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The Role of Onsite Energy
Generation in DeliveringZero Carbon Homes
URN NUMBER: 07/1555
A report from the Renewables Advisory Board
By Eement Energy wth EST
picTURE: ViElMo/GREENpEacE
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A report from the renewAbles Advisory boArd
t a p m sag U,G muga, a a G qu a cag g , u ua
g . t cu g ca accu cg a a z ca 2016. t c a-g a .
t ra A ba
(RAB) by Element Energy is the rst detailed
aa a ga cua g c. e a
uc a g u gu
g a x
cuc c a a
u. i gu
g cgca a gua
cc ca z ca c.
t da Cu a lca
G (ClG) a ca a a
z ca c ua
cg a uc c ca
cg xg . t
ugg a ca ac m a
a acc a ca
ga, a cg cg
benets of more expensive onsite generation.
pu agu a cag g ug
a u a cca
efcient way of meeting the policys goals, but this
ag a cau ag k,
a cg ua
jc c. w c a a
strong justication for using this policy to support ca, ca z
ca ga, a a a
c, uc a ra oga, a
u ca g.
t a z ca
c cu ca a ak
a 2 a a. t
a ak aa a gg a a
ca ra oga, a
one that benets renewable power and heat
gag cg.
n a a
a g cag .
t gg ak c ack
a a cg
2016, a caac ga a
ca. b g ju
axa 25% ca ag a
g a 2015 100% ag
The role of onsiTe energy generaTion in delivering zero carbon homes
f
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2016, ClG ca a g cag
demand in the nal year that will require new
cuc u k, a ag
xa auacug a aa
caac. w a caac ga cau c a a .
ou ca ca
that Government nds new ways of bringing
a a a 2016,
a a a xc ag u caac
cuc c a UK
a u. i cu
aag a u a qu , u ag
qu z ca aa
ag 2016. t z
ca c a u
for change, which could bring signicant
industrial and environmental benets to theUK. n ca ua
ca ag a ca
aa G a 2016
gg a z ca ga
.
Matthew Spencer
Chair, Microgeneration Working Group,Renewables Advisory Board
f
The role of onsiTe energy generaTion in delivering zero carbon homes
Our central recommendation is therefore that Government nds newa gg a a a 2016
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A report from the renewAbles Advisory boArd
t u u a u a u ca g a u. rAba c gg a k a
cca g a:
rca rAb
1. Create strong, early stimulation to the
onsite renewables sector to avoid the high
risk of a supply gap in 2016
w c gg k ucc z ca c. t c
ca a ag ak
a, u aac
a ca a a u
a 2016, c a
c uk a u
g a c ua
next eight years. Specically, the transition
C suaa h (Csh)
5 6 uc a uaa aa
a a cc, a a
uc cu ca a uuaa k
a cc ga.
t cc gag cg u
not be signicantly stimulated by the gradual
uc c cg a.
Without sufcient onsite renewables supply
u a c
ug gua a a u
ug u . Cu a
qu u g u a UK
ak 2 u au
a a a 2016.
ea a ca ug
c u a uk ua ca u ca.
w c a da bu, e a rgua r
(berr) a rAb ca u u k
the nance community and the renewable
c a caac
ug ag a
w c a ClG ug x
a cagg c ua a
a aac 2016,
g aag a u cag
a a ca
z, cuagg ca au qu
Csh 6 ug ag gua
ag ua x a
aac 2016. w ag
cu a a
u a ga a
a c c c
ac z ca aa.
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2. Accelerate the technological and
commercial development of biomass CHP
f z ca c aca
a a u 1mw a Chp cca a cca a
2016. t qu a ug cg
acca a UK a eua .
i a a a ag ca Chp a
c ag cuua a cca
aac UK, c a a
ca u cac.
w c a da ia, U a sk ak r&d u 1mw a Chp a aa
w c a a Chp a
ea taa fu.
. Minimise the use of remote offsite
energy generation in meeting zero
carbon standards
t u a ga
k qu G a
Csh 6 a , u
a a a a ug ac
cg a a , c
will benet mature technology already supported
ug ra oga. i
ga a a ag ca
a a u u c cu
u G jc ug
c cuag
cg a cag aaa cg cu xg .
lca ga cuag
cu C suaa h a
u c ac
a cu cg
diversication benets. CLG has said that it will
c aac ga a a
a a.
