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Work Book for General English 149
TENSESTENSESTENSESTENSESTENSES ANDANDANDANDAND TRANSLATRANSLATRANSLATRANSLATRANSLATIONTIONTIONTIONTION
TENSE :TENSE :TENSE :TENSE :TENSE :
Tense is a change in the verb to express time.
Tense comes from a word meaning time
There are three great divisions of time - Present, Past and Future.
The name Tense is given to the different forms of verbs which denote them.
The verb is the only kind of word which by its own forms can point at time. The
English verb has only two tenses formed by inflection, the present and
Past. The Future is formed by the help of other verbs.
The Present Tense denotes that the action is going on now; as I love, I am
loving. The Past Tense denotes that the action took place, or was going on, in
time past; as, I saw him; He was walking. The Future Tense denotes that the
action is yet to take place. It is formed by the means of the verbs shall or
will, followed by the infinitive; as, I shall go; He will go.
Each tense has four forms Indefinite; Imperfect (Progressive, Incomplete
and Continuous are other names); perfect; perfect continuous.
An action simply mentioned is said to be Indefinite; as I play, I played, I shall
play. An action mentioned as still going on is said to be imperfect. It is formed
by means of the verb be and the imperfect participle (ing form); as, I am
playing, I was playing, I shall be playing. An action mentioned as finished is
said to be perfect. It is formed by means of the verb have (has, had as
derivatives) and the perfect participle (past participle form of the verb i.e. III
form); as, I have played, I had played, I shall have played. The active voice
has a fourth form called the Perfect Continuous. It expresses an action going
on up to the present time; as, I have been writing -
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Work Book for General English150
Look at the given pictures carefully and try to understand and follow the
patterns :
Table - 1
Table - 2
Imperfect
Continuous Perfect
Indefinite Perfect
Continuous
Iplay.
(firstformof
theverb)
Iamplaying.
Heisplaying.
Youareplaying.
Ihaveplayed.
Shehasplayed.
Shehasbeen
playing
Ihavebeen
playing
for2hr
s/since
mor
ning.
am / is / are
+ verb 1st
form + ing
PRES
ENT
TEN
SE
have /
has +
verb in3rdform
have /
has +
verb +ing
Imperfect
Continuous Perfect
Indefinite Perfect
ContinuousIplayed.
Iwasplaying.
Wewereplaying.
Ihadplayed.
Ihad
beenp
laying.
verb in
(2nd
) pastform
PAST
TENSE
had +
verb in3rdform
had /
been +verb +
ing
was / were
+ verb+ingin 1stform
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In present simple / indefinite tense verb in its first form is used eg.,
I eat mangoes.
You eat mangoes.
He eats mangoes.
She eats mangoes.
Neeta eats mangoes.
He goes to school.
For affirmative sentences do/does is not used until it is used for emphasis as in
I do eat mangoes(in Hindi - )
In Past Simple Indefinite Tense for affirmative sentences did, is not used until,
it is used for emphasis, as in I did eat mangoes. ( in Hindi - )To translate a sentence is to change it from one language to another without
altering its sense / meaning. We will discuss first the simple / indefinite form of
present, past & future tense.
AfAfAfAfAffffffiririririrmamamamamatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
With singular subject he / she/ it,
names verb takes s or es
Present
P
AST
Simple /
Indefinite
Structure :
Sub + verb 1stform +
other words.I + drive + a car
Singular subject
Sub + verb 1st form + s/es+ other words
She+drives + a car.
F
UTURE
Structure :
Sub + verb 2ndform
+ other words.I + drove + a car.
You drove a car.
They drove a car.
Structure :
I + shall + verb 1st
form + other words.
I shall drive a car.
He/She/They / We +will + verb in 1stform
+ other words.
We+will+drive+a car.
I shall drive a car.
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Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ /
I do not drive a car. I did not drive a car. I shall not drive a car.
fl / fl /
He/She does not drives a car. He/She did not drive a car. He/She will not drive a car.
.fl.
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
S
_________________ _________________ _________________
- work hard, S - library,
InterInterInterInterInterrrrrrooooogggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Present
PAS
T
Simple /
Indefinite
Structure :
Do/Does + sub +
verb in 1stform +
other words + ?
Do + I + drive + a car ?
Does he drive a car ?
FUTURE
Structure :
Did + sub + verb in
1stform + other
words + ?
Did + I +drive +a car ?
Did they drive a car ?
Structure :
Will/Shall + sub +
verb in 1stform +other words + ?
Shall+I+ drive+a car?
Will you drive a car?
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Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ ? ? /?
Do I drive a car ? Did I drive a car ? Shall I drive a car ?
fl / / fl /?Does he/she drive a car ? Did he/she drive a car ? Will he/she drive a car ?
? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
ExExExExExererererercisecisecisecisecise
Translate the following sentences into English :
v. fl __________________________________
w. ? __________________________________
x. __________________________________
y. $ __________________________________
z. __________________________________
{. __________________________________
|. __________________________________
}. ? __________________________________
~. __________________________________
v. __________________________________
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Lets now discuss the present, past & future progressive in their affirmative,
interrogative and negative forms :
PRPRPRPRPROGRESSIVEOGRESSIVEOGRESSIVEOGRESSIVEOGRESSIVE TENSETENSETENSETENSETENSE
AfAfAfAfAffffffiririririrmamamamamatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / /
I am driving a car. I was driving a car. I shall be driving a car.
/ / / ?You are driving a car. You were driving a car. You will be driving a car.
Past
Structure :
Sub + was/were +
Verb in 1stfrom + ing +
other words.
I +was+driving +a car.
You were driving a car.
Present
Structure :
Sub + is / am / are +
verb + ing + other words.
I am driving a car.
She is driving a car.
You are driving a car.
Future
Structure :
Sub + shall be / will be +
verb + ing + other words.
I shall be driving a car.
You will be driving a car.
They will be driving a car.
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S fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
S fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
_________________ _________________ _________________
-journey / travel, - repair, - wakeup
NeNeNeNeNegggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / /
I am not driving a car. I was not driving a car. I shall not be driving a car.
Past
Structure :
Sub + was/were + not +
verb + ing + other words.
I+ was+ not driving+ a
car.
Present
Structure :
Sub + is / am / are + not
verb + ing + other words.
You+ are +not+driving+ a
car.
Future
Structure :
Sub + shall not be / will not
be + v+ing + other words.
I+shall+not be +driving+
a car.
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Work Book for General English158
/fl /fl fl We/they are not driving We/they were not driving They will not be driving
a car. a car. a car.
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
- participate, - copy, - competition
InterInterInterInterInterrrrrrooooogggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ ? / ? / ?
Past
Structure :
was / were + sub +
verb + ing + other words.
Was+ I+driving+a car?
PresentStructure :
Is / am / are + sub.
verb + ing + other words.
Am+I+driving+a car?
FutureStructure :
Shall/will + sub + be + v
+ing + other words.
Shall + I+ be+driving+ acar?
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Am I driving a car? Was I driving a car? Shall I be driving a car?
fl / ? / ? ?
Is he/she driving a car ? Were you driving a car ? Will you be driving a car ?
? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
S fl
? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl ? fl ? fl
?_________________ _________________ _________________
- wasting time, S - cultural programme, - exercise
Translate these sentences into English.
v. w. fl
___________________________ ________________________________
x. y.
___________________________ ________________________________
z. {.
___________________________ ________________________________
|. fl ? }. ?___________________________ ________________________________
~. ? v. ?
___________________________ ________________________________
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Work Book for General English160
Now we will talk about the perfect form of Present, Past and Future tenses
in various types of sentences i.e. affirmative, negative and interrogative :
PPPPPerferferferferfectectectectect TTTTTenseenseenseenseense
AfAfAfAfAffffffiririririrmamamamamatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Clear yClear yClear yClear yClear your doubtour doubtour doubtour doubtour doubt
PrPrPrPrPresent Pesent Pesent Pesent Pesent Perferferferferfectectectectect TTTTTenseenseenseenseense
I / We / You / They have
He / She / It has
PPPPPast Past Past Past Past Perferferferferfectectectectect TTTTTenseenseenseenseense
* I / We / You / Theyhad
He / She / It.
Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / /
You have driven a car. You had driven a car. You will have driven a car.
Future
Structure :
sub + shall / will + have + Verb
3rdform + other words.
I+shall+have+driven+a
car.
Present
Structure :
sub + has/have + verb 3
rd
form + other words.
I +have +driven+a car.
Past
Structure :
sub + had + verb 3rdform +
other words.
I+ had +driven+ a car.
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fl/ fl/ They/we have driven a car. They/we had driven a car. We shall have driven a car.
Meena has driven a car. Meena had driven a car. Meena will have driven a car.
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
NeNeNeNeNegggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Future
Structure :
sub + Shall / will + not + have +
verb 3rdform + other words.
I+ shall +not +have +driven+a car.
We will not have driven a car.
PresentStructure :
sub + have/has + not + verb
3rdform + other words.
I +have+ not +driven+ a car.
She has not driven a car.
Past
Structure :
sub + had + not + verb 3rd
form + other words.
I+ had+ not+ driven+ a car.
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Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / /
I have not driven a car. I had not driven a car. I shall not have driven a car.fl/ fl/ They/we have not driven a car. They/we had not driven a car. We shall not have driven a car.
S
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
- experiment,
InterInterInterInterInterrrrrrooooogggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Future
Structure :
Shall / will + sub + have + Verb
3rdform + other words.
Shall+I+have+driven+the car?
Will you have driven a car?
