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Semantic Web of Things(SWoT)An introduction
GΓ©rald Rocher, Jean-Yves Tigli, 31/01/2017
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Internet of Things (IoT)
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Internet of Things (1/3)
Physical things connected to Devices
A Device provides access to resources
Sensors,
Actuators.
Devices can beβ¦
Physically coupled sensor & actuators
Heater (resistor + temp sensor).
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An hardware layer to connect devices to the internet through communication protocolsβ¦
Devices accessibility,
Devices unique identification.
Asβ¦
Network of networks (gateways between heterogeneous protocols),
Things over internet (gateways toward a common protocol).
Devices can also beβ¦
Logically coupled sensor & actuators
Switch connected to a light.
Internet of Things (2/3)
AITU-T Study Group, βNew ITU standards define the Internet of Things and
provide the blueprints for its development,β ITU, 2012.
[Online]. Available on http://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx
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First Interoperability issue⦠Technological heterogeneity
Internet is a common network and transport protocol to interconnect devices but still numerous ways to control devices and retrieve their data⦠that derives from the vast amounts of heterogeneous objects)
Does not ensure interoperability between devicesβ¦
Internet of Things (3/3)
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Web of Things (WoT)
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Approaches, software architectural styles and programming
patterns that allow devices to be part of the World Wide Webβ¦
Dominique Guinard -- PhD thesis (2011)
Four layers IoT common application architecture
1. Accessibility,
2. Findability,
3. Sharing,
4. Composition.
Introduction
A Web of Things Application Architecture β Integrating the Real-World into the Web.
PhD thesis No. 19891, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, August 2011
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Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA)
RESTful services & description (RSDL)
data centric: over HTTP (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.)
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
SOAP services WS-* (functional control),
API descriptions (WSDL).
A common & generic way to access devices data and API through gateways Devices technological abstraction,
Fixing the IoT Technological Heterogeneity issue.
Once devices are accessible to the web, web applications and tools can be usedβ¦
Accessibility Layer
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Provides a way to find and locate relevant services
(devices) on the Web
Search engines,
Crawlers,
Etcβ¦
Metadata model for describing smart
things and their servicesβ¦
Integration/indexation of smart things to
existing search engines,
Semantic annotations based on microformat/RDFa to describe static
properties (product, service) and dynamic properties (Location, Quality of
Service).
Findability Layer
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microformat
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Ensure data generated by devices are shared in an
efficient and secure manner.
Security (encryption, authentication)
JWT, API tokens
Etcβ¦
Sharing Layer
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Integrate the services and data
offered by the devices into higher
level Web tools:
Analytics software,
Physical mashups, composite
applications,
Etcβ¦
Composition Layer
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Second interoperability issueβ¦
Semantic heterogeneity
Numerous devices, manufacturers, ways to describe Devices,
services and dataβ¦
Numerous data sources and typesβ¦
How to describe data to get it machine understandable and establish
collaboration among devices (full interoperability) far beyond
microformat, RDFa, β¦?
Whatβs the problem?
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Problem illustration (1/2)
Sensor data37.8Β°C
Sensor data160.0Β°C
Sensor data73.0Β°F
How machine can
interpret data
semantics?
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Problem illustration (2/2)
How machine can
interpret devices
functionality ?
Looking for a
displayβ¦
WSDL, RSDL, etc⦠are syntactic descriptions; microformat/RDFa
semantics descriptions are limitedβ¦
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Semantic Web of Things (SWoT)
Jara AJ, Olivieri AC, Bocchi Y, Jung M, Kastner W, Skarmeta AF (2014) Semantic Web of things: an
analysis of the application semantics for the IoT moving towards the IoT convergence. Int J Web
Grid Serv 10(2):244β272
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Reuse Semantic Web standards to explicitly
(formally) describe things, devices, their services
and the data they publish...
with semantically enriched annotations
In a nutshell:
Knowledge formal description (RDF, RDFS, OWL),
Enables Machine to Machine (M2M) communication.
Reasoning (Inference Rules),
Querying (SPARQL).
Introduction
https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
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Resource Description Framework (RDF)
RDF triple (subject, predicate, object)
Labelled connection between two resources,
s, p are URI (unambiguous),
o is URI or literal,
p states the relationship between s and o.
