(Bluegrasses,fescues,ryegrasses,andbentgrasses)• Asia(Zoysiagrasses)• Africa(Bermudagrasses)• WestIndies(St.Augusnegrass)
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Wheredoturfgrassescomefrom?
•WhatistheonlyturfgrassspeciesusedthatisnavetotheUnitedStates????
• Hint:It’snamedaerananimal!!
Wheredoturfgrassescomefrom?
• Buffalograss(Buchloedactyloides)
CoolSeasonv/sWarmSeasonGrasses
• Coolseasongrasses• Coolseasongrassesaregenerallyadaptedtotemperateandsubarccclimates.
• Theyperformmostoftheirgrowthatairtemperaturesof6075oF.
• Warmseasongrasses• Warmseasongrassesaregenerallyadaptedtotropicalandsubtropicalclimates.
• Theyperformmostoftheirgrowthatairtemperaturesof8095oF.
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CoolSeasonv/sWarmSeasonGrasses
• CoolseasongrassesAnnualryegrass KentuckybluegrassCreepingbentgrass PerennialryegrassFinefescue Tallfescue
• WarmseasongrassesBahiagrass SeashorepaspalumBermudagrass St.AugusnegrassBuffalograss ZoysiagrassCenpedegrass
CoolSeasonv/sWarmSeasonGrasses
TurfgrassesTransionZone
ToocoldinthewintertogrowwarmseasongrassesToowarminthesummertogrowcoolseasongrasses
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TurfgrassMorphology • Inordertoproperlyidenfyaturfgrassspecies,itisimportanttoknowbasicplantmorphology.
• Thisisadiagramofthemostfundamentalplantcharacteriscsforproperidenficaon.
TurfgrassGrowth
TurfgrassMorphology
• Theturfgrassplantiscomposedofstems,leaves,androots.• Shootsarecomposedofstemsandleaves.
• Itisimportanttounderstandthefunconofeachofthesepartsandhowtheyinteracttosustaintheturfgrassplant.
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TurfgrassMorphologyTypesofstems • Stems
• Astemisapartoftheplantthatiscomposedofjoints,ornodes,andtheareasbetweenthesenodescalledinternodes.
• Nodes• Nodesarewherebudsandleavesoriginateonthestem.
• Internodes• Internodesaretheporonsofthestembetweentwosuccessivenodes.
TurfgrassGrowth
TurfgrassMorphologyTypesofstems • Tillers
• Atypeofstemthatgrowsvercallyincloseproximitytotheexisngplant.
• Allgrassesproducellersthatarereferredtoasprimarylateralstems.
• Grassesthatproducellersonlyarereferredtoas“bunchtype”grasses.
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TurfgrassMorphologyTypesofstems • Bunchtypegrasseslacktheabilitytospreadlaterally.
• Seedingisrequiredifthinningoccurs.
• Examples:• Tallfescue• Perennialryegrass• Annualryegrass
TallfescueBunchtypeGrowthHabit
PerennialryegrassBunchtypeGrowthHabit
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TurfgrassMorphologyGrowthhabits
• Bunchtype• Tallfescue,Perennialryegrass,Annualryegrass,andAnnualbluegrass
• Stoloniferous• Creepingbentgrass,Cenpedegrass,Buffalograss,andSt.Augusnegrass
• Rhizomatous• Kentuckybluegrass,Bahiagrass,andJohnsongrass
• StoloniferousandRhizomatous• BermudagrassandZoysiagrass
TurfgrassMorphologyTypesofstems • RhizomesandStolons
• Stolonsandrhizomesaretypesofstemsthatspreadlaterallygivingrisetonewplants.
• Theyarereferredtoassecondarylateralstems.• Thisqualityallowscertaingrassestospreadintonewareasandrecoverfromwear.
Nodesandinternodes
Node Node Node
Internode Internode
*Each node can produce a new plant.
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TurfgrassMorphologyRhizomes
TurfgrassMorphologyStolons
July2016 July2017
Sprigs
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Sprigs
• Spriggingmachine
SprigsThingstoconsider • Cost:Relavelyexpensive• Timetoestablish:~12weeks
• DependentonspriggingrateandNmanagement• Mustspriginearlytomidsummer
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6Weeksaersprigging
12Weeksaersprigging
TurfgrassKeyforVegetaveIdenficaon
• Itisalsoimportanttoknowthemorphologicalcharacteriscsofaturfgrassplantinorderforthiskeytobeaccurateandeffecve.