We recommend that CLG claries the rolea a a ca
ga x a,
a ca cuc
a a c
w c a ca ga cuag ZCh c a,
u a u a cau u a
cu
ca g k, a a g
aa a aac c a
a a cac
c
w c a u ga k a u g a
g ca u, a a g u u c
a ga u.
rca rAb
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Frewr ..................................................................................................................1
Remmenatins frm RAB..............................................................................3
Exeutie summar ...............................................................................................7
Intrutin.......................................................................................................... 17
Mel esriptin............................................................................................... 18
ou ................................................................................................................ 18
iu ................................................................................................................. 19
d cc ................................................................................................ 19
New buil usin future prjetins ........................................................ 20
ra u ............................................................................................... 20
bak ug ........................................................................... 21
d z ............................................................................................... 22
Lw an er arbn mes ............................................................................ 25
eg a ...................................................................... 25
C uaa ............................................................................... 27
Z ca ............................................................................................ 27
Lw an er arbn tenlies ................................................................ 29
tcg cu .................................................................... 29
rcg cg uak ............................................................................ 30
ruc a ........................................................................................... 31
C au .............................................................................................. 32
Results an analsis .......................................................................................... 34
Baseline tenl uptakes........................................................................... 35
ba ca c ............................................................................. 35
tcg c a z ca a .......................................... 36
tcg uak ............................................................................................. 38
scg cg........................................................................................ 41
Uak cag ................................................................................... 44
mak z ......................................................................................................... 45
ba ua .............................................................................................. 46
Sensitiities.......................................................................................................... 48
C uaa 5 ga/aac g. .................... 49
Highefciencyhomes ........................................................................................ 52
Cu au ag c...........................................56
Cu au aug a ag ................................................. 59
G Co2
............................................................................................... 61
s ag a a ga cc .................................................... 65
n cg ............................................................................... 68
ba Chp aaa .................................................................................... 71
ha u Cop ac ..................................................................................... 74
paa g aac ................................................................................. 77
paa g ga cc ............................................................. 80
C
ThE RoLE oF oNSITE ENERgy gENERATIoN IN dELIvERINg zERo cARBoN hoMES
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Ag 100% cc ............................................................... 83
Ag u-u aac a roC au, a ga cc ................. 87
s ua ............................................................................................ 90
mak z ......................................................................................... 92
Tenl suppl .............................................................................................. 94
Cu cga ak ....................................................................... 94iac C suaa h 2013 / 2016 .........................95
UK cg auacug u .......................................................... 97
Emplment impat ......................................................................................... 105
ia ............................................................................................ 105
maac .................................................................................... 107
sk aaa a ag ............................................................................. 108
Specicspecialistskil ls..................................................................................... 110
Te inustr perspetie ................................................................................111
ba uug u ................................................... 111
ba ca cg ...................................................... 114
t g u c. ......................................................... 115
cnlusins ........................................................................................................ 119
Generalndings ............................................................................................... 119
mak a cg ................................................................................... 120
rgua ........................................................................................................ 122
Cca u ........................................................................................... 123
APPENdIcES ................................................................................................. 125
A. Ax - Co2
ac. ................................................................. 125
b. Ax - ba u a c .......................................................... 127
C. Ax - hu u ............................................................................. 128
d. Ax - eg c .............................................................................. 129
e. Ax - ba ag c .............................................................. 130
f. Ax - tcg au ........................................................... 131
G. Ax - iaa ........................................................................ 161
h. Ax - l cu ....................................................................... 162
i. Ax - m c ...................................................................... 165
J. Ax - ru k a xc. ................................... 169
C
ThE RoLE oF oNSITE ENERgy gENERATIoN IN dELIvERINg zERo cARBoN hoMES
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t da Cu a lca
G (ClG) a a a acg
ag a 2016 a u ug u
z ca g 6 ClG C
suaa h (Csh)1. t ac ug ug c ,
pa l bug gua
gaua g accg g
performance levels dened in the Code for
suaa h, a ua
C 6 g aa 2016. Csh
6 qu a a z ca
ag a g u a
.
t a au ga, a a
( a) gu z ca
xg UK a. t ca
g Csh 6 a ca a a
ambiguities around the denition. However,
a ca a c a
uaa u UK ac
g ga c.
t ra A ba (rAb) a
c a u a
g ga
G z ca
c (ZCh) . i a uc
e eg, kg eg
Saving Trust and RAB, with nancial support
berr.
