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Stuart S. SumidaBiology 342
Phylogeny of Basal Amniota
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What we used to think...
Amphibians
PRIMITIVEREPTILES
“Mammal-like Reptiles”
Mammals Birds
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Um.........NO.
Amphibians
PRIMITIVEREPTILES
“Mammal-like Reptiles”
Mammals Birds
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Panderichthyid Most ReptiliaSarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha Synapsida (including Aves)
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Panderichthyid Most Synapsida ReptiliaSarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves)
AMNIOTA (FOR SURE)
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Panderichthyid Most Synapsida ReptiliaSarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves)
AMNIOTA (FOR SURE)
Amniota?
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Panderichthyid Most Synapsida ReptiliaSarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves)
AMNIOTA (FOR SURE)
Amniota?
TETRAPODA
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Panderichthyid Most Synapsida ReptiliaSarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves)
AMNIOTA (FOR SURE)
Amniota?
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Other Sarcopterygians
Panderichthyids
Ichthyostegalia
Dissorophoids
Lissamphibia
Anthracosauria
Seymouriamorpha
Diadectomorpha
Amniota
Sarcopterygii
Tetrapoda
The road to reptiles
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Advanced Seymouriamorpha Amphibian:Seymouria sanjuanensis – from the Early Permian of Europe and the U.S.
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Amniotes: have four embryonic structures that reside outside the embryo to help it survive:
•Amnion•Yolk sac•Chorion•Allantois
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Other Sarcopterygians
Panderichthyids
Ichthyostegalia
Dissorophoids
Lissamphibia
Anthracosauria
Seymouriamorpha
Diadectomorpha
Amniota
Sarcopterygii
Tetrapoda
The road to reptiles
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Diadectomorpha:•No intertemporal bone like other amniotes•Very terrestrially adapted
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Orobates pabsti, a new genus of diadectomorph– found in both North America and central Germany
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10 cm
Orobates pabsti, a new genus of diadectomorph– found in both North America and central Germany
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1 cm
Orobates pabsti, a new genus of diadectomorph– found in both North America and central Germany
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Diadectes – this genus found in Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and central Germany
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“Amphibia” Amniota
Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha
Amniota
Reptilia
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Amniotes: have four embryonic structures that reside outside the embryo to help it survive:
•Amnion•Yolk sac•Chorion•Allantois
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Remember, we’re studying AMNIOTES.
Defined by:
EMBRYOLOGICAL FEATURES: amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac.
ANATOMICAL FEATURES: lack of an intertemporal bone.
ALSO, FUNCTIONAL FEATURES: • Costal breathing (inhaling using movement of the ribs).• Active exhalation using movement of ribs to push air out.
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“Amphibia” Amniota
Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha
Amniota
Reptilia
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Basal Synapsida (“Pelycosauria”): A single opening on side of skull
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“Amphibia” Amniota
Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha
Amniota
Reptilia
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PARAREPTILIA Includes:
•Mesosauria•Bolosauridae•Procolophonia•Paraiesauria
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Mesosaurus: A member of Mesosauria
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Eudibamus cursoris (a bolosaur)The earliest known bipedal vertebrateFrom the Early Permian (~280 million years old) of central Germany.
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Bradysaurus: A member of the Parieasauria
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Parieasaurs have lumpy, bumpy skulls
Scutosaurus
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“Amphibia” Amniota
Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha
Amniota
Reptilia
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Basal Captorhinid: Eocaptorhinus
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1 cm
New taxon: (Albright, in prep) New, miniature, captorhinid with three rows of dentary and maxillary teeth.
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1 cm
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New taxon
Size Range in Captorhinid Reptiles
(All specimens collected by Everett C. Olson.)
1 cm
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“Amphibia” Amniota
Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha
Amniota
Reptilia
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Basal Diapsid: Petrolacosaurus
Note: TWO holes (fenestrae) on side of skull
Known back to Late Pennsylvanian
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Diapsida includes:•Many extinct forms•Squamata•Archosauromorpha
Squamata includes living lizards and snakes.