Distribution
• Rural areas of developing countries• Mexico• Central & South America
• Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, ...• Asia
• India, Cambodia, Vietnam,…• Africa
• Most of the continent except the strictly Muslim countries• Imported & Introduced
• USA, Canada • Argentina
• No reports in Muslim countries• Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan
(Nash et al.)
Structure of T. Solium
• Head• Neck • Strobila
https://gmch.gov.in/e-study/e%20lectures/Microbiology/22%20Taenia.pdf
Structure of Head
• Scolex (Head)• Rostellum• 2 Hooks• 4 Suckers
• Neck • Site of Strobilation
(Chonkar)
Types of Proglottids
• Immature• Neck• No organs
• Mature• Male & Female
reproductive organs • Gravid
• Longer, larger & broader• Uterus (Fertilized Eggs)
(Chonkar)
Neglected Tropical Diseases
1. Taeniasis
2. Cysticercosis (CC)
3. Neurocysticercosis (NCC)
http://www.teroes.com/2018/05/what-is-taeniasis.html
Taeniasis: Intestinal Infection
http://144penyakit.blogspot.com/2014/05/taeniasis-cacing-pita.htmlhttp://www.uniindia.com/taeniasis-an-intestinal-infection-caused-by-3-species-of-tapeworms/science-technology/news/1158643.html
Cysticercosis & Neurocysticercosis
(Sacchidanand et al.)
(Sacchidanand et al.)
(Dhar et al)
(Dhar et al)
(Garcia)
Symptoms for Taeniasis
• Pain in the upper abdomen• Weight loss• Vomiting & Nausea• Jaundice• Irritation around the anus• Fatigue & dizziness
Neglected Tropical Diseases
• Lack of funding
• Inaccurate diagnostic tools
• Lack of data for drugs
• Lack of specificity in serological tests• ELISA
Proper Cooking
• Whole cuts of Meat • At least 145° F (63° C)• Rest for 3 minutes
• Ground Meat• at least 160° F (71° C)
How To Prevent T. Solium
• Washing hands and cooking meat properly• Looking for, treating and reporting the sources of infection• Treating the exposed contacts• Health education• Strict meat inspection• Vaccination for pigs ex. TSOL18 antigen
Treatment
• Taeniasis• Mass chemotherapy (Praziquantel, Niclosamide)
• Cysticercosis/ Neurocysticercosis • praziquantel and/or albendazole, corticosteroid (controversial
when combination occur)• Surgery
References (1)• Aung, Ar and Denis W Spelman. Taenia Solium Taeniasis and
Cysticercosis in Southeast Asia. vol. 94, 2016.• Cai, Xuepeng et al. "Effective Production and Purification of the
Glycosylated Tsol18 Antigen, Which Is Protective against Pig Cysticercosis." Infection and immunity, vol. 76, no. 2, 2008, pp. 767-770, PubMed, doi:10.1128/IAI.00444-07.
• Chonkar, Shreya. “Taenia Solium Linnaeus: History and Functions.” Biology Discussion, 5 Nov. 2016, www.biologydiscussion.com/parasitology/parasitic-worm/taenia-solium-linnaeus-history-and-functions/62216.
• Dhar, M. et al. "Disseminated cysticercosis: Uncommon presentation of a common disease." Ann Trop Med Public Health, vol. 6, no. 3, 2013, pp. 317-320, http://www.atmph.org/text.asp?2013/6/3/317/120994
• Garcia, H. H. et al. "Taenia Solium Cysticercosis." Lancet, vol. 362, no. 9383, 2003, pp. 547-556, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7.
References (2)• Geske, Rick. “Causal Agent of Taeniasis, Cysticercosis, and
Neurocysticercosis.” Taenia Solium, 2006, bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/geske_rich/nutrition.htm.
• “Meningitis | Parasitic | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/meningitis/parasitic.html.
• O'Neal, Seth et al. "Taenia Solium Tapeworm Infection, Oregon, 2006-2009." Emerging infectious diseases, vol. 17, no. 6, 2011, pp. 1030-1036,
PubMed, doi:10.3201/eid/1706.101397.• “Parasites - Taeniasis.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 10 Jan. 2013, www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/prevent.html.
• Román, G. et al. "A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease. "Bulletin of the world health organization, vol. 78, no. 3, 2000 pp. 399-496. SciELO, https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2000.v78n3/399-406/#ModalArticles.
References (3)
• Sacchidanand, S. et al. "Disseminated Cutaneous Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis: A Rare Occurrence." Indian Dermatol Online J, vol. 3, no. 2, 2012, pp. 135-137, doi:10.4103/2229-5178.96716.
• Singh, G. and S. Prabhakar. Taenia Solium Cysticercosis : From Basic to Clinical Science. CABI, 2002.
• Uledi, Seif J. "A Rare Gigantic Solitary Cysticercosis Pseudotumour of the Neck." Journal of surgical case reports, vol. 2010, no. 9, 2010, pp. 5-5, PubMed, doi:10.1093/jscr/2010.9.5.
• Willingham, A. L., 3rd and D. Engels. "Control of Taenia Solium Cysticercosis/Taeniosis." Adv Parasitol, vol. 61, 2006, pp. 509-566, doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61012-3.
General References
• http://www.teroes.com/2018/05/what-is-taeniasis.html• http://144penyakit.blogspot.com/2014/05/taeniasis-cacing-pita.html• http://www.uniindia.com/taeniasis-an-intestinal-infection-caused-by-
3-species-of-tapeworms/science-technology/news/1158643.html• https://gmch.gov.in/e-
study/e%20lectures/Microbiology/22%20Taenia.pdf