Regents Biology
2. Why do cells make proteins? Proteins have many functions in cells To make these proteins the cells must
read genes (DNA) Assemble proteins from Amino Acids to make
the different types of proteins Structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) Signal proteins (hormones) & receptors
Regents Biology
Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!
signals
structural
enzymes
receptors
Regents Biology
F) Nucleus Function
control center of cell protects DNA
Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
Regents Biology
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
chromosomesDNA
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
nucleolusproduces ribosomes
Regents Biology
Ribosomes on ER
G) Ribosomes Function
Makes protein read instructions from DNA to build proteins
Structure some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER
Regents Biology
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuild proteins
nucleolusproduces ribosomes
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
Regents Biology
Function works on proteins
helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them
makes membranes Structure
rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins
smooth ER makes membranes
H) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Regents Biology
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERworks on proteinsmakes membranes
Regents Biology transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”
Structure membrane sacs
I) Golgi Apparatus
Regents Biology
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages
& ships proteins
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
Regents Biology
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
Regents Biology
central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste
mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration
chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis
cell wallsupport
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
Golgi apparatusfinish & ship proteins
nucleuscontrol cellprotects DNA
endoplasmic reticulumprocesses proteinsmakes membranes
lysosomedigestion & clean up
ribosomesmake proteinscytoplasm
jelly-like material around organelles
nucleolusmake ribosomes
Regents Biology
3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells
to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells
Regents Biology
J) Centrioles Function
help coordinate cell division only in animal cells
Structure one pair in each cell
Regents Biology
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
mitochondriamake ATP energy
from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages
& ships proteins
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
centriolescell division
Regents Biology
Cells have 3 main jobs make energy
need food + O2
cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes
make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein make more cells
need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
Cell Summary
Our organellesdo all those
jobs!
Regents Biology
Exit Slip Complete 1D (Flat) black and white cell
diagram