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Social Costs
P
Q
S (mc)
d
msc
Con
gest
ion
Cha
rges
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London’s Congestion Zone
• http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/
• Hours of Operation– 7am to 6pm– Monday through Friday
• Daily Charge– £11.50 in advance ($18.80); £12 by midnight
($19.15)
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London’s Congestion Zone
• No Physical Tickets• No Physical Barriers
• Signage is the only notification
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Started in 2003, expanded in 2007, reduced in 2011
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• An extension of the “Ring of Steel
• CC cameras take image of license plate
• Image is interpreted, them compared to a “payee” database
• If you aren’t in database, you are fined.
• Fines
• 100 per penalty to registered owner• 50 for “early pay”• 150 for late payment
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London Congestion Zone
• Exemptions to the fee– Residents– Disabled– Alternative Fuel Vehicles– Most Motorcycles– 9+ Seat Vehicles– Roadside Recovery Vehicles– Electric Vehicles
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Winners and Losers
• Downtown bus riders• All transit riders• Taxi riders & drivers• Motorists with high value trips• Most city-center businesses• Overall city productivity• Pedestrians and cyclists
• Motorists with marginal-value trips• City-center businesses dependent on low-cost access• Border-area residents• City-center parking revenue recipients