Download - Structural Vulnerability, Risk Assessment and Land Use Issues for Transportation Infrastructure
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Structural Vulnerability, Risk Assessment and Land Use Issues for Transportation Infrastructure
May 18, 2005
Shay K. Burrows, P.E. Senior Structural Engineer
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OutlineIdentify threats to bridges and tunnelsDescribe the effective defense strategyHow land use plays a major part in supporting the defense
April 25, 2023
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Are Bridges and Tunnels Really Targets?Bridges and tunnels are attractive terrorist targets due to:Economic importance to traffic and commerceSymbolism (I.e. Golden Gate Bridge, Lincoln Tunnel, etc.)Cost and time for replacementPublic impact from an attackRelatively high vulnerability, both susceptibly and structurally
Source: Transportation Security Administration
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Are Bridges and Tunnels Really Targets?Encyclopedia of Afghan Resistance
“When you destroy large bridges by explosives, loading the middle part will destroy the netted area (the roadway), the explosives should be
combined with others placed at the two pressure points. This will destroy the bridge.”
Pressure point #2
Pressure point #1
Pressure point #3
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Terrorist TacticsPossible Course of Action – Decision Criteria
High probability of successImpact – maximize damage and casualtiesRealistic Logistics – easily obtained materialsSpeed – minimize placement and priming timeSecrecy and surpriseSimplicity and easy coordinationFlexibility
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Terrorists Threats to BridgesMechanical cutting devicesChemicals (acids, corrosives, etc.)ThermiteTorchesArea denial
Chemical/ biologicalSmall bombs, or just the threat of one
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Terrorist Threats to Bridges
Explosion!Bombs constitute a high percentage of terrorist attacks worldwide
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Explosive EffectivenessDepends on:
TypeAmount (the more the better!)Location
Internally placedExternal contactStandoff
Decreasing effectiveness
Decreasing time on target
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Explosive Location
Source: FM5-250 and ConWep
5'
2.5'
Center of mass:x lb
Contact, elevated, un-tamped: 34x lb
6'
Standoff of 6':267x lb
Required C-4 Charge Size for
Breaching of Concrete
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Vehicle BombsHistorically, the terrorist weapon of choice
Can use more explosivesDoesn’t require any time on target
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Mitigation – In GeneralThe goal is to implement measures which are appropriate and effective for a particular risk, yet economical and do not interfere with a bridge’s operation
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Construct an Effective DefenseResponse and Recovery
Prepare to deal with multiple, cascading eventsDeterrence
Make them know you are watchingDenial
Physically limit accessDetection
Use security, sensors, surveillanceDefense
Apply permanent standoff, structural hardening
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Defense PriorityFirst Priority
Develop an accelerated response and recovery planSecond Priority
Deter, deny, detectThird Priority
Defend with standoffFourth Priority
Defend with structural toughening
How effective land use can help:
- Denying access
- Providing standoff
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Deny Access – Fencing and Area ControlFencing or bollards to deny vehicle access or parking
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Provide Standoff on LandPermanent barriers may provide sufficient standoff, including bollardsTemporary barriers can be used to close roads/lanes or provide standoff around critical elements during a heightened alert or specific threatAny barrier is better than none, since standoff is more important
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What We’re Trying to Prevent
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Contact Information
Shay K. Burrows, P.E. FHWA- Resource Center
10. S. Howard StreetSuite 4000Baltimore, MD 21201
(410) 962-6791 [email protected]