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8/13/2019 Presentation foreign language learning and teaching

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Hymes (1971)

Wilkins(1976)

Widdowson (1978)


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The communicative approach is the theory that

language is communication. Therefore thefinal aim of CLT

(Communicative Language Teaching) is

communicative competence.

The focus is on fluency rather than onaccuracy

Language is learned in a social context with

interaction from one person to another


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Notional functional teaching forproficiency

Proficiency based interaction

Communicative language teaching (CLT)


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Real life language is used in theclassroom

Learners learn through using it tocommunicate

Authentic and meaningful

communicationFluency is an important dimension of

communication not accuracy


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Authentic materials are used

One function can have many different forms

Students need to learn cohesion and coherence

Students should be given the opportunity to express theiropinions

Errors are tolerated to a certain extent

Encourage cooperative relationships among students;opportunity to negotiate meaning

The social context of the communicative is essential

Learning to use language forms appropriately is important

Teacher acts as advisor/facilitator

Speakers have choices in communication of whatto say andhowto say it

Students should be given opportunities to develop strategiesfor interpreting language as it is actually used by nativespeakers


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Use of Integrated approach

Target language is the only vehicle for classroom

communication Student would be an active learner Emphasize use of language in a social context


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The teacher has two main roles:To facilitate the communication

process in the classroom

To act as an independentparticipant within thelearning-teaching group

The teacher is also expectedto act as a resource, an organizer ofresources, a motivator, a counselor, aguide, an analyst and a researcher.


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The classroom should be learner centered

The learner is a negociator

The learner is an interactor who gives as well

as takes The learner can not be only a listener but a

speaker, through him or her the class is

developed


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Since communicative competence is our aim, it isessential that students be given every opportunityto practice communicating. In the communicativeclassroom teacher talking time (TTT) must be keptto a minimum. This is not to say that the teacher

shouldnt speak at all, but TTT should becontrolled and appropriate.

The classroom should be learner centered.

The teachers role is to facilitate studentcommunication which is done through carefulselection of materials and activities relevant to theaims of the lesson in which they are used.


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Student centered approach

Use of authentic materials in classroom

Consider student interest and make the learningmeaningful

learner is able to acquire fluency

Meaningful use of language in social context

More exposure to Target Language

More authentic opportunities to USE the

language Fun and interesting for learners

Provides opportunity to use authentic materials


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CLT approach focuses on fluency but not

accuracy

The weaker learner who struggle a lot and

cannot use target language continuouslymake mistakes and eventually give up

CLT approach is very easy to apply on

intermediate and advanced learners but not

for beginners


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There are many different types of activities. They providespeaking, listening, writing and reading practice as well as

aiding production

A few

ideas for activity types

Games Role-plays Simulations Information Gaps


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Text based: practice exercises, reading

passages, gap fills, recording

Task based: game boards, role play, cards,

,materials for drilling, pair work tasks Realia: magazines, newspaper, fruit and

vegetable, animals and maps


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Behaviorism

1. Language acquisition through external

environment

2. Language is seen as a behavior to betaught

3. Habit formation

4. SRRR theory

5. Stimulus, response, reinforcement,

repitition


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Behaviorism Nativism

Interactionism


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Interactionism

1. Interaction among environment, mind andfeeling

2. Language learning occurs through Social

interaction within a social environment

3. Interactionism is important in day to day world

4. By theses interactions we make our

perceptions about the world


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We learn the language by interaction and in

communicative method the activities areinteractive

Language learning never takes place in

isolation. So, in communicative method

interaction is required for meaningfulcommunication


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Social context and mental process both are

involved.

Language learning comes through using

language communicatively in real lifesituation

Focus is on fluency rather than accuracy

Integrated approach

Four things influence the language learningprocess teachers, learners, task and context.


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