Download - Raimi presentation 5 20 09
Healthy General Plans
Alameda County Planning for Healthy Communities20 May 09
Improving Health
“Many would be surprised to learn that the y pgreatest contribution to the health of the nation over the past 150 years was made, not by
”doctors or hospitals, but by local government.”
Dr. Jessie Parfitt,
P bli H lth Ph i iPublic Health Physician
About Raimi + AssociatesComprehensive Planning
Sustainable Developmentp
Public Health and PlanningLEED ND Public Health Criteria Study USGBC- LEED-ND Public Health Criteria Study, USGBC
- How to Create and Implement Healthy General Plans, Public Health Law & Policy
- Design for Healthy Living, Coachella Valley Assoc. of Govts
- South Gate General Plan, South Gate CA
-Riverside County Public Health Element, Riverside County, CA
-El Monte Health and Wellness Element
How Healthy Are Our Communities?
Source: CDC
Public Health and the Built Environment
Data Sources: 2000 BRFSS, 2002 NHANES, Powell 1994, Pratt et. al. 2000; CDC
Public Health Issues
What makes a healthy ycommunity?y
Regional Location
Locate development in appropriate locations
T it i t d l tiTransit-oriented locations
Downtowns
Corridors
Mixed use centersMixed use centers
Density / Intensity
Mix of Land UsesMore types of uses
More retail usesMore retail uses
• Neighborhood retail uses
R t t & t• Restaurants & taverns
• Grocery stores
Employment destinations
Civic uses
Urban Form and Character
Building relationship to street
B ildi l ti hi t thBuilding relationship to other buildings
B ildi d iBuilding design
Overall character and attractiveness of environment
Transit Access and AvailabilityProximity
FrequencyFrequency
Density of Destinations
Pedestrian environment and amenities
Roadway Design
Connectivity
St t idthStreet width
Lane width
Speed
On Street parkingOn-Street parking
Street Trees
Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities
Bicycle
ProximityProximity
Design
C l t f t kCompleteness of network
Pedestrian
Sidewalk presence and completeness
Pedestrian facilities
Pedestrian crossings
Access to Parks and Open Space
Proximity
A th ti A lAesthetic Appeal
Real and Perceived Safety Source: Dan Burden
Presence of others exercising
Access to Healthy Foods
Supermarkets
F M k tFarmers Markets
Locally grown foods
As Walking Increases
The tendency to be overweight or obese decreases
The tendency to be physically active increases
Per capita air pollution decreases
Transit use increases
As Driving IncreasesTendency to be overweight increases
Occurrence of traffic crashes increases
Exposure to air pollution increases
Driving related stress (road rage)Driving related stress (road rage) increases
Water quality decreasesWater quality decreases
Civic participation declines
A National Evidence Base
People who live in walkable neighborhoods report 30 min more walking than less walkable areas (Saelens, 2003)
Residents of more urban neighborhoods walk 3x more than suburban neighborhoods (Lawton, 2001)
SMARTRAQ (Frank, 2005)- Residents of most walkable areas of Atlanta were found to be 2.4
ftimes more likely to get recommended amount of physical activity.
- Each additional hour spend per day driving is associated with a 6% increase in the odds of obesity.y
- Each additional kilometer walked per day was associated with a 4.8% reduction in the odds of obesity.
A National Evidence Base
A 5% increase in walkability is associated with:
32 % increase in minutes of walking and biking32 % increase in minutes of walking and biking
A ¼ pt reduction in BMI (about ½ kilogram)A 6.5 % reduction in per capita vehicle kilometers traveled
A 5.5 percent reduction in ozone precursors (NOx, VOCs)
SOURCE: Frank, L.D. Sallis, J.F., Conway, T., Chapman, J., Saelens, B. Bachman, W. (Winter 2006). Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Walkability Associations With Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality. Journal of the American Planning Association.