1 C suaa h a cag uaa ug acc - ClG 2006
t ua ac
gua, a uu a ack
aac g a a agu
cga a u ug u
a a c-cc kc ga.
i. Industry dialoguei a u u
g au a k a
g cg, :
t ak k, aca : u u, acc,, cga u, a
a aca
da ca u-u a uug
aca
da ca ccga u a
p u rAbmcga gu
t cu a
ccu .
ii. Modelling approacht ua ac ga, a
c-cc cc k
ac ag
z ca gua a u.
excu ua
The role of onsiTe energy generaTion in delivering zero carbon homes
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t uak a a xau
cg ca c a
aaa a ag
a g z ca. t
a a caac, ug c a c. t
c a u c c
u k c
a z ca ga. Ug
a ck , c a
xaa a aua uak
a a cg 2025. Au cac ua
the gure below.
Characterisenewbuildhousing to2025
Dwelling types
Development size
Urbanity
Tenure
Defineenergydemands
for eachdwelling
All energy demands
2 efficiencyscenarios
Lowand zero carbon
technologies
Performanceand cost
projections
Suitability for different
dwellingt ypes
Regulation requirements
CO2 targets
LimitationsApplicabletechnology
solutions
Cana setof
technologies be used?
Sizingof technologiestomeetlegislation
Assessmentof costsandperformance
Developer choice
Consumer decisions
basedon costandotherfactors.
INPUTS TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT
CONSUMERCHOICE
32 dwellingt ypes
energydemands
RESULTS
Technologyuptake Cost
Numberofhomes not
meeting legislation
excu ua
fgu scac
uak .
A u
cca u a
au a
u a
a acg
gua acu ug a
u cg
ca. f
ac ua ,
a cu cc
cacua c
c cg
a k
u.
The role of onsiTe energy generaTion in delivering zero carbon homes
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t a u uak
cg aaa a
ua gaca 2013, 2016, 2020 a
2025 accg a au
.
The main ndings from the modelling and
cua xc a cu .
iii. General fndings1. o g ga a
g jc
cug a uak xg cg
a gg cg ak
ug z ca
c. h, a a u
cca, gua a cca
cag acg g
ga.
2. t a aa ga
g u au u
ga, c ga ca,
u aa.
PV
Mediu
mBiom
ass C
HP
Low
H:P
Micro
CHP
Small
wind
Large B
iomass C
HP
Micro
Wind
Electric
Heating
SHW
LargeW
ind
Gas B
oiler
201
3
2016
2020
202
5
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Nu
mberofdwellingsaffected
Change in uptake over period 2013 - 2025
2013
2016
2020
2025
fgu Uak
10 cg
c
ca
a ca
au. t
u a u
a c
a cg
a.
excu ua
The role of onsiTe energy generaTion in delivering zero carbon homes
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3. o g ga k a
a aj u C 6
u ga ca a
50%. i UK cu u
ga g a 250,000 a 300,000 a a.
4. pa uak a
ac a u bug
Regulations, and modications to the Standard
A pcu (sAp) a C
suaa h (Csh), g g g
u a aa uc
a Chp a cu qu gauak x a cc
cg.
5. t a u a a
2016 Csh 6 c aa
ca a acua cag
auacu a a ga
qu cau
a . t a acua acu
caac u ac u
a cc cg c a
not currently expected to receive any signicant
ak ua 2016 u c
a a a ug a a a a.
6. na a a a cu
u a g,
a a a a a
a 50 g. lag ua x
a ga a 1000
cu a 10% a g u.
sac qu a k a
a aj ug
.