RDF triples are directed labelled graph.
Minimum vocabulary to describe the knowledge (taxonomy)
Without restrictions / conditionsβ¦
RDFS & OWL family languages allows more expressivity needed to build ontologiesβ¦
Semantic Web standards basics (1/4)β¦
http://www.example.org/TV_1
http://www.example.org/Siemens
http://example.org/has_manufacturer
s
p
o
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Ontology (aka vocabulary)
Formal knowledge description of a domain:
Class (concept), Class hierarchy,
Properties, instances,
Restrictions, etc...
A consensual knowledge to be reused and shared across applications and people.
Knowledge expressivity depends on the description language used (RDFS, OWL-LITE, OWL-DL, OWL2, etcβ¦).
Semantic Web standards basics (2/4)β¦
Intentional knowledge
(terminological)
Assertional knowledge
(Instance)
Device
Display
Location
has_location
User
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subClassOf
TV Tablet
rdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subClassOf
Entityrdfs:subClassOf
Kitchen
rdfs:subClassOf Livingroom
rdfs:subClassOf
TV_1
myOnto:has_location
rdf:type
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Reuse existing ontologies as much as possible
SSN-XG (Semantic Sensor Network ontology)
https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn
Part of the Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV) effort
http://lov.okfn.org/dataset/lov/
Up to 533 vocabularies to dateβ¦
Semantic Web standards basics (3/4)β¦
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Knowledge base (KB)
Stores intentional (Tbox ontology) and assertional
knowledge (Abox instances),
An Inference engine that can reason about the
knowledge and use rules and logic to deduce new
knowledge or detect inconsistencies.
A query engine (SPARQL) to retrieve, add, remove
RDF data from the KB.
Semantic Web standards basics (4/4)β¦
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Ontology modeling layers
Relies on
Relies on
Meta meta model(Ontology modeling languages)
Subject ObjectPredicate
rdfs:domain
rdfs:domain
rdf:Property rdfs:Class
rdfs:Resourcerdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subClassOf
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
Appliance
Oven manufacturer
rdfs:domain
rdfs:rangerdfs:subClassOf
has_manufacturer rdf:type
rdf:type rdf:type
IQ700 Siemenshttp://.../my_ontology/has_manufacturer
rdf:type rdf:type
Meta model(Specific domain ontology,
aka upper ontology)
Model (Device annotation) (Assertions about the world)
http://example.org/my_ontology
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Ontology modeling (main) approaches in SWoT
Global approach : each device relies on a common upper ontology to describe its
instance Heterogeneous approach : each device relies on its own ontology to describe its instance. The KB is
enriched over time with new meta models.
KB
Upper ontology
(Meta Model)
Instance
(Model)
Instance
(Model)
Relies on Relies on
System
KB
Instance
(Model)
Instance
(Model)
Local ontology#1
(Meta Model)
Local ontology#2
(Meta Model)Relies on Relies on
System
KB
Instance
(Model)
Instance
(Model)
Sub#1
(Meta Model)
Sub#n
(Meta Model)Relies on Relies on
System
Sub#1 Sub#nβ¦
Fragmented upper ontology approach : each device relies on fragments of a common upper ontology to describe its instance. The KB is enriched over time and contains only
the needed knowledge.
Local ontology#1
(Meta Model)
Local ontology#2
(Meta Model)
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Online resources
https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
http://www.inria.fr/centre/sophia/actualites/mooc-web-
semantique-et-web-de-donnees
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~michael/sw/sw.html
Etcβ¦
Semantic Web standards basicsβ¦
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SWoT Applications
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Smart Home,
Smart Office,
Smart Cities,
Building automation,
Assisted living,
Smart Energy,
Farming,
Sensor networks,
Etcβ¦
SWoT Application domainsβ¦
The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues, Eleonora Borgia
Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), Italian National Research Council (CNR), via G.
Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy Computer Communications 54 (2014) 1β31, paper
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Interconnecting devices and gather data from them
allows to create context aware (aka situation)
applications:
Better understanding their surrounding environment,
Making intelligent decisions and better reacting to the
dynamics of their environment.
SWoT for context awareness (1/4)
C. Perera, A. Zaslavsky, P. Christen and D. Georgakopoulos , "Context aware computing for
the internet of things: A survey" , IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts.