A Note on Health DisparitiesAsthma: Death rates from asthma are almost three times higher for African Americans than for white Americans (US EPA 2003)
Traffic injuries: jAfrican Americans represent only 12% of the US population, but more than 20% of pedestrian deaths (STPP 2002)
Opportunities for Physical Activity: Low-income communities have less access to parks, recreational f ili i ll f d d h l d l d iblfacilities, well-funded schools and playground structures, possibly contributing to disparities in physical activity rates (PolicyLink, 2002)
Policy DecisionsUrban Form,
Transportation System, andLand Use
Built EnvironmentA t G d d S iAccess to Goods and Services
Travel ChoicesStreet Design
Health IndicatorsPhysical Activity Levels, Time spent driving,
Access to Nutrition and HealthcarePollution, Stress
Health OutcomesHealth OutcomesDiabetes, Obesity
Traffic Accidents, Respiratory IllnessCrime Mental Health Issues
Making the ConnectionCrime, Mental Health Issues
A PRESCRIPTION FOR A HEALTHY PLAN
What is a General Plan?
Vision for the County’s future
L t li id fLong-term policy guide for:
Physical Changes
Economic Development
Preservation of Open Space
All land use decisions must derive from the GP
Covers 20 30 year time periodCovers 20-30 year time period
South Gate: An Overview
8 miles southeast of downtown LA
Population: 115 000 to 125 000Population: 115,000 to 125,000
7.5 square miles
> 95% Latino
Median age 26 years of ageg y g
Working class
Regional Location
Process
1. Create partnerships
2. Existing conditions analysis
3 Public workshops3. Public workshops
4. Healthy City Element and General Plan Policies
5 Implementation5. Implementation
P t hiPartnerships
Partnerships and Outreach
Informally disseminate information
S t t hi ith th d t tSet up partnerships with other departments
Pass Board/Council Resolution on Health
Create a Healthy Community Committee/Coalition
Public Workshops
W lk A ditWalk Audit
Healthy Community Partnership
1. City of South Gate
2. Los Angeles County Department of Public Health
3. Transportation and Land Use Collaborative
4. Raimi + Associates
5 Kaiser Foundation (funder)5. Kaiser Foundation (funder)
E i ti C ditiExisting Conditions
Rank South Gate LA CountyRank South Gate LA County1 Heart Disease Heart Disease
2 Stroke Stroke2 Stroke Stroke
3 Diabetes Lung Cancer
4 Emphysema/COPD Emphysema/COPD
5 Lung Cancer Pneumonia/Influenza
Leading Causes of Death
26.4%30
20.6%
20
25
%
15
20
10LA County South Gate &LA County South Gate &
sourrounding cities
Adults with Fair or Poor Health
LA County South Gate & Surrounding Citiesg
Overweight35.5
Overweight39.5
Obese 20.9
Obese 33.1
Overweight and Obese Adults
Overweight and Obese Children
South Gate+
LA CountyLA County
Obese Children Over Time
Proximity to Parks
Food Sources (healthy, not so much)
Proximity to Freeways and Truck Routes
Traffic Accidents
Data Challenges
Creating connections between land use and health outcomes
Many data sources – difficult to get info
Obt i i t it l l d b itObtaining accurate city-level and sub-city level information (LA County is the exception)p )
C it W k hCommunity Workshops
Workshop #1: Connecting Planning and Health
Workshop #2: Healthy Eating 101
Workshop #3: A Walkable South Gate
P i th PlPreparing the Plan
A Healthy General Plan
Health informs vision
R l t L d d b fRegulates Land use and urban form
Requires “healthy” transportation and infrastructure tsystems
Layers health policies throughout
May includes a stand-alone “Healthy Community” Element
Elements of the Plan
Land Use
Ci l tiCirculation
Healthy Community
Public Facilities and Services
SafetySafety
Parks and Open Space
Conservation
Vision Statement
HEALTHY ENVIORNMENT: South Gate supportsHEALTHY ENVIORNMENT: South Gate supports public health through a healthy environment that includes and promotes walkable communities, safe neighborhoods enhanced recreational and culturalneighborhoods, enhanced recreational and cultural amenities, reduced noise and air pollution, water and energy conservation, and an attractive natural environment.
