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Faculty of GeosciencesRiver and delta morphodynamics
Sorting out estuaries:similar effects of bed armouringand inherited cohesive layers
on nonalluviated behaviour of rivers and estuaries
Maarten G. Kleinhans& Harm Jan Pierik
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This talkcontext: research program estuariesarmouring in noncohesive sediment
sorting processes effects
cohesive and rocky substratesmall-scale effectssystem-scale effects
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Dovey estuary (Wales)initial conditions
biomorphological processes
boundarycondition
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human impact
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No model for past and future evolution
initial conditions
biomorphologicalprocesses
humaninterference
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internalexternal
1. numerical model2. Metronome experiments3. test on geology
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Crash (-course) in disciplinarityGeology filling uppreservation forcings facies+dead stuff
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Ecologyenvironm.+substr. food chainscompetitionbirth & mortality
GeomorphologySed. transportequilibriumbound. condit.broomstick veg.
Ontology of animals:• things to run away from• things to eat• things to mate with• rocks
Terry Pratchett
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Sorting out sand and gravelarmouring hiding
9Kleinhans 2002 PhD thesis
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Begin at the beginning
10Vollmer & Kleinhans 2007 WRR
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11Kleinhans & van Rijn 2002 JHE
unimodal
bimodal
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Mixture → exposure and pivot angle
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cosφ =(Di-Dm)/(Di+Dm)p =Di-Dm (E=p/Dm)
cosφ =π/2p =(Di-Dm)/2
sinφ =2Dm/(Di+Dm)p =(Dm/tanφ+Di-Dm)/2
φ =f (Di, pi)E =f (Di, pi)
same floor
same centre
on Dm
Buffington,Kirchner
φ
φ
φ
p
p
p
Vollmer & Kleinhans 2007 RCEM
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Hiding depends on particle configuration
13Vollmer & Kleinhans 2007 RCEM
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14Kleinhans et al. 2008 SedGeo
Structure functions??
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Brazil nut effectSorting in motion
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Sorting mechanisms
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kinematic sortingpercolation
Kleinhans 2004 ESR, Frings et al. 2008 Sed
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Sorting at dune scale
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18Kleinhans 2005 SANDPIT
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Sorting in avalanches
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sealevel
Kleinhans 2005 Sedimentology
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Sorting mechanisms in dunessorting in avalanche suspension drag
20Kleinhans 2004 ESR
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Effects of sorting on transport
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1995 1997 1998
Kleinhans 2001, 2005
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waning discharge:deposition
new X-stratified depositslagdeposits
relict X-stratified depositsKleinhans 2005 FluSed 22
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1.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0
dept
h be
low
bed
sur
face
(m)
0 5 10 15 frequency of layer occurrence
coarse FU-basis
coarse layer= ‘armour’ layer! ob
serv
ed tr
ough
leve
l 199
5ob
serv
ed tr
ough
leve
l 199
8
Kleinhans 2001, 2005
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Effect on transport
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fining due to bedform sorting and reducing height
Kleinhans et al. 2007 NJG
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25Kleinhans and Van Rijn 2002, Kleinhans et al. 2002, with Astrid Blom
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Barchans in coastal waterscapes
26Taniguchi and Endo 2007 Geom
Alternating flows
Belderson et al. 1982
Tidal currents
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Winnowing in dune troughs f (θ)
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barchan dune
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28Kleinhans et al. 2002 JSedRes
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Dutch Geological Survey, Gruijters et al.Frings & Kleinhans 2008 Sedimentology
Combined vertical + bend sorting
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Sediment-starved dunes in Pannerden
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Frings and Kleinhans 2008 Sedimentology
Accidentallystable bifurcation
Kleinhans et al. 2012 ESPL
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Source to sink effects??
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Henk Berendsen, Esther Stouthamer,Kim Cohen, Wim Hoek, Hans Middelkoop,Harm-Jan Pierik, Anneleen Geurts en vele anderen
Veni
ERC
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Conclusions so far...Spatial scales of sorting ...
hiding, kinematic, winnowing, avalanching, dune lags, degradation
... affect sediment transport ...magnitude, hysteresis
... bedforms ...dimensions, sediment supply-limited forms
... channel and bifurcation development reduced bed erosion→ shallower!, accidentally stable bifurcation
... and downstream delta development (?)
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Think out of the box
Kleinhans 2010: A tale of two planets... (ESPL) 38
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Cohesive / bedrock effectssediment starvation =
constraints on bars and channelsbedrockself-formed mud and peat→ topographic forcing
bedrock erosion?
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40Data RWS, image Cleveringa Pers. Comm.
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41Nittrouer et al. 2011 Sed
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Mississippi
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Nittrouer et al. 2011 Sed
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Not this...
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Constraining geological constraints?consolidated mud & stronger stuff
can be eroded subaqueously by moving sediment impactiff sediment supply-limited
subaqueously: not failure, not dissolution, not bank erosionsupply-limited: as in armoured beds → upstream supply...
in deltaic sedimentary accreting settings??Yup.
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Did it matter here?Kleinhans et al. 2010 Geom
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Initial conditions
hard banks constrain rivers (= initial condition)Gupta et al. 2013 Remote Sensing Letters
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47De Haas et al., temporarily rejected
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Leiden estuary
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de Haas et al. temporarily rejected, Sedimentology
peat
levees
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Constrained by basal peat
49De Haas et al., temporarily rejected
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50Harke Douma, Elisabeth Addink
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Historical bathymetries
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1833 1953 1985
Dollard
sea
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To trust is good, to control better
Natureexperiments in Utrecht
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Self-formed nodes?
54Metronome, Jasper Leuven in prep.
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Eems-Dollard
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Punt v Reide
Dollard
Ems river
B
B’
Dollard
B
coversands
0
-10
Punt v. Reide
basal peat
B’
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Eems-Dollard
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D
coversands
0
-10
Eems
Tidal deposits
-20potclay
tills
D’
D
D’
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Eems-Dollard
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Resistant layer:shallow wide channel
bars
No resistant layer:deep narrow channelconfluence
Interaction geology / natural bars???
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as noise
forces
forces
initial
When topographic forcing effective?
Kleinhans 2010 FluSed
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Banks = topographic forcing
60van der Wegen and Roelvink 2012
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Bedrock erosion rate by saltation
61Sklar and Dietrich 2004
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Also abrasion by suspension!
62
Lamb et al. 2008 JGR
Yin et al. 2016 Geom
MUD!!
MUD!!
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Conclusions... effects of something hard:partially alluviated conditions:
less sediment transport flat dune troughs? barchans? sand ribbons?
Low / no erodibility: lateral constraints → narrowingvertical constraints → widening
continuum:self-formed in the waterscape
■ coarse-grained layers■ mud flats■ vegetated / peat layers
63
inherited / imposed■ rock■ hard clay■ hard peat
induration
topographicforcing
how fast‘bedrock’erosion?