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SWoT for context awareness (2/4)
System
Display movie in the
livingroom
Application
objectives
Display movie for Bob
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SWoT for context awareness (3/4)
Device
Display
Location
has_location User
rdfs:subClassOf
Kitchen Livingroom
Bob
rdf:type
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subClassOf
TV Tablet
rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subClassOf
Tab_2
domain:has_location
Tab_1
rdf:typerdf:type
domain:has_location
TV_1
domain:has_location
rdf:type
Entityrdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subClassOf
domain:has_location
Device
Display
Location
has_location
User
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subClassOf
TV Tablet
rdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subClassOf
Entityrdfs:subClassOf
Kitchen
rdfs:subClassOf Livingroom
rdfs:subClassOf
Upper ontology
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SWoT for context awareness (4/4)
System
Appearence...
Disappearence...
Display video for Bob
Application
objectives
Semantic annotation
Display movie in the
livingroom
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Services functionalities & context understanding enables applications to be composed using relevant services.
Self-adaptive systems,
Continuity of service.
Solutions have been developed, allowing to semantically describe web services and ease their discovery, composition and invocation:
OWL-S (Semantic Markup for Web Services) http://www.daml.org/services/owl-s/1.0/owl-s.html
SAWSDL (Semantic Annotations for WSDL) https://www.w3.org/TR/sawsdl/
WSDL-S, WSMO, and moreβ¦
SWoT for services composition
Lemos, A. L., Daniel, F., & Benatallah, B. (2015). Web
Service Composition: A Survey of Techniques and
Tools. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 48(3), 33.
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Standard vocabulary to semantically describe
services
Service profile
Describes what the service does, its name, its
description, the quality of service (QoS), etcβ¦,
Primary meant for human readingβ¦
Process Model
Describes how a client can interact with the service.
Input, Output, Pre-conditions, Effects/Results (IOPE/IOPR).
Service Grounding
Information needed to interact with and instantiate the service,
Communication protocol, Message format, Port number, Etc.
OWL-S Upper ontology (Three main parts)
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OWL-S ontology leaves out domain specific objects, and
also Groundings for other service technologies like UPnPβ¦
SAWSDLβ¦
Semantic annotations for WSDL components (Web Service
Description Language),
Allows references to domain specific ontologies.
SAWSDL
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Planning techniques
Problem of finding and aggregating a series of services with
compatible IOPR/Es allowing to reach the desired goal.
Multi-objective Quality of Service (QoS)
Model-driven
Defining a high level abstraction (model of the target
application),
Matching/service selection approach to iteratively check
each service, trying to match with the required
functionality.
Semantic services composition approaches
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Looks good! Whatβs wrong???
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That (will) most likely develop their own ontologies to
describe their devicesβ¦
The development of a comprehensive ontology describing
the world is unlikely to happenβ¦
Internet of Things numerous actorsβ¦
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Numerous ontologies available, targeting different
domainsβ¦
http://www.sensormeasurement.appspot.com/?p=ontologies
references up to 296 different ontologiesβ¦
Internet of Things ontologiesβ¦
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Actually, most of the current SWoT applications rely on ad-
hoc ontologies that cannot be reused It works but is
application/domain specific.
Why it is a problem?
Full interoperability not yet a realityβ¦
KB
Upper ontology
(Meta Model)
Instance
(Model)Instance
(Model)
Relies on Relies on
System
Instance
(Model)
Local ontology#1
(Meta Model)Relies on
Instance
(Model)
Local ontology#2
(Meta Model) Relies on
Gyrard, A. (2015). Concevoir des applications internet des objets
sΓ©mantiques (Doctoral dissertation, Paris, ENST).
Interoperability issueβ¦
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SWoT applications have to integrate heterogeneous
models & meta models unknown @design-timeβ¦
Ontology merging
Knowledge base enrichment over time (1/4)
Ontology#A Ontology#B
Ontology#C
URI
URI
URI
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Ontology alignment & Mapping
Several algorithms availableβ¦
Syntactic alignment,
Structural alignment
Alignments are not perfect and depend on a pre-defined threshold valueβ¦
Knowledge base enrichment over time (2/4)
Ontology#A Ontology#B
Correspondances Alignment
Example from http://www.webology.org/2006/v3n3/a28.html
owl:sameAs
owl:equivalentClass
owl:equivalentProperty
http://www.sensormeasurement.appspot.com/?p=ontoMappingTool
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Knowledge base enrichment over time (3/4)
Summary
!!! KB content management !!!