7. The ability to generate sufcient renewablecc c k ac
cac Csh 6. i k
Csh 6 12%
(36,000). t a ca
urban ats in developments of less than ten
g c ack ac a
cc gag cg. t g
c Csh
6 a, a qua 20kg Co2 dwelling, equivalent to 50W of PV per at. CSH
5 ca a .
8. sc ug gua a a u
a ug g
(a) a ug gua a 5
C a u ag gua g
6 ag , () a
a ga a cc.
mg ugg a ga
5% a g u qu a
a Csh 6 ga cc a
, 20 30% a g u a ga
cc a.
9. t ca ac u
c u aa
a u 2016, a c
a ug cag a. t
gg ug gua
2010 and 2013 do not contribute signicantly to
excu ua
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ug caac a
cc u.
10. lk uu a ga
u cu UK u cg
a a Chp, a a c
cu xc ga u. t ca a
u a u u
g ga u a
ga cag ca
z ca c.
11. t ugg a cg
Csh 6 2016 ua uak pv a
a x a g
cg, ga a.
t a ca c ca
cc cg a aa g
c . f xa ag a a
a uaa c u
Co2
a a pv .
t z ca c g
ua uak cg a
aa uc c
ca ag .
iv. Markets and technology12. t ak g cg
2016 a ca ca 2.3
a a a 2007 c. t ugg
a c cu ga a ak
a a a -roCa a
cc ag a ak ca
ra oga. t gac a
ua a z ak
ac cg.
fgu mak z
ac cg
- u
a ca -
acg Csh 6
2016. t ga u
ak .
Annual cost of all Technologies in 2016
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
PV
Me
dium
Biomass
CHP
Low
H:P
Micro
CHP
Me
diu
mWind
Large
Biomass
CHP
Mic
roWind
Elec
tricHea
ting
SHW
Large
Wind
Ga
sBo
iler
Micro
Biomas
sBo
iler
HighH:P
Micro
CHP
Me
dium
Com
mun
ity
BiomassB
oiler
Commun
ity
Air
Source
HP
Communi
tyMicro
Biomass
Bo
iler
AirSource
HP
Groun
dSou
rce
HP
Medium
CHP
Large
Com
mun
ity
Biomass
Bo
iler
Lar
ge
CHP
Commun
ityGroun
d
Source
HP
Annualcost(millions)
excu ua
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13. t g ugg a z
ca c
G jc accag
uak xg cg, u a cu
a jc g cg. t u ak
signicant economies of scale in manufacturing
which should be reected in lower costs for onsite
a cg a ua a ca
uak xg . t ac xg
homes has not been quantied.
14. tcg a a k xc
g uak a a ca a (Chp) a ac (pv) u
g a c
g ga a.
15. Biomass CHP is likely to be the rst
cg c a ,
g a, cau
a caa c a a
a a a u z ca
gua. t c ug a Chp
uc a a ca aggga
ac ac a a ag
, a ug ca
k a cca a a.
16. t g uak a Chp cca
cgca
u 1mw a. t ak u 1mw
a Chp cg cu
a a u au 2016
cgca a u caac ca
a c. ba Chp ca
cu cca au, ug -
cca a a ua.
17. ba Chp uak a
a u ac cug
aac cua ag
ug , cca g
aaa aag Chp a
a k, a au a a
qua ac a a
will not be a signicant constraint to its use in
ua aa.
excu ua
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18. t jc aua uak a
Chp uaa ag a cu
u caac cg.
t a u a a a a
ugg a uaa qu
a UK u. t ga a
ua cu a ca ak
cg.
19. Z ca aa g uak
pv cau qu aa ac a
ca ga ac ug.
d g c pv cu a 70%
(200,000) 2016.
20. t ak pv cu
0.8 a a 2016, ga
a. i g a aac cc
use is permitted then PV could be signicantly
uc aug g
g c. t u pv u a
ba Chp -,
ug ag au a g u.
i au a a
ua ua.
21. Micro gas red combined heat and power
a a-- a a jc
a g uak ga cc a
a z ca ,
cau sAp cu c cc
generation with a carbon benet above that of
g cc. i sAp g
cag ga Chp uak gg.
nag gca u,
u ga a ga Chp k
fgu ba
a a
Chp aga cu
aa a ga
caac.