• Thecharacteriscstobecomefamiliarwithare:• Vernaon• Ligule• Auricle• Sheath• Collar
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ExamplesofSeedheads St.Augustinegrass
Johnsongrass
Bahiagrass
Bermudagrass
Centipedegrass
TurfgrassGrowth&Morphology TakeawayPoints• Itisimportanttohaveabasicunderstandingof:
• TurfgrassGrowthHabits• Bunchtype,Rhizomatous,Stoloniferous
• Seedheads/Inflorescences• TurfgrassPlantParts
• Ligule,Collar,Auricle• Eachofthesewillplayaroleinproperturfgrassidenficaonandsubsequentmanagement
TurfgrassSeleconandUseItisextremelyimportanttoselecttheproperspeciesandvarietyatplanngandshouldbebasedonperformancefactorssuchas:
•Heat/droughttolerance• Irrigaonrequirements
•Traffictolerance
•Desireduse•Timeofyeartheturfismostused
•Managementcapabilies
•Others…..
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TurfgrassSeleconandUseCoolseasonspeciesarenotwelladaptedformostTexasenvironmentsbecause:
• Lowwateruseefficiency
• Lownitrogenuseefficiency
• Idealtemperaturerangeof6075oF
• Highdiseaseincidence
• Canlackrhizomatousand/orstoloniferousgrowthhabitswhichallowthemtorecoverfromstressesassociatedwithdrought,pests,traffic,etc.
WarmseasonspeciesarewelladaptedforTexasenvironmentsbecause:
• Highwateruseefficiency• Highnitrogenuseefficiency• Idealtemperaturerangeof8095oF• Droughthardiness• Rhizomatousand/orstoloniferousgrowthhabitswhichallowthemtorecoverfromstressesassociatedwithdrought,pests,traffic,etc.
TTuurrffggrraassss SSeelleeccoonn aanndd UUssee
ThereareseveralspeciesavailableforuseinthisareaofTexas.Properseleconisthefirststeptosuccessfulmanagement
ProperTurfgrassSelecon
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TurfgrassGrowthCalendars
MatchstrengthsofeachgrasstothedesiredareaofplannganduseWarmseasonSpecies Strengths WeaknessesBahiagrass Rapidgrowth,lowNuse,drought Shade,salts,mowingfrequency,
lackofdensityBermudagrass Heat,drought,traffic,disease ShadeBuffalograss Drought,lowinput Disease,moisture,traffic,
ferlizaonCenpedegrass Lowinput Traffic,salts,highpH,shadeSeashorePaspalum Salts,traffic,shade Cold,diseaseSt.Augusnegrass Shade Traffic,coldZoysiagrass Heat,drought,shade,moderate
traffic,cold,lowinput(Z.matrellaspp.)
Thatch,slowestablishment/recoveryrate
ProperTurfgrassSelecon
ProperTurfgrassSeleconforAusnMetroArea
SpeciesandVarietySeleconSpecies Status Variety
Bermudagrass Adapted Celebraon,Common,Discovery,NorthBridge,Princess,Tion10,TifDwarf,TifEagle,TifGrand,TifGreen,TifSport,Tifway419
Buffalograss Adapted Density,Prairie,PresgeSeashorePaspalumMarginal Seadwarf,Seaspray,SeaIsleSt.Augusnegrass Marginal Capva,Common,DelMar,Deltashade,Floratam,Palmeo,
Raleigh,SapphireZoysiagrass Adapted Carrizo,Cavalier,Crowne,Diamond,ElToro,Emerald,Empire,
Geo,Jamur,Meyer,Palisades,Royal,Y2,Zeon,Zorro• Foracompletelistofwarmseasonspeciesandvarieesavailableassod,visitwww.txsod.com• AlsoAggieturf.tamu.edu
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TurfgrassSelecon&Use WarmseasonaretypicallymuchbeersuitedforTexasenvironmentscomparedtocoolseasonspecies
• However,theyalsohaveahighsunlightrequirement
SunlightRequirement SpeciesHigh Bermudagrass
BahiagrassCenpedegrassZoysiagrass(Z.japonica)Zoysiagrass(Z.matrella)
Low St.Augusnegrass
TurfgrassSeleconandUse
TurfgrassSelecon&Use
Turfgrassesunderexcessiveshadewillulmatelyresultin:• Thinningoftheturfcanopy• Elongaon(lengthening)ofleaves,reducedleafwidth,absenceofphotosynthecssue
• Encroachmentofweeds• Eventualdeathiflightisnotsufficientforsurvival
TurfgrassSeleconandUseALLgrassesneedatleastsomelevelofsunlighttoperformwell.Reduconsinsunlightresultindecreasedphotosynthesisandlesscreaonofsugarsandcarbohydratesneededforgrowthandstorage.
