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Selenium, Micro and Macromineral levels and Supplementation Strategies
at Pasture, and Their Impact on Backgrounder Cattle Performance
Christoph Wand1 and Peter Kotzeff2
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food - Guelph, ON Kotzeff Veterinary Services & Chesley Veterinary Management – Chesley, ON
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Background • More effort to match CP & P allowances to
actual requirements, especially in feedlot
• Mineral supplementation on pasture in other jurisdictions (NZ, Michigan) is done using trace-mineralized salt, as opposed to complete vitamin-mineral premix as used in confinement
• Selenium is considered deficient in Great Lakes Basin
• Vitamins largely not required due to combination of sun and fresh forage
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Objectives: 1. Determine the effectiveness of selenium
pellets,TM resin boluses, and feeding of trace-mineralized (TM) salt on pasture as the sole Se, mineral and Vitamin E sources
2. Pasture monitoring (feed anaylsis) for TMs was undertaken to explain the conditions cattle experience
3. Sampling of pastures of other producers, properties and sward types in 2012
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Also referred to as Iron: Selenium pellets as they contain 90% iron to give the product weight to prevent it from being regurgitated. Last as
©FARMRITE
Also referred to as Iron: Selenium pellets
Composed of 90% Fe to give them adequate weight
Slowly dissolved in the reticulorumen to release a continual supply of Se
Advised to administer every 12-18 months
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TM Bolus
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‘Customer Formulation’ TM Salt
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North Farm, June 9th 2011
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Kuepfer June 9th, 2011
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Lockerby August 8th, 2011
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14 Farms Sampled, Bi-weekly 2012
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% Calcium 2012requirement = 0.35%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Lock
erby
Nort
h Farm
Rive
r Ridg
e
Twin Pine
s
Willo
wdale
Stonew
all
Haines
Home S
ERan
ch
Seven
th
The B
oys'
Mackie
Warder
Home J
MTre
foil
Kentuc
ky B
luegra
ssAlfa
lfa
Canary
Gras
s
White C
lover
Ryegra
ss
Orchard
Gras
s
Knapw
eed S
teve
Paisley
Knapw
eed
May June Week 1 June Week 2 July Week 1
July Week 2 August Week 1 August Week 2 August Week 3
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% Phosphorus 2012requirement = 0.2%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Lock
erby
Nort
h Farm
Rive
r Ridg
e
Twin Pine
s
Willo
wdale
Stonew
all
Haines
Home S
ERan
ch
Seven
th
The B
oys'
Mackie
Warder
Home J
MTre
foil
Kentuc
ky B
luegra
ssAlfa
lfa
Canary
Gras
s
White C
lover
Ryegra
ss
Orchard
Gras
s
Knapw
eed S
teve
Paisley
Knapw
eed
May June Week 1 June Week 2 July Week 1July Week 2 August Week 1 August Week 2 August Week 3
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% Potassium 2012requirement = 0.6%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Lock
erby
Nort
h Farm
Rive
r Ridg
e
Twin Pines
Willo
wdale
Stonewall
Haines
Home SERanc
h
Seventh
The B
oys'
Mackie
Warder
Home JMTrefoi
l
Kentuc
ky Blue
grass
Alfalfa
Canary
Grass
White C
lover
Ryegra
ss
Orchard
Gras
s
Knapw
eed Stev
e
Paisley
Knapweed
May June Week 1 June Week 2 July Week 1
July Week 2 August Week 1 August Week 2 August Week 3
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Conclusions • Macro-minerals minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg) are at
sufficient levels in the 2011 and 2012 forage samples on these farms
• Several micro-minerals are also sufficient with some even well above the recommendations of NRC 1996 (Fe, Mo)
• Copper is widely deficient, with likelihood of increased effective deficiency due to ample Molybdenum on these farms
• Zinc is also widely deficient
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Conclusions • Patterns of sufficiency and insufficiency are
widely conserved in this geographic area
• Salt (Na) universally deficient
• Trace mineralized salt is an adequate form of supplementation provided it is formulated to address shortfalls. In this case:
– copper, zinc and selenium shortfalls
– localized concerns eg manganese
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River Ridge Sept 7th, 2011
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Procedure: Animal Performance • Cattle were purchased from various sources
including Western Canada, Ottawa Valley and local sales
• Weights were taken at turn-out and off-grass processing, and through the feedlot
• In spring of 2011 approximately 750 head: – 1/3 of animals allocated to each Se pellets, TM resin
boluses, and neither. All animals offered free choice custom TM salt
• In spring of 2013 approximately 550 head: – 1/2 of animals allocated to either TM resin boluses,
or not. All animals offered free-choice custom TM salt
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Results: 2011 ADG
Treatment ADG LSMEAN
Standard Error P
Control 1.58a,b 0.057 <.0001
Se Pellet 1.53a 0.053 <.0001
TM Bolus 1.71b 0.060 <.0001
1.25
1.35
1.45
1.55
1.65
1.75
Control Se Pellet TM Bolus
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2011 and 2012 Combined Pasture Performance (ADG)
Treatment
ADG
LSMEAN Number LSMEAN
TM Salt 1.750 1 Se Pellet 1.718 2 TM Bolus 1.747 3
Least Squares Means for effect Treatment
Pr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)
i/j 1 2 3
1 0.6001 0.9935
2 0.6001 0.6728
3 0.9935 0.6728
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2011 Results: ADG by Pasture Pasture
Farm ADG
LSMEANS Standard
Error P
Value
Kuepfer 1.40 0.116 <.0001
Lockerby 1.70 0.083 <.0001
North Farm 1.83 0.215 <.0001
Paisley 1.86 0.083 <.0001
River Ridge 1.29 0.093 <.0001
Stonewall 1.51 0.168 <.0001
Twin Pine 1.67 0.127 <.0001
Willowdale 1.59 0.217 <.0001
11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.9
Kue
pfer
Lock
erby
Nor
th F
arm
Pai
sley
Riv
er R
idge
Sto
new
all
Twin
Pin
eW
illow
dale
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2011 and 2012 Feedlot Performance Data
Treatment
ADG Feedlot
LSMEAN
LSMEAN Number
TM salt 3.424 1
Se Pellet 3.453 2
TM Bolus 3.423 3
Least Squares Means for effect Treatment
Pr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)
i/j 1 2 3
1 0.8789 1
2 0.8789 0.8778
3 1 0.8778
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Other Observations
• No treatment impact on finishing weight in 2011 or 2012
• No treatment impact on carcass weight in 2012 (manner of settlement different)
• No difference in gain at pasture vs. feedlot (compensation) due to treatment
• Large difference in both years by pasture location and purchase groups (interactions, unbalanced effects)
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Conclusions
• TM supplementation strategy (Bolus vs TM salt) had no effect on pasture ADG
• TM supplementation strategy had no effect on subsequent feedlot performance
• TM supplementation strategy had no effect on slaughter end point and/or carcass merit
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Implications
• TM salt at pasture was an effective mineral supplementation approach; forage analysis ensured macro-mineral sufficiency
• TM salt as the sole mineral supplement at pasture had no negative impact on gain, subsequent feedlot performance or carcass merit
• Ontario producers should consider forage sampling for macro-minerals (micros?) and adjust their supplementation protocol accordingly for potentially significant savings
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Thank You!
• Pasture Farm Cooperators • PKW Feedlot & Staff • Summer Students & Staff • Peter Kotzeff • OCA/BFO
– Farm Innovation Program