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School Buses – A Safe Way To Travel
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School Buses – A Sustainable Way To Travel
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What Is The Concern?
• Energy – fuel economy
• Emissions – air quality
• Climate change – global warming
• Operational considerations – Cost, performance, maintenance
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U.S. Energy Flow - 2002
Quadrillion BTUs
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0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Well to Wheel Energy Use
BTU per mile
Better
Conventional
from: Fuel Options for Reducing GHG Emissions from Motor Vehicles, US DOT, September 2003
Hydrogen
Nat Gas
Hydro
gen
Solar
Fuel CellHybrid
GasolineE90
DieselB20
CNGLPG
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Diesel Engines and Air Quality
• Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of gases and fine particles
• Engines have historically contributed significant amounts of NOx, particulate matter to air pollution
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Exposures Inside School Buses
• Personal exposure monitors for PM 2.5
• Levels 5 – 10 times higher than ambient averages
• California study estimates cancer risk increases by 4%, asthma risk by 1%
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Economics of Clean Diesel
Environmental/Public Health Impact in Oregon – $2 billion per year or
– $2+ per gallon of diesel used
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From Hansen and Saito, 2001
Global Warming Factors
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Clean vs. Dirty Diesel
CONVENTIONAL RETROFITTED
Real time measurements of particulate matter pollution inside a car “chasing” a diesel truck before and after retrofitting.
Courtesy of Clean Air Task Force
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Burn Cleaner Fuel - Biodiesel
• Vegetable oils and/or waste grease refined to diesel fuel
• Biodegradable, nontoxic, renewable fuel• Reduces PM, CO, VOCs; Increases NOx • Can be blended (20%) or used neat• Excellent lubricity• Cost, high cloud point
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The Modern Hybrid
• Does not idle when stopped
• Uses a battery pack to store energy
• Uses an electric motor to accelerate
• Recharges batteries when braking or coasting
• Allows for smaller combustion engine
• Increased fuel economy and lower engine wear
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What is a Plug-In Hybrid?
• Can receive portion of battery energy from grid
• Plugging in is optional
• Once range is depleted, operates as a normal hybrid
• Categorized by range on electricity– HEV30 is 30 miles on electric range
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CO2 Emissions from Series Hybrid
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NOx Emissions for Series Hybrid
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Fuel Costs of Series Hybrid
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Program Costs for Hybrid
• Initial cost greater than standard diesel• Operating cost less than standard diesel• Lifecycle cost about same as standard
diesel• Infrastructure
– Same diesel pumps– Same maintenance garage– Electric plug-in chargers
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Clean School Bus USA
• School Districts and ESDs only allowed to apply
• Anticipated awards up to $725,000, averaging $200,000 - $300,000
• 5% cost share
• Fund retrofits, engine upgrades, cleaner fuels, bus and/or engine replacement
•“Buddy program”
• DEQ here to help with applications
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Sustainable Practices With School Buses – Now!
• Use ultra low sulfur fuel and biodiesel
• Minimize idling time at schools and events
• Maintain vehicles to reduce smoke and odors
• Use newer buses more often and for longer routes
• Install exhaust filters
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It’s Not Cool To Idle At School
Suited for 5th to 8th grade students
Learn the scientific principles of observation and reporting, while engaging in social change.
Toolkits provided by Oregon Environmental Council
http://www.oeconline.org/kids health/teachertools
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HB 2172 - Clean Diesel Initiative
Components in the bill– Clean Diesel Fund – Clean Diesel Tax Credit– Clean Engine Replacement Incentives– Clean Oregon School Bus Grants
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Oregon Clean Diesel Initiative
• For more information:
Kevin Downing
DEQ – Air Quality
503.229.6549