SocialPsychologySocialPsychologyHowwethinkabout,influence,andrelatetooneanother.Basically,itstheinteractionbetweenpeople.FootinthedoorphenomenonAskingforthingsalittlebitatatime.Workingyourwayupfromsmalltaskstolargetasksbytakingbabystepsthataresuccessful.NormativeSocialInfluenceTheactofonewhoconformsinordertofitinoravoiddisapprovalfromothers.TheInfluenceofotherpeoplethatleadsustoconforminordertobelikedandacceptedbythem.DeindividuationTheactoflosingonesselfawareness,becauseofwhateveryoneelseisdoing.Thisisveryprevalentinlargegroupsofpeople,andmakessomeonedothingstheywouldntnormallydo.Peopleexperiencingthisbecomelostinagroup.Thisoftenmeansthattheywillgoalongwithwhateverthegroupisdoing.Peopletendtobecomelessofanindividualandmoreanonymous.GroupPolarizationTheenhancementofagroupsbeliefsaboutsomethingthroughdiscussionwithinthegroup.Itsthetendencyforgroupstomakedecisionsthataremoreextremethantheinitialinclinationofitsmembers.Overtime,andwithdiscussion,thegroupsattitudetowardsamutualbelieforattitudemaychangeinawaythatitstrengthenedandmoreintense.InformationSocialInfluenceGiveninformationoranopinion,oneconforms.Whenyoumakedecisionsabouthowtobehave,therearemanysourcesofinformationavailabletohelpyoumakethesedecisions.Furthermore,youlooktothebehaviorsofotherswhoarealsointhesameorsimilarsituationtoseehowtheybehave,thenyoucanfollowtheirlead.StanleyMilgramStudiedobedienceofothers,andwantedtoknowifpeoplejustblindlyobey.StanleyMilgram,apsychologistatYaleUniversity,conductedanexperimentfocusingontheconflictbetween

obediencetoauthorityandpersonalconscience.Heconcludedthatpeoplearemorelikelytoobeywhentheyseeanauthoritativefigure.Also,theinfluenceofhavingtheconductoroftheexperimenttellingusitsok,andthateverythingissafe,makesadifference.Whenanexperttellsyoutocontinue,therationalthingistokeepgoing.SolomonAschKnownforhisconformityexperiments.TheAschconformityexperimentswereaseriesoflaboratoryexperimentsthatdemonstratedthedegreetowhichanindividualsownopinionsareinfluencedbythoseofamajoritygroup.Basically,influenceofgrouppressureonopinions.PhilipZimbardoExperimentedroleplayingandhowitaffectsyourattitude.TheStanfordPrisonExperimentshowedhowpeoplecanadaptrolestohurtothersbecauseoftherole.Toinvestigatehowreadilypeoplewouldconformtotherolesofguardandprisonerinaroleplayingexercisethatsimulatedprisonlife.SocialLoafingThetendencyforpeopleinagrouptoexertlesseffortwhenposingtheireffortstowardattainingacommongoalthanwhenindividuallyaccountable.GroupthinkPsychologicalphenomenoninwhichpeoplestriveforconsensuswithinagroup.Inmanycases,peoplewillsetasidetheirownpersonalbeliefsoradopttheopinionoftherestofthegroup.Groupthinkoccurswhenagroupvaluesharmonyandcoherenceoveraccurateanalysisandcriticalevaluation.Itcausesindividualmembersofthegrouptounquestioninglyfollowthewordoftheleaderanddiscouragesanydisagreementwiththeconsensus.IngroupAsocialgrouptowhichapersonpsychologicallyidentifiesasbeingamember.Agroupofpeoplesharingsimilarinterestsandattitudes,producingfeelingsofsolidarityPrejudiceAnunjustifiable(andusuallynegative)attitudetowardagroupanditsmembers.Prejudicegenerallyinvolvesstereotypedbeliefs,negativefeelings,andapredispositiontodiscriminatoryaction.