Biomass CHP MWe
Current global production capacity (MW) 10.0
Current UK production capacity (MW) 2.5
2016 baseline demand 216
2016 baseline net market value (millions) 716
0 50 100 150 200 250
Current global production
capacity (MW)
Current UK production
capacity (MW)
2016 baseline demand
excu ua
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a g ua aa
z ca aa a . t
u ca c g cc
falling signicantly over the coming decades
cc u cagua a ca cg. A a
Chp, cg a
(a u c a Chp)
cu cca au. t a
signicant technical and market development
would be required for the technology to full its
a 2016.
22. ecc ag a au ag-ca a
cau c a c,
a au g g u 2025.
23. sa a ag (swh)
u Csh 6 cau a
g caa ca aa c. h,
a a a cg
u C 4 2013,
c sAp g. t a
u a u g a swh
u Csh 6 c au 2016.
24. t ugg a a u
aa a ua z ca
ga cau ca
a cc uc, c
a ca cac Csh 6. h, uak g
c a a aa cc ag
ag-ca a
uc a.
25. t z a ak
g cg a ak ac
specic technology are very sensitive to the
a c ga ac athe rate of technology development. Specic
ga a
cc a c, a
g c ga cc a
u ga. t a cgca
a
cg c a cca
au, a Chp (u c) a
u 1mw (u) a Chp. t
a ga ua
ak z uca
ga a cg .
excu ua
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v. Regulation26. t c aa
2,700 cu ag k a a
UK 2016. t c c
k qu k a
a ag ag, ag a
u ag .
t a qu
cca eg sc Ca (esC)
c cu cuc
c ugg a ug
a a a g ga,
aucu a u u.
27. i ca a aa ug
c a a a
a gua z ca
aa a cca a
, c a g
c a c.
i ca a
, a ac
fgu Ga
g a,
u a u ag
ak z
ac cg, a
ua z
ca ga
2016.
Net value of markets in 2016
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
SH
W
MicroBiomassBoiler
CommunityMicroBiomassBoiler
MediumCommunityBiomas
s
Boiler
LargeCommunityBiomassBoiler
GroundSourceH
P
CommunityGroundSourceH
P
AirSourceH
P
CommunityAirSourceH
P
MicroWind
SmallWind
LargeWindPV
HighH:P
MicroCH
P
LowH:PMicroCH
P
MediumCH
P
LargeCH
P
MediumBiomassCH
P
LargeBiomassCH
P
Netvalue(millions)
excu ua
The role of onsiTe energy generaTion in delivering zero carbon homes
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c u uc a ga a a
a a a ca ug
gua. t aca c a
l a
ug a a a a g aa ga c ug a
a a ca ca gua.
vi. Commercial issues28. t aa c cg
Csh 6 c
a 1,000 g a ag
development of rural ats that can use wind
, au 13,000 g aua a u a
u c Chp a pv. t aag c
cca 6,000 g a, u a
ag ua . t c
a g / Co2
ac C
a cu ug ac c, a
cac a.
29. t u xc
aa a
4,600 fu t equa (fte) u
a ca, c a a a
a 200,000
UK a cca g a
u. h, cu
cca a ug a cu a a
kck cquc z
ca gua. A aa 8,000 fte
a xc qu aa
g ga, cug 4,000
a Chp aac.
30. t cuc c accu
a u aa ug
uc. i k a u
renewables industry that can rst develop such
products that can be specied through existing
cu u a ak.
31. t a a aa ca x gg
a a aac
, ug u esC.
Cu uag
ca a esC a ,
a cca g.
32. t ca a ag ak
a g a g u
UK cu u a auacug
caac. w a a c
a 2016, a c a
ak a ca g ca
k. Cag a g
qu g a c ak ga
g .
excu ua
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The work described in this report was carried out under contract to the Renewables Advisory Board:
Theviewsandjudgementsexpressedinthisreportarethoseofthecontractoranddonotnecessarilyreectthose of BERR or the Renewables Advisory Board.
www.renewables-advisory-board.org.uk
RAB (2007) 0177
http://www.renewables-advisory-board.org.uk/http://www.renewables-advisory-board.org.uk/