Validity over time?
Inconsistencies management?
Meta model
40
Knowledge Base Ontology A Ontology B
Correspondences Alignment
Alignment&
Matching
Alignment (syntactic, structural) fixed
threshold value
Reasoning
URI
URI
URI
Merging&
Integration
Discovery
New facts, integrity checking, etcβ¦
Rocher, G., Tigli, J. Y., Lavirotte, S., & Daikhi, R. (2015, October).
Run-time knowledge model enrichment in SWoT: A step toward
ambient services selection relevancy. In Internet of Things (IOT),
2015 5th International Conference on the (pp. 62-69). IEEE.
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Knowledge base enrichment over time (4/4)
Example
βΆ β· βΈ βΉ
Home / shop
βΊHome /
shop
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Some toolsβ¦
![Page 43: Semantic Web of ThingsSemantic Web of Things (SWoT) Jara AJ, Olivieri AC, Bocchi Y, Jung M, Kastner W, Skarmeta AF (2014) Semantic Web of things: an analysis of the application semantics](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052013/6029a80eddab52229965b5c3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Some tools (1/2)β¦
Ontology engineering
ProtΓ©gΓ© (http://protege.stanford.edu/)
Java framework
Knowledge base
Apache Jena (https://jena.apache.org/)
The OWL API (http://owlapi.sourceforge.net/)
Reasoners
Pellet (https://github.com/Complexible/pellet)
HermiT (http://www.hermit-reasoner.com/)
Alignment
Alignment API (http://alignapi.gforge.inria.fr/)
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Some tools (2/2)β¦
Ontology search engines
Watson (http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk/WatsonWUI/)
Swoogle (http://swoogle.umbc.edu/)
Ontology online validators
W3C (https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/SWValidators)
More tools are listed here :
http://www.sensormeasurement.appspot.com/?p=semanticTool
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Is SWoT good enough?
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Is SWoT enough?
SWoT seen as Cyber-Physical systems
Actions in physical environmentβ¦
Non-deterministic,
Dynamic,
Implicit interactions,
Etcβ¦
One cannot ensure the applicationβs functionality is satisfied and maintained over timeβ¦
β¦Even with semantic descriptions.
πΈππ‘ππ‘π¦ πππΌππ‘ππππ π‘
πβπ¦π πππππβππππππππ
πͺππππππππππππ ππ
ππππ ππ
ππππππππ
π π. .β
π. .β
π·ππ π‘π’πππππππππππππ
βπ. .β
ππ‘πππ’ππ’π
π΄ππ‘π’ππ‘ππ
ππππ ππππππ. .β
πππππππβ
π ππ ππ’πππ
ππππππ π
π·ππ£πππππππ π
πβ
π
ππ¦ππππππππππππππ‘πππ
πΈπ£πππ‘ πΆπππππππ πππππππππ
ππππππ π
ππππππ π
ππππ ππππ
π. .β
π
πβ
πππππππππππ ππππππ ππππ
=?