Carbohydrate
Bermudagrass
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ZZooyyssiiaaggrraassss TThhrriivviinngg iinn FFiilltteerreedd SShhaaddee
ZZooyyssiiaa
SStt.. AAuugguussnneeggrraassss
Gardenality.com
WashingtonontheBrazos
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TurfgrassSelecon&Use WarmseasonspeciesaretypicallymuchbeersuitedforTexasenvironments
DroughtTolerance Species
High Bermudagrass,Buffalograss
Zoysiagrass(Z.japonica)
Bahiagrass
St.Augusnegrass
Zoysiagrass(Z.matrella)
Low Cenpedegrass
TurfgrassSeleconandUse
August2012UnirrigatedTifwaybermudagrass
August2012 November2012
UnirrigatedTifwayBermudagrassCollegeStaon,TX
SummerDormancy
TurfgrassSelecon&Use
Intendeduseisanimportantconsideraon
TrafficTolerance SpeciesHigh Zoysiagrass
BermudagrassBahiagrassSt.Augusnegrass
Low Cenpedegrass
TurfgrassSeleconandUse
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TurfgrassSelecon&Use
Excessivetraffic,compacon,poorsoilcondions
TurfgrassSeleconandUse
‘Nave’GrassSeedBlends • Mixturesofnavessuchasbuffalograss,curlymesquite,andbluegrama,etc.
• Reportedtorequirelessmowing/ferlizer/water
• Shadeandsalinitycanbeproblems
• Availableonlyasseed,expensive!!
• NotrecommendedeastoftheBrazosRiver,easternTX
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TurfgrassMowing
Mowing Height Species
High Bahiagrass
St. Augustinegrass
Centipedegrass
Zoysiagrass
Low Bermudagrass
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If you mow low, you are making a commitment to mow more frequently
Finer textured grasses can tolerate lower mowing
Mowing HeightCan increase rooting potential
Rotary Mower Types Reel Mower
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Mulching Mower
Finelychopsclippingsforbeerreturn
Reel Mower
0.125”
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1-1.5”
2.5 - 4”
Zoysia japonica
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1.5 - 3”
Zoysia matrella
2.5 – 3.5”
3 - 4”
Sharp Blades
Bermuda Common Hybrid
1.5 - 3” 2 - 4”
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2 - 4”
St. Augustinegrass
Gardenality.com
scalped
notscalped
Scalping
After last freeze, before greenup. Stimulates greenup
1/3 rule Maintains photosyntheic tissue
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Frequentmowingreducesriskofscalping
Aerification
turfcodirect.com
Why do we aerify?
Reason #1 - Compaction
Extension.umn.eduNo air!
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wikipedia
Excessivetraffic,compacon
Soils
Clay soils especially susceptible!
