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ISSN : 2349-1299(RRJoP)
Research & Reviews
A Journal of Pharmacology
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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance
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Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,
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I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (2)] of Research &
Reviews : A Journal of Pharmacology. The intension of RRJoP is to create an atmosphere that
stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Pharmacology.
The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by
eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoP provides an outlet for Research findings and
reviews in areas of Pharmacology found to be relevant for National and International recent
developments & research initiative.
The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for
the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and
research in the domain of Pharmacology.
Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for
their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-
ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With
regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality
Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.
I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra
Director
STM Journals
Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS
1. Comparison of Prescribing Pattern of Anti-hypertensive Drugs and the Level of Control Achieved in Type 2 Diabetes Patients between Primary and Tertiary Care Hospitals
Harsha K. P., Rani U. D., Varun H. V., Kamath S. G. 1
2. Ethanolic Root Extract of Jatropha curcas L. Relieves Muscle Pain in Rats Ameyaw E. O., Edem Kukuia K. K., Boampong J. N., Thomford A. K., Anane R. F., Tabiri I. Yaw A. I. 5
3. In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Calotropis ProceraPriya S., Jenifer S. 11
4. Short Review on Diabetes MellitusFirke S. D., Bafna P. S., Patil K. R. 15
ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology
RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)
Volume 4, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Comparison of Prescribing Pattern of Anti-hypertensive
Drugs and the Level of Control Achieved in Type 2
Diabetes Patients between Primary and Tertiary
Care Hospitals
Harsha K. P.*, Rani U. D., Varun H. V., Kamath S. G. Department of Pharmacology, SSIMS and RC, Davangere, Karnataka, India
Abstract Hypertension is a common co-morbidity of diabetes affecting majority of people with
diabetes, also a major risk factor for coronary vascular disease and microvascular
complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy. To compare prescribing pattern of
anti-hypertensive drugs and the level of control of hypertension achieved in type 2
diabetes patients in primary and tertiary care hospitals. Fifty patients each with type 2
diabetes and hypertension (fulfilling JNC 7 criteria for diagnosis of hypertension) attending the out-patient departments of primary and tertiary health care centers in
Bangalore were included in the study. Data regarding blood pressure and type of drugs used were collected. Two blood pressure readings were taken with a time span of 5 min
on each individual in sitting position. Average of the two readings was recorded. Only
34(68%) of patients were on treatment at primary care level where as 48(96%) were on treatment at tertiary care level. At the primary care level calcium channel blockers
(CCBs) 20(40%) were the most common drug used followed by Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) 8(16%). At tertiary care level ARBs 22(44%) were the most
commonly used drugs followed by ACE inhibitors 14(28%). Only 8(16%) were well
controlled in primary care level whereas 34(68%) were well controlled at tertiary care level. Prescribing pattern of anti-hypertensives and level of control of hypertension at
primary care level grossly deviates from available recommendations as compared to
tertiary care level.
Keywords: anti-hypertensive drugs, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prescribing patterns,
primary and tertiary health care levels
RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)
Volume 4, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Ethanolic Root Extract of Jatropha curcas L. Relieves
Muscle Pain in Rats
Ameyaw E. O.1 *, Edem Kukuia K. K.
3 , Kyei Samuel
2 ,Boampong J. N.
1, Thomford A. K.
1,
Anane R. F.1, Tabiri I.
1 Yaw A. I.
1
1Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University
of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2Department of Optometry, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Cape Coast,
Cape Coast, Ghana 3Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences,
University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana 3Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Coast Medical School, University of Cape Coast,
Cape Coast, Ghana
Abstract The roots of Jatropha curcas are used traditionally to treat pain. The present study
evaluated the analgesic property of ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas (JAT) in acute
and chronic muscle pain models. Acute muscle hyperalgesia was induced by injecting 3% carrageenan into the gastrocnemius muscles of rats. Twelve hours after the injection,
baseline muscle hyperalgesia was measured and the rats were then treated orally with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day JAT; intraperitoneally with 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day morphine and
normal saline. A change in pain threshold was assessed with the grip strength
analgesimeter. The effect of JAT on chronic muscle hyperalgesia was evaluated by injecting 3% carrageenan into the gastrocnemius muscles of the separate groups of rats.
Two weeks later, baseline pain thresholds were measured and rats were treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day JAT; 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day morphine and normal saline. Pain
threshold was assessed again by measuring the latency to paw withdrawal in the
ipsilateral and contralateral paws. JAT and morphine increased the grip strength in the acute muscle hyperalgesia test. Chronic muscle hyperalgesia was also significantly
reduced by JAT and morphine. JAT relieves muscle pain in rats.
Keywords: hyperalgesia, muscle, carrageenan, kaolin
RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)
Volume 4, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Calotropis Procera
Priya S.1*, Jenifer S.
2
1Department of Biotechnology, S.T.E.T. Women’s College, Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Biotechnology, Bon Secours College for women, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract Antioxidant activity of root of Calotropis procera extract was evaluated in a series of in
vitro assay involving free radicals. IC50 values were determined. Extracts of I. coccinea
exhibited scavenging effect in concentration dependent manner in all in vitro method. IC50 of ethyl acetate extract was 48.43, 75.811 and 60.60 μg/ml for 2,2-
diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and nitric oxide scavenging, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract shows good in vitro antioxidant
activity compared to other extract.
Keywords: Calotropis procera, DPPH free radical, nitric oxide radical, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging
RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861 (online), ISSN: 2349-1299 (print)
Volume 4, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Short Review on Diabetes Mellitus
Firke S. D.1, Bafna P. S.
2*, Patil K. R.
2
1R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
2H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
Abstract Diabetes mellitus is fastly growing health problem worldwide. Present article discussed
about diabetes in general including its introduction, Pathophysiology, sign & symptoms
and some of currently available treatments and possible newer approaches briefly. One of major problem associated with present antidiabetics drugs are they possessing variety of
adverse effect which is ultimately diverting focus of researchers on newer approaches to treat both types of diabetes. In current review, we will review diabetes, present
antidiabetics drugs, and future treatment approaches having potentiality to control
symptoms as well as diabetes.
Keywords: diabetes, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, novel approaches in diabetes,
incretin