ππππ‘π€ππππππππππππ‘
π
π
βπ
π. .β ππππππππ
π. .β
π
ππππ ππππ
ππππ ππππππ£πππ
π. .β
ππππππ π
![Page 47: Semantic Web of ThingsSemantic Web of Things (SWoT) Jara AJ, Olivieri AC, Bocchi Y, Jung M, Kastner W, Skarmeta AF (2014) Semantic Web of things: an analysis of the application semantics](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052013/6029a80eddab52229965b5c3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Cyber Physical Systems : problem statement
47
π·πππππππ ππππππππππ(π΅ππππ ππ πππππππππ)
ππ‘ππ‘ππ π«ππππππ
πππππππ‘ππππ πΌπππππ πππππππ
πΊπππππππ πππ πΊππππ
πππππππβπ¦π ππππ
πβπππππππππΆππππππ‘ππΆππ·π
ππππππ π ππππππππππ
π»πππππππππ’π π―ππππππππππππ
π¬ππππππππ πππππ πΊπππππ
One cannot ensure the intention is satisfied and maintained
over timeβ¦
πΆππππππππππ
πΉπ’πππ¦πππ πππ£ππππ
π·ππππππππππππππππππ
πππππππ‘ π΅ππππ
πΌππ‘πππ‘ππππ¨ππππππππππ πππππ πΊππππ
π·ππ π‘π’ππππππ
π΄ππππππ πππππ πΊπππππ
π·ππ πππ π‘πππ ππππππ β¦ π·πππππ¦ππππ‘ β¦ β¦πππ ππ’π π‘πππ ππππππ
![Page 48: Semantic Web of ThingsSemantic Web of Things (SWoT) Jara AJ, Olivieri AC, Bocchi Y, Jung M, Kastner W, Skarmeta AF (2014) Semantic Web of things: an analysis of the application semantics](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052013/6029a80eddab52229965b5c3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Feedforward approach
48
ππππππ‘πππ
ππππππ π πΉπΌππ‘πππ‘ππππ
ππππππ{πΆπππππ ππ‘π π πππ£πππ}
ππππ£ππππ πΆπππππ ππ‘π π πππ£πππ= π(ππππππ , π β πππππππππ ππ ππ· )
ππ π β β
ππ π πππππππ ππππ¦ ππ ππππππ, πππ£ππ ππ πππ (Semantic gap measure)
π·πππππππ ππππππππππ(π΅ππππ ππ πππππππππ)
ππ‘ππ‘ππ π«ππππππ
πππππππ‘ππππ πΌπππππ πππππππ
πΊπππππππ πππππ πΊππππ
πππππππβπ¦π ππππ
πβπππππππππΆππππππ‘ππΆππ·π
ππππππ π ππππππππππ
π»πππππππππ’π π―ππππππππππππ
π¬ππππππππ πππππ πΊπππππ
πΆππππππππππ
πΉπ’πππ¦πππ πππ£ππππ
π·ππππππππππππππππππ
πππππππ‘ π΅ππππ
πΌππ‘πππ‘πππππ¨ππππππππππ πππππ πΊππππ
π·ππ π‘π’ππππππ
π΄ππππππ πππππ πΊπππππ
πΌπππππ π‘ππ’ππ‘π’ππππ‘ππ’ππ‘π’πππ ππππππ ππ‘πππ
![Page 49: Semantic Web of ThingsSemantic Web of Things (SWoT) Jara AJ, Olivieri AC, Bocchi Y, Jung M, Kastner W, Skarmeta AF (2014) Semantic Web of things: an analysis of the application semantics](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052013/6029a80eddab52229965b5c3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Feedback approach : -- Cybernetics --
49
ππππππ‘πππ
ππππππ π πΉπΌππ‘πππ‘ππππ
ππππππ{πΆπππππ ππ‘π π πππ£πππ}
ππ· πππ πππ£πππ
ππ π β β
ππ π ππ πππ π πππππππππ‘, πππ£ππ ππ πππ+ πππ₯πππ (Takes into account physical interactions)
πΊπππππππ πππππ πΊππππ
πππππππβπ¦π ππππ
πβπππππππππΆππππππ‘ππΆππ·π
ππππππ π ππππππππππ
π»πππππππππ’π π―ππππππππππππ
π¬ππππππππ πππππ πΊπππππ
πΌππ‘πππ‘πππππ¨ππππππππππ πππππ πΊππππ
π·ππ π‘π’ππππππ
π΄ππππππ πππππ πΊπππππ
πΆπππππ ππ‘π π πππ£πππ= π(ππππππ , π β πππππππππ ππ ππ· )
π·πππππππ ππππππππππ(π΅ππππ ππ πππππππππ)
ππ‘ππ‘ππ π«ππππππ
πππππππ‘ππππ πΌπππππ πππππππ
πΌπππππ π‘ππ’ππ‘π’ππ
ππππππ{πππ πππ£ππ}
ππ‘ππ’ππ‘π’πππ ππππππ ππ‘πππ
πΆππππππππππ
πΉπ’πππ¦πππ πππ£ππππ
π·ππππππππππππππππππ
πππππππ‘ π΅ππππ
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Thank you!