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Compaction
Prostrate Knotweed
Goosegrass
Compaction
Aerification
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Reason #2 - Thatch
Causes Scalping
Disease problems Insect problems
Caused byHigh nitrogen pH problems
Reason #2
Dr.JimMcAfee
Rhizome producers
Z. matrella, hybrid bermuda especially prone to thatch problems
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Growth Habit
Bunch Type
Tall fescue not as prone to thatch problems
Hollow Tine Preferred
Removes thatch
lawnscience.com
Solid Tine Relieves compaction
allows for gas exchange
VercalMower
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GrowthCalendarsforCoolandWarmseasonTurfgrassSpecies
When to aerify
NutrientManagement
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NutrientManagementGoals
• Eliminatenutrientdeficiencies•Correctnutrientimbalances•Provideacceptableturfgrassqualityandfuncon•Maximizeplantuptake•Minimizeenvironmentallosses
NutrientManagementGoals
Environmental Implications of Nutrient Mismanagement
• Eutrophicaonofwaterbodies• Nitrogenandphosphorusarethelimingnutrientsforeutrophicaoninmostsystems
‒ EPAdrinkingwaterstandardis10ppmfornitratenitrogen
‒ Environmentalstandard/concernconcentraonsvarybycontaminant
EnvironmentalImplicaonsofNutrientMismanagement
• Sewagebasednutrients‒Dischargefromwatertreatmentfacilies,sepcsystems
• Landbasednitrogen(N)andphosphorus(P)‒Agriculture,urbanrunoff
• Industrialemissions‒Noxidesdepositedinrainfall
• Ferlizers
SourcesofNutrientsinSurfaceWaters• Animalwastes
‒Mediumsizeddogcanexcrete~10lb.Nand2lb.Pperyear
‒Petwasteesmatedtocontribute15lbsN/acre/yeartoaBalmorewatershed
• Plantdebris‒ Leafliercanbeasignificantsourceofphosphorus
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Environmental Implications of Nutrient Mismanagement
Yearlynitrogenrequirementsbyspecies
TurfgrassNutrientManagement
Species YearlyNrequirement(lbsN/yr)
Bermudagrass 3to6
Zoysiagrass 2to4
St.Augusnegrass 2to4
Cenpedegrass 1to2
SeashorePaspalum 2to4
Buffalograss 1to2
TTuurrffggrraassss CCuullttuurraall PPrraacccceessDetermininghowmuchnitrogen(N)toapplydependson:
• Species• Desiredoutcome:Highquality,prisneturfvs.ulityturf
• Maintenance:Howmuchmaintenancecanyouprovide?
• Use:Highlytraffickedathlecturfvs.ornamentallawn
NutrientManagementProgramsnitrogen(N)APPLICATIONRATES:
• 0.5to1lb.Nper1000sq..permonthduringthegrowingseasonisatypical,recommendedrange
• Dependingonageofturf,soilorganicmaerlevels,andclippingreturn,liletonoferlizermaybeneededatall
TurfgrassNutrientManagement
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CCaallccuullaanngg LLaawwnn FFeerrlliizzeerr NNeeeeddssNeedtoknow3things:
1)area,2)nutrientapplicaonrate,and3)ferlizeranalysis
Calculanglawnferlizerneeds
Example:Ihavea5,000sq..lawn(area),andwishtoapply0.75lbs.N/1000sq..(rate)usinga28512ferlizer(analysis).Howmanylbs.offerlizershouldbeapplied?
Area xRate xAnalysis
=5,000sq..x0.75lbs.N x 100lbs.28512fert1000sq.. 28lbs.N
=375,000 =13.4lbs.ferlizer28,000
CCaallccuullaanngg LLaawwnn FFeerrlliizzeerr NNeeeeddss
EssenalMineralElementsforTurfgrassNutrionTurfgrassManagement,5thEdion.A.J.Turgeon
Amount Element ChemicalSymbol AvailableForm
TurfgrassNutrientManagement
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Liebig’s Law of Minimum
Pota
ssiu
m
Phos
phor
us
Cal
cium
Su
lfur
Iron
Mag
nesi
um
Man
gane
se
Oth
ers
Soiltest!www.soiltesng.tamu.edu
pHControlsNutrientAvailability
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Calcium
Manganese
Magnesium
Iron
Boron
CopperandZinc
4.05.06.07.08.09.010.0
4.05.06.07.08.09.010.0
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TurfgrassNutrientManagement
Whenistheopmummetoferlize?
Ferlizewhentheplantisacvelygrowing
Formaximizingplantuptake,ferlizerNapplicaonsshouldcoincidewiththemostfavorablegrowthperiods.