StereotypeAgeneralized(sometimesaccuratebutoftenovergeneralized)beliefaboutagroupofpeople.Stereotypescomefromtruth,butstemfromoneincident,andbecomeoverexagerrated.ScapegoatTheoryThetheorythatprejudiceoffersanoutletforangerbyprovidingsomeonetoblame.Whenproblemsoccur,peopledontliketoblamethemselves.Theywillthusactivelyseekscapegoatsontowhomwecandisplaceouraggression.SocialExchangeTheoryTheresultofanexchangeprocess.Thepurposeofthisexchangeistomaximizebenefitsandminimizecosts.Essentially,peoplementallyweightthepotentialbenefitsandrisksofsocialrelationships.Whenrisksoutweighthereward,peoplewilloftenterminateorabandonthatrelationshiporidea.FrustrationAggressionTheoryFrustrationisafeelingoftensionthatoccurswhenoureffortstoreachsomegoalareblocked.Whenthisoccurs,itcanproducefeelingsofanger,whichinturncangeneratefeelingsofaggressionandaggressivebehavior.SelfFulfillingProphecyWhenapersonunknowinglycausesapredictiontocometrue,duetothesimplefactthatsheorsheexpectsittocometrue.Beliefthatcomestruebecauseweareactingasifitisalreadytrue.SelfServingBiasTendencytotakepersonalcreditforsuccesswhileblamingoutsidesourcesforourfailures.Essentially,webelievethatoursuccessesareduetointernaltraitsandtalents,whileourfailuresarecausedbyvariablesoutsideofourcontrol.Whensomethinggoodhappens,youtakeresponsibilityforit.Whensomethingbadhappens,weblameothers.AttributionTheoryHowweexplainsomeonesbehaviorbycreditingeitherthesituationorthepersonsdisposition.Attributionistheprocessofinferringthecausesofeventsorbehaviors.

CognitiveDissonanceTheoryFeelingofuncomfortabletensionwhichcomesfromholdingtwoconflictingthoughtsinthemindatthesametime.Wereacttoreducethediscomfort(dissonance),whenwefeeltwoofourthoughts(cognitions)areinconsistent.Wemustchangeinordertoeliminateorreducethedissonance.IngroupBiasThetendencytofavoronesowngroup.Thisisnotonegroupinparticular,butwhatevergroupyouassociatewithataparticulartime.Ingroupbiasinexhibitedwhensomeonegivespreferentialtreatmenttomembersofagrouptowhichheorshebelongs.JustworldphenomenonTheTendencyofpeopletobelievetheworldisjustandthatpeoplethereforegetwhattheydeserveanddeservewhattheyget.Sincepeoplewanttobelievethattheworldisfair,theywilllookforwaystoexplainorrationalizeawayinjusticeoftenbyblamingthevictimBystanderEffectThephenomenoninwhichthegreaterthenumberofpeoplepresent,thelesslikelypeoplearetohelpapersonindistress.Ex:Youcomeacrossapersonlayingdownonastairwell

Ifweweretheonlyonepassingby,wearemorelikelytohelp Ifwedeemthattheydeservehelp,wedecidetohelp,Ifwedontthinktheydeserve

help(ex:ahomelessmanwithabottleofboozeinhishand)wedonthelpthem Ifthepersonissimilartous(ex:dressedinablazer),wearemorelikelytohelp Ifwefeelguiltyaboutsomething,wearemorelikelytohelp Ifweareinagoodmood,wearemorelikelytohelpthepersonout

AttractionThethreemainreasonsofwhyweareattractedtopeopleisbecauseof

Similarity Proximity Physicalattraction

Thetwomaintypesofloveinarelationshipare

PassionateLovelust,sex,intenseabsorptioninanother,totallyinlove,presentatthebeginningofarelationship,oftenfadesovertime

CompanionateLoveInvolveswarmth,trust,andtoleranceofanotherperson,deepaffectionandcommitment,observedinlongtermenvironments

CompanionshipTohaveagoodrelationship,acouplemusthave

SelfdisclosureRevealingintimateaspectsofoneselftoothers

EquityBothpartnersneedtocontribute.Aconditioninwhichpeoplereceivefromarelationshipinproportiontowhattheygivetoit.Fair/unfairdistributionsofresourceswithinrelationships

ReciprocityNormAnexpectationthatpeoplewillhelp,nothurt,thosewhohavehelpedthem.Peoplewillrespondfavorablytoeachotherbyreturningbenefitsforbenefits.SocialresponsibilitynormAsocietalrulethattellspeopletheyshouldhelpotherswhoneedhelpevenifdoingsoiscostly.Inotherwords,itsanexpectationthatpeoplewillhelpthosedependentuponthem.SocialFacilitationPeopleperformbetterwhenothersarewatchingthem.ThetendencyforpeoplewhoarebeingwatchedorobservedtoperformbetterthantheywouldaloneoronsimpletasksGRITGraduatedandreciprocatedinitiativesintensionreduction.Thisisastrategydesignedtokeeppeace,andavoidconflictbyusingcommunication.UsedtodecreaseinternationaltensionSocialTrapConflictedbetweenthegoodofthegroup,overyourownselfinterests.Asituationinwhichagroupofpeopleacttoobtainshorttermindividualgains,whichinthelongrunleadstoalossforthegroupasawhole.Thinkoftheexamplewedidinclasswiththe5or10pointtestbonus.

OutgroupAsocialgrouptowhichanindividualdoesnotidentify.Ex:youplayonanintramuralsoftballteamthatmeetsonceaweek,youarepartofthatsoftballteamsingrouppeoplewhoareontheotherteamsarepartoftheoutgroup.