Present
Structure :
Have/Has + sub + verb 3rd
form + other words.
Has he/she driven a car?
Have + I +driven +a car ?
Past
Structure :Had + sub + verb 3rdform +
other words.
Had +I +driven +a car ?
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Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / / ? ? ?
Have I driven a car? Had I driven a car? Shall I have driven a car ? fl / fl fl ? / ? / ?Has he/she driven Had he/she driven Will she/he have
a car? a car? driven a car?
? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl .fl.
? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
- exhibition, fl - boat, - news, - fair
Translate these following sentences into English :
v. S w. fl
___________________________ ________________________________
x. y. .fl.
___________________________ ________________________________
z. {.
___________________________ ________________________________
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Work Book for General English164
|. ? }. ?
___________________________ ________________________________
~. ? v. ?
___________________________ ________________________________
Finally we will see the perfect continuous form of Present, Perfect and Future
Tenses in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.
PPPPPerferferferferfect Prect Prect Prect Prect Prooooogggggrrrrressiessiessiessiessivvvvveeeee TTTTTenseenseenseenseense
AfAfAfAfAffffffiririririrmamamamamatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Clear your doubt
Since- we use since when we say
the start of a period ( 8 o clock,monday, 1985 etc):
I have been driving a car since 9 o clock.
9 o clock --------------> now
For - we use for when we say period of time (two hours, six weeks etc.)
I have been driving the car for two hours.
Two hours ago --------------> now
Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / /
I have been driving a car I had been driving a car I shall have been driving
since 9 O clock. since 9 O clock. a car for two hours.
Past
Structure :sub + had + been +
verb Istform + ing + other words.
I +had +been +driving +a car **for two hours.
Present
Structure :sub + have/has + been +
verb Istform + ing + other words.
I+have+been+driving+a car *since 9 o clock.
Future
Structure :sub + will/shall + have +
been + verb Istform + ing + other words.I+shall+have+been+driving+a car for two hours.
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fl / fl / He/She has been driving We had been driving They will have been driv-
a car for two hours. a car for two hours. ing a car for two hours.
fl flZ
_________________ _________________ _________________
wy
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
- field, - wait, - flood
NeNeNeNeNegggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Past
Structure :sub + had + not + been +
verb Istform + ing + other words.I +had +not+been+ driving+ a car since 9 o clock.
Present
Structure :sub + have/has + not +
been + verb Istform+ing + other words.
I+ have+ not+ been+ driving+ a car
since 9 o clock.
Future
Structure:sub + Shall/will + not + have +
been + verb Istform+ing + other words.
I +shall +not +have +been +driving +a
car since nine o clock.
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Work Book for General English166
Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ / /
You have not been You had not been I will not have beendriving a car since driving a car since driving a car since
9 o clock. 9 o clock. 9 o clock.
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
S fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
_________________ _________________ _________________
InterInterInterInterInterrrrrrooooogggggaaaaatititititivvvvve Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentencese Sentences
Present
Structure :Have/Has + sub + been +
verb Istform + ing + other words.
Have+I+been+driving+a car since nine o clock?
PastStructure :Had + sub +been + verb Ist
form+ing + other words.
Had+I+been+driving+a car since 9 o
clock?
FutureStructure:Shall/will + sub + have + been
+ verb Istform+ing + other words.
Shall+ I+ have+ been+ driving+ a car
since 9 o clock?
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Translate the following sentences into English :
e.g. Present Past Future
/ ? / ? / ?
Have you been Had you been Will you have beendriving a car since driving a car since driving a car since
9 o clock? 9 o clock? 9 o clock?
- v ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl
? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl fl # ? ? ?
_________________ _________________ _________________
fl - speaker, - speech, - voter
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WWWWWororororord wd wd wd wd whichichichichich arh arh arh arh are ge ge ge ge going to help yoing to help yoing to help yoing to help yoing to help you in trou in trou in trou in trou in translaanslaanslaanslaanslatingtingtingtingting
the sentences:the sentences:the sentences:the sentences:the sentences:
1. - home
2. - kitchen
3. - sofa
4. $ - table
5. - food / meal
6. fl - rice
7. - breakfast
8. - spoon
9. - apple
10. - go
11. - eat
12. - get up
13. fl - rain
14. - wash clothes
15. - ring the bell
16. - sleep
17. - play
18. - talk
19. - bathe / take bath
20. $ - market
21. - buy
22. - fruits
23. - vegetables
24. - outside
25. / - in / inside
26. - clouds
27. - bright / shiny
28. - weather
29. - write
30. - read / study
31. - chair
32. - day
33. - night
34. - laugh
35. - cry / weep
36. fl - wall
37. - stairs
38. - books
39. - fan
40. - marks
41. - good
42. - bad
43. - cupboard
44. ( ) - watch
45. (fl ) - clock
46. S - bag
47. - blackboard