30%ofNspringappliedShoo
tGrowthRate
70%ofNfallapplied
30%ofNwinterandspringapplied
60%ofNsummerapplied
10%ofNfallapplied
CoolSeasonGrassWarmSeasonGrass
TTuurrffggrraassss CCuullttuurraall PPrraacccceessToo Much• Smulatesexcessiveshootgrowth,
slowsrootgrowth&increasesneedformorefrequentmowing
• Lowersstresstolerancebydeplengcarbohydratereserves
• Increaseswaterloss• Nitrogennottakenupcanbelosttoleachingorrunoff
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Givefirstspringapplicaontowarmseasongrasses6weeksAFTERthemeoflastfrost!
PublicaonE437hp://www.agrilifebookstore.org/
Lateseasoncutoffdatesfornitrogenforwarmseasongrassesare6weekspriortofrost!
• Lastapplicaon:– Nolaterthan6weekspriortotheexpectedfirstfallfreezedate
• Excepons:– overseededwarmseasongrasses
PublicaonE437athp://www.agrilifebookstore.org/
When actively growing, a typical 1 lb. N/1000 sq. ft. application of quickly available N is almost completely taken up by turf within 48 to 72 hours
Days after N fertilization0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Leac
hate
Nitr
ate
(% o
f App
lied)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
January
October
May
August
Wherleyetal.,2009
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TurfgrassNutrientManagement • ThenutrientsNPK(potassium)arefoundinplantssuesatapproximatelya312rao
• Oen,adequatePandKarealreadyavailableinthesoilanddonotneedtobeapplied
• Considerwhenselecngferlizer:• Userate(312)• Nitrogensource• Nutrientfateandmobility• Soiltestnutrientlevels
�Soiltesng.tamu.edu
soluble,quicklyandreadilyavailable,fastacngAdvantages
• Watersoluble• Liquidorgranularapps.possible• ProvideNO3
andNH4+directlyto
theturf• Rapidresponse(withindays)• Availabilitynotdependentuponenvironmentormicrobialacvity
• Lowcost
Disadvantages• Highfoliarburnpotenal• Shortresidual(34weeks)• Increasedleaching,runoff,andvolalitypotenal
• Cancause‘flushofgrowth’
QuickReleaseNitrogenCarriers
QuickReleaseNSourcesCommoninTurfgrassFerlizers
Source:TurfgrassFerlizaon:ABasicGuideforProfessionalTurfgrassManagers.PeterLandschoot,PennStateUniversity
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Advantages• DischargeNoverlongerperiodofme(months)
• Lowsaltindexandlowfoliarburnpotenal
• Lowerriskofleaching,volalizaon
• Lessfrequentapplicaon• Higherapplicaonratepossible• Moreuniformresponse
Disadvantages• Slowinialplantresponse• Highercost• Limitedtogranularapplicaons
SlowReleaseNitrogenCarriers
SlowReleaseNSourcesCommoninTurfgrassFerlizers
Source:TurfgrassFerlizaon:ABasicGuideforProfessionalTurfgrassManagers.PeterLandschoot,PennStateUniversity
NitrogenReleaseRates
Soluble>Organic>Slowrelease
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Youcanexertconsiderableinfluenceonnitrogenretenonandlossesfromlawns!