Community Design: (not only land use)
Map future patterns and structures to better represent
Desired character and function of different parts of the county
Mixed use
Transportation and land use integration
Relationship between urban and rural
Focus on 3 dimensional results of 2Focus on 3 dimensional results of 2 dimensional plan
Source: City of TracySource: City of Tracy
Typical Land Use Map
VS.
VS.
Land Use = Character
Source: WRT, City of Sacramento
Community Design: Land Use, Form & Character
Create “designations” that address:Land use
Density/Intensity
Street connectivity
Building frontage and placement
Pedestrian Access
Parking, Vehicle Access and Services
Designations should create places not land uses
Community Design: Apply Urban Form Designations
Community Design: Policies
Mixed use development
Higher density developmentHigher density development
Infill development (downtowns, community centers, along corridors)community centers, along corridors)
Manage outward growth
Build around transitBuild around transit
Include urban design considerations
Agricultural land preservation
Mobility Element
Streets as public space
Prioritize moving people not carsPrioritize moving people not cars
Integrate land use and transportation - context-sensitive roadwaycontext sensitive roadway classifications
Safety improvements in y pneighborhoods
Identified pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure
Promote transit improvements
Green City Element
Green streets and infrastructure
N k dNew parks and open spaces
Expanded trail network
Climate change/GHG emissions
Healthy Community ElementStand-alone Healthy Community “element”
- Overall health and well-being
- Land use patterns that support physical activityy
- Active and safe transportation
- Access to healthy foods
- Access to health care
- Air pollution
“T diti l” f t l t t i- “Traditional” safety element topics (seismic, emergency preparedness)
Overall Health
Take health into consideration in city’s decisions
M it h lth ditiMonitor health conditions
Focus on preventive care
Build and maintain partnerships
Land Use Patterns
Support land use patterns that promote physical activity –mixed use development, TOD, corridor development
Improve neighborhoods with pedestrian and bicycle facilities
Improve park and recreation facilitiesImprove park and recreation facilities
Reinforces policies in Community Design Element
Active and Safe Transportation
Promote transit service throughout the city
Improve bicycle and pedestrian connections
Monitor areas with high-frequency injuries and accidentsj
Promote safe routes to schools
Reinforces and references policies in Mobility Element
Access to Healthy Foods
Encouragement of healthy food stores
Promote and support farmers markets
Create community gardens and support “edible” school yardspp y
Avoid concentrations of unhealthy food, particularly around schools, p y
Respiratory Health
Siting of “sensitive receptors”
- Freeways (I 710)- Freeways (I-710)
- Truck routes
H i d t i l- Heavy industrial areas
Addresses tension between d it d i ll tidensity and air pollution
Promotes reduction of auto trips
Additional Topics
Access to health care
Partnerships with local health providersPartnerships with local health providers
Incentives for hospitals and clinics
F ll f h lth i l diFull range of health care, including mental health
Seismic safetySeismic safety
Emergency preparedness
Hazardous materials
Other Elements
Public Facilities and Services
S f tSafety
Conservation
Green Infrastructure
I l t tiImplementation
Reform Zoning
Focuses on separation of uses
S t th t h ld bSeparates uses that should be mixed to encourage active transportation
Is a blunt instrument
Associates form standards (lot coverage, setbacks, etc) with use not place typep yp
Functional Plans
Roadway Master Plan
P k d R tiParks and Recreation
Bicycle Master Plan
Pedestrian Master Plan
Review “Standards”Street design standards
Parking requirementsParking requirements
School siting
Building codes
Development ReviewDevelopment Project Checklist
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
Healthy Development Measurement Tool
LEED-ND
CEQACEQA
Conclusions
Build partnerships – NGOs, Public Health Dept, community
Health should be integral part of all General PlansHealth should be integral part of all General Plans
Reinforce good land use and transportation decisions with healthhealth
Health policies will differ based on local conditions-Urbanized vs urbanizing
-Population demographics
-Existing local and regional land use patterns
Separate Element important but not essential
for additional information
Matt RaimiRaimi + Associates
510-666-1010matt@raimiassociates [email protected]
Healthy General Plans Toolkit:ywww.healthyplanning.org/toolkit_healthygp.html