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Reflections on a
decade of
leadership of
global agricultural
mitigation research
Hayden Montgomery
9 April 2019
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• International science cooperation / international collaboration typically defined — as either
advancing knowledge and ensuring scientific capability — or advancing broader national
interests.
• A theoretical framing of science diplomacy (the what):
Science in diplomacy: Science providing advice to inform and support foreign policy objectives
Diplomacy for science: Diplomacy facilitating international scientific cooperation
Science for diplomacy: Scientific cooperation improving international relations
• A more recent pragmatic framing of science diplomacy (the why):
Actions designed to directly advance a country’s national needs
Actions designed to address cross-border interests
Actions primarily designed to meet global needs and challenges
Science diplomacy
Gluckman PD, Turekian VC, Grimes RW &
Kishi T, “Science Diplomacy: A Pragmatic
Perspective from the Inside,” Science &
Diplomacy 6(4), December 2017.
http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/201
8/pragmatic-perspective
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• Launch of GRA was recognition of an alignment of direct national interest, with cross-border and
global interest.
• That (in 2009) New Zealand’s national circumstances vis-à-vis other countries differed.
• Food, Energy, Water and the Climate: A Perfect Storm Of Global Events? John Beddington, Chief
Scientific Adviser to UK Government, 2009
“There is an intrinsic link between the challenge we face to ensure food security through the 21st century
and other global issues, most notably climate change...”
“It is predicted that by 2030 the world will need to produce 50 per cent more food and energy, together with
30 per cent more available fresh water, whilst mitigating and adapting to climate change. This threatens to
create a ‘perfect storm’ of global events.“
“Science and technology can make a major contribution, by providing practical solutions. Securing this
contribution requires that high priority be attached both to research and to facilitating the real world
deployment of existing and emergent technologies. On food, we need a new, “greener revolution”.
Science diplomacy - GRA
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GHG emissions from agriculture (absolute)
Source: EDGAR database, data for 2008, accessed 2012
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GHG emissions from agriculture (percentage of national total)
Source: EDGAR database, data for 2008, accessed 2012
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GHG emissions from agriculture (absolute)
Source: EDGAR database, data for 2008, accessed 2012
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GHG emissions from agriculture (percentage of national total)
Source: EDGAR database, data for 2008, accessed 2012
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First of its kind – others soon followed
2012
2012
2012
2014
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GRA Membership 2009-2010
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GRA Membership 2011
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GRA Membership 2012
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GRA Membership 2013
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GRA Membership 2014
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GRA Membership 2015
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GRA Membership 2016
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GRA Membership 2017
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GRA Membership 2018
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GRA Membership 2019
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GRA Membership 2019
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GRA leadership over the years
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Current GRA Leadership
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Global Rumen Census
Global solutions to reduce methane from ruminant animals are feasible
because the microbes causing the emissions are similar around the world.
140 scientists from 73 organisations in 3 countries contributed to the rumen census, with microbial samples collected over two years.
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Since 2012, MAGGnet has compiled metadata from over 337 experimental studies from 23 countries.
Modelling and meta-analysis
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Best practice and emerging options
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Building farmer-farmer + science-farmer networks
New Zealand -
2014 Farm
Management and
Research for
Environmental
Outcomes
• Poland
• Canada
• Argentina
Argentina - 2015
Agricultural activity:
sustainable practices
and emission of
greenhouse gases
• New Zealand
• Paraguay
• Uruguay
• South Africa
New Zealand -2016
Skills and Tools to
Address Climate
Change Challenges
• Germany
• Japan
• Mexico
• WFO Board
(Uganda, France,
Switzerland, New
Zealand, EU)
Italy - 2017
Extending climate
change science to
farmers
• Colombia
• Egypt
• New Zealand
• South Africa
• Uruguay
New Zealand -
2019
On-farm innovation
to improve
productivity and
build climate
resilience
• Uganda
• Ethiopia
• Kenya
• Indonesia
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CLIFF-GRADS Phd Scholarships
Two calls First call – December 2017
• 68 opportunities advertised.
• 42 scholarships awarded to recipients from more than
20 countries.
• Hosted in GRA member country research institutes
and international research centres.
Technical training awards: >20
PhD: 4
Post-Doc: 12
Senior Scientist: 15
Policy: 1
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Country of origin of recipients of NZ-funded awards, workshops and study tours
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Country of origin of NZ’s GRA mitigation research collaborators
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Benefits – visibility and influence
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Benefits – leveraging investment and expertise
NEW ZEALAND FUNDING
35%
INTERNATIONAL FUNDING
65%
(Rumen census) – “…if we had tried to fund a project like that ourselves, it would have been cost prohibitive..[instead] we just had the cost of the analysis…but if we’d had to collect the samples ourselves it would have cost a fortune…and it answered a massive question any company wants to know in terms of investing.”
“There are only two labs in the world that have very big computing power for genomic analysis….through the GRA we got access to the one in the states. And they funded a whole load of stuff for us, that if we’d had to have funded it ourselves would have cost us millions if we’d commercially bought time there…the JGI did all the sequencing for us for nothing. That is untold science benefits to us. And there are now projects continuing with JGI because we got this initial project and they saw value, we now have a continuing relationship, which has come about through the GRA. So those benefits are less tangible in many ways, but they are continuous.”
“Some of the GRA collaborative work came up with a rapid way of screening chemicals that could knock out these bugs [in the rumen]. This is a really slow process in general and we developed a rapid high throughput, so instead of being able to screen 20 at a time, you can screen 400 so then you’re screening 50,000 compounds – that’s a huge difference. “
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When well positioned, initiatives can enjoy bipartisan
support.
The voluntary and non-partisan space created by the GRA
has allowed progress on what has been a very sensitive
area and has helped to shape the narrative around GHG
and climate change.
Changes in political leadership of members during life of
GRA, yet commitment remains – in many cases has grown
stronger.
GRA has enjoyed bipartisanship
Scientific values of rationality,
transparency and universality are
the same the world over. They can
help to underpin good governance
and build trust between nations.
The Royal Society
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Not on track
Global Change Biology
Volume 22, Issue 12, pages 3859-3864, 11 JUL 2016 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13340
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13340/full#gcb13340-fig-0001
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IPCC SR: Global Warming of 1.5 Degrees
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Climate change impacts will make the mitigation goal even more difficult:
harder to retain carbon in soil, reduce quality of animal diets, reduce rates of
increase in productivity, reduce yields in some regions, etc…
Quantification challenge (activity data and representative emissions factors):
- 5 of 140 developing countries can routinely capture livestock GHGs in
national inventories
- 5 of 22 mitigation actions able to be captured in inventories in EU
countries
Disconnect between industry code of practice and public policy, e.g. “4Rs”
(right source, rate, time, place). But how, when not spatially explicit, when
we use constant EF to total quantity of N applied, no discrimination between
fertiliser types, rate of application, seasonality, etc.
Challenges
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Scarcity of capability and capacity in many parts of the world – need to develop pipeline of next
generation of science leaders – Masters, PhD, Post-Docs.
National systems take time to adjust – multi-year budget cycles, in situation of scarce resources
competition between national actors more prevalent than collaboration.
Science is typically nationalistic – very challenging to achieve truly “international” funding. Few examples
– NZ in GRA has been one.
Sustained, long-term investment in science is needed:
- to retain expertise
- to give confidence to investment in necessary research infrastructure
- proportional to the scale of the challenge (and national interest)
- with flexibility to enable maximum agility in international arena
Actions that NZ take can have global impact.
Challenges
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Thank you