Leaching• Movementofnutrientsinsoilsoluonpasttherootzone,posinggroundwaterconcern
• Nitrate(NO3)isawatersoluble,negavelychargedanion
• LeachingofNH4+canoccurinlowcaonexchangecapacity(CEC)sands
• Soilisalsonegavelycharged(CEC)
Nrate,source,soiltexture,andamountofirrigaon/rainfallinfluenceleaching
HigherPotenal• Coarsesoils(sands)
• Newestablishment
• QuicklyavailableNitrogen
• Highapplicaonrates
• Irrigaon≥Evapotranspiraonrate
• ImproperlymedNitrogenapplicaons
LowerPotenal• Finesoils(silt/clay)
• Establishedturf
• SlowlyavailableNitrogen
• Lowapplicaonrates
• Irrigaon≤Evapotranspiraonrate
• ProperlymedNitrogenapplicaons
LeachingisInfluencedbyNumerousFactors
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• Runofflossesofnutrientsfromturfareusuallylow• Mostrunoffemanatesfromimpervioussurfaces,orsoilswithlowinfiltraonrates
• Potenalconcerns:• Newestablishment• Heavyrainfallorirrigaonfollowingferlizerapplicaontofinetextured/compactedsoilorfrozensoil
• Slopedareas• Periodicmovementofsurfacewatersacrosssite• Phosphoruscommonlytheconcernwithsedimentrunoff
NNuuttrriieenntt RRuunnooffff
• ManageirrigaonCYCLESOAK!‒Applyenoughirrigaontodissolve/moveferlizerintosoil‒Avoidexceedinginfiltraonrate
• Enhanceinfiltraon,especiallyonslopes(aerificaon)• Minimizenitrogenandphosphorusratesandspoonfeedingduringestablishment
• Avoidferlizingpriortoheavyrains• Avoidmisapplicaontoimpervioussurfaces• Vegetavebufferstrips• Maintainahealthy,densestandofturf
TipsforReducingNutrientRunoff
• 6,000lbs/Acre/yr
• Reducesannualnitrogenneedsbyupto50%
• Rapidlydecomposedbysoilmicrobes
• Donotcontributetothatch/disease
• Donotcontributetorunoffofphosphorus
RReettuurrnn ooff CClliippppiinnggss
Clippingsareasignificantsourceofnutrients
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• Porteretal.(1980)sampledturfsoilsinagefrom1to125yrs‒ SoilorganicNaccumulaonwasrapidinyrs010
‒ Aer~25yrs,soilorganicmaerremainedrelavelyconstant,establishing‘equilibrium’
‒ Conclusion:Netimmobilizaon,orstorageofnitrogendominatesinyoungsystems(025yrsold),butnetmineralizaondominatesinoldersystems(+25yrsold)
• Lee(2003)foundthat13lbs.N/1000sq..peryearmineralizedfromgolfcoursefairwayinNC
Asturfgrasssitesage,theamountofnitrogensuppliedtoturfthroughmineralizaonoforganicmaercanbecomesignificant
ApplicaonUniformity?
diynetwork.com
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RotarySpreaderDistribuon
Spreader
RotarySpreaderDistribuon
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Wheeltracktowheeltrack
RotarySpreaderDistribuon
TwoDirecons
Sweeporblowprillsfromhardscapesbackintoturf
AerApplicaon
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Lightirrigaonifpossible:0.25inches–cyclesoak
AerApplicaon
minimizesvolalizaon
TurfgrassWaterManagement
TurfgrassSelecon&Use WarmseasonspeciesaretypicallymuchbeersuitedforTexasenvironments
DroughtTolerance Species
High Bermudagrass,Buffalograss
Zoysiagrass(Z.japonica)
Bahiagrass
St.Augusnegrass
Zoysiagrass(Z.matrella)
Low Cenpedegrass
TurfgrassWaterManagement
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Zoysiagrass(Z.matrella)Bermudagrass(Cynodondactylon)
Dallisgrass (Paspalumdilatatum)
Muchofthedroughttoleranceassociatedwithwarmseasongrassesisaresultofdrought“avoidance”throughdeeproongpotenal
TurfgrassWaterManagement•Asinpreviousslide,muchofthedroughttoleranceassociatedwithwarmseasongrassesisaresultofdrought“avoidance”throughdeeproongpotenal
•AstudyconductedinSanAntoniotled“EvaluaonofSixtyDayDroughtSurvivalinSanAntonioofEstablishedTurfgrassSpeciesandCulvars”coversthisindetail.
• Thefullstudycanbefoundat:hp://itc.tamu.edu/documents/2008FinalReportSAWS&TPT_s.pdf
TurfgrassWaterManagementEvaluaonofSixtyDayDroughtSurvivalinSanAntonioofEstablishedTurfgrassSpeciesandCulvars
BriefOverviewofResearchandResults• Adrydownstructure(5,0002)wasconstructedinSanAntonio• Twosoildepthswereconstructedwithinthedrydownstructure
‒4inchesandunrestricted• 4speciesand25varieeswereplantedineachofthesoildepths
‒Bermudagrass,St.Augusnegrass,Zoysiagrass,andBuffalograss• Aerestablishmentbysod,theplotswereexposedtoa60daydroughtperiodanda60dayrecoveryperiod
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Results• NOgrasssurvived60daysofdroughton4”soilprofile
• ALLgrassessurvived60daysofdroughtonunlimitedsoilprofile
TexasA&M/SAWSProject:Turfrecoverydifferencesfollowing60daydrought
Howmuchirrigaondolawnsneed?Itdependsonyourexpectaons!
• Foropmalappearance?
• Tomaintainminimallyacceptableappearance?
• Forsurvival/persistence?
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LoadCell
TripodHoist
3pt.Harness
Lysimeter
HolewithPlascSleeve
•Weighinglysimetersallowustodeterminewateruserates
•Dailychangeinweight(g)duetoevapotranspiraon(ET)isconvertedtoinchesofH2O
•Actualwateruse(ETa)isdividedbyreferenceET(ETo)todevelopthecropcoefficient(Kc)
Kc=ETa/EToETa=0.12”ETo=0.2”
0.12”/0.2”=0.6
Thistellsusthatthegrassisusing60%ofreferenceET
Warmseasonturfwateruse
ReferenceET(ETo)
Consumpvewateruseofwarmseasonturf~60%xreferenceET
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Decmm/day 1.85 2.45 3.55 4.25 5.00 4.17 4.26 3.95 3.51 3.32 2.33 1.61in/week 0.53 0.67 0.97 1.17 1.37 1.14 1.17 1.08 0.97 0.91 0.64 0.44
ExampleofEvapotranspiraonRatesinSouthernUS
DatafromtheUSGSEvapotranspiraonStaonsHomePagehp://fl.water.usgs.gov/et/etdata.html
WaterBudgeng
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Decmm/day 1.85 2.45 3.55 4.25 5.00 4.17 4.26 3.95 3.51 3.32 2.33 1.61in/week 0.53 0.67 0.97 1.17 1.37 1.14 1.17 1.08 0.97 0.91 0.64 0.44
ExampleofEvapotranspiraonRatesinSouthernUS
Note:Useirrigaonsystemtosupplementrainfall;besuretoaccountforrainfallwhendeterminingweeklyirrigaonneeds
WaterBudgeng
Cropcoefficients(Kc)forbermudagrasshavebeenreportedtorangebetween0.54to0.79(Bañuelosetal.,2011;Kc=ETa/ETo)
ETbasedirrigaononlyworksifyouknowtheprecipitaonrateforyoursystem
rulertunafishorcoffeecansstopwatch15minutes
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Buffalograss 4to7%Bermudagrass 11to23%Zoysiagrass(mediumtexture) 14to33%StAugusnegrass 26to31%Zoysiagrass(finetexture) 25to33%TallFescue 50to54%
*Studyconductedunder1day/wkirrigaon
Howmuchsupplementalirrigaon(%ofETo)isneededforminimallyacceptablequality(TexasA&MLGISproject)
DeficitIrrigaon:Intenonallyirrigangtobelowturf’smaximalwateruse
100%Replacement
80%Replacement
60%Replacement
40%Replacement
20%Replacement
DailyreplacementatvariouspercentagesofactualET(ETa)
Somemes,irrigaonneedstobeturnedoffenrely,butwarmseasongrasseswillgodormantandrecoveroncerain/irrigaonreturns
Rememberimportanceofproperspeciesselecon!
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August2012UnirrigatedTifwaybermudagrass
August2012 November2012
UnirrigatedTifwayBermudagrassCollegeStaon,TX
DroughtHardiness
• Deepandinfrequent• Splitupweeklywaterrequirementover23weeklyapplicaons
• Avoidmiddayandnightirrigaonevents• Earlymorningideal
IrrigaonTiming
IrrigaonTiming
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• Ulizesmartcontroller‒ ETbased‒ Soilmoisturesensorbased
• Rainsensor/shutoff(automacormanual)• Withholdirrigaonunllawnshowswilt
‒Aernoonwiltcanoccureveninwellwateredlawn• Setirrigaontorunearlymorning
KeystoSmartWatering
• Irrigatedeeplyandinfrequently• Cyclesoaktopromoteadeepsoilweng• Mowlawnattallestrecommendedheightofcut
KeystoSmartWatering
(Photocourtesy:A.J.Koski,ColoradoStateUniversity)
MowingHeight
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Bermudagrass Hybrid
1.5 - 3”
Common
2 - 4”
2 - 4”
St.Augusnegrass
Gardenality.com
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Nomowing
Nomowing+G.R
.
Weeklymowing
Mowing+G.R
.
RootDryW
eight,mg
upper018"
lower1836"
35daySt.AugusnegrasssodestablishmentstudyFinalRootDevelopment
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Mowedweekly(shortmowing)
Nonmowed(tallmowing)
CycleSoak• Allowsmorewatertobecapturedbythesoil
• Soildependent
NotSmartWatering
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MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• Weeds are generally placed into one of three categories based on their growth characteristics. • Grassy weeds
• Monocots (one cotyledon) • Leaves arranged in two vertical rows • Stems are hollow, not solid
• Broadleaves • Dicots (two cotyledons)
• Sedges • Leaves arranged in three vertical rows • Stems are solid, not hollow • Triangular stems
Grasses
1. Monocots(onecotyledonleaf)2.Hollowstems,notsolid
3.Leavesarrangedin2vercalrows
Sedges
1. Triangular,solidstems2. Leavesarrangedinthree
vercalrows
Broadleaves
1. Twoseedlingleaves2. Showyflowers
Solid stem
Sedges
Leaves arranged in threes
Unlike grasses, these plants have pithy, triangular stems and their leaves arranged in threes.
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MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• They are also categorized into one of three life cycles. • Summer annuals
• Summer annuals germinate in the spring when soil temperatures reach about 55oF, flower in the summer and die in the fall at the first frost.
• Winter annuals • Winter annuals germinate in the fall, grow until spring and die during late spring or early
summer. • Perennials
• Perennial weeds are capable of living more than two years.
MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• AnnualGrassyWeeds• Crabgrass,Goosegrass,Sandbur,Annualbluegrass,etc.
MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• PerennialGrassyweeds• Bahiagrass,Dallisgrass,Bermudagrass,Roughstalkbluegrass,etc.
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MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• Summerannualbroadleafweeds• Slenderaster,spoedandprostratespurge,purslane,etc.
MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• Winterannualbroadleafweeds• Chickweed,Henbit,Lawnburweed,etc.
MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• PerennialandAnnualSedges,Kyllingas
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MatchingProductstoPestsWeeds
• So,whatareourcontroloponsgiventhevariousclassificaons,lifecycles,species,etc.?
• Annualweeds• Preemergenceandpostemergenceopons
• Perennialweeds• Primarilypostemergenceopons
BermudagrassLawnManagementCalendar
• MonthlyGuidelinesforManagingLawns‒ Ferlizaon‒ Irrigaon‒ Mowing‒ WeedControl‒ andmore…
• LawnManagementCalendarsforotherspeciesarecurrentlybeingproduced‒ St.Augusnegrass‒ Zoysiagrass‒ etc.
TurfgrassResources
AAggggiieeTTuurrff..ttaammuu..eedduu
WeedsofTexasTurfgrass
• Over100commonTexasTurfgrassWeeds
• WeedIdenficaonTools
• Hundredsofhighresoluondigitalimagesforhelpwithweedidenficaon
TurfgrassResources
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Weed,Insect,andDiseaseControlinTurfgrass• 20172018edionavailable
• Over120pagesofherbicide,inseccide,andfungicidecontroloponslabeledforTexasTurfgrasses
• ViewableforFREEinthePublicaonsseconofAggieTurf
• HardcopiesavailableforpurchasethroughtheAgriLifeBookstore
TurfgrassResources
TurfgrassResources
InsectsandMitesofTexasTurfgrass
• InsectIdenficaonTools
• Highresoluondigitalimagesforhelpwithinsectidenficaon
• DirectlinkstoAggieTurfInsectpublicaonsoncommonTexasTurfgrassinsects
TurfgrassResources
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PrintableTurfgrassInsectPublicaonswithID,LifeCycles,andTreatmentOpons
TurfgrassResources