Download - Phylum Arthropoda / Echinodermata
Phylum Arthropoda/Echinodermata
Brought to you by: Kate Lee, Beth Reinert, Christie Currie, and Maggie Gorski
Main Characteristics Segmented animals Five subphylums: Trilobita, Cehelicerata,
Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda Arthropods include insects, spiders, trilobites,
shrimp, lobsters, crabs, etc. Evolved around 545 million years ago around
the same time as chordates evolved
Bilateral symmetry Coeloms Uses exoskeletons for structure and support Exoskeleton has three layers and the tough
covering is called the carapace. Most arthropods shed their exoskeleton
through a process called molting.
Subphylum Crustacea
•Macrocheira kaempferi (Japanese Spider Crab)
Reproduce sexually through internal fertilization
Aquatic crustaceans use swimmerets that transfer sperm to egg.
The eggs then hatch into a free-swimming larva called a nauplius
Through many series of molting, the nauplius eventually develops into the adult form
Reproduction & Development
Food passes through a one way digestive tract (mouth to anus).
Uses a digestive gland to mix food with enzymes
Excess water and wastes are eliminated using green glands.
Digestion and Excretion
Open circulatory system uses hearts and vessels to transport
circulatory fluid throughout the crustacean Uses gills to exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide for respirationNervous System has clusters of ganglia in the brain that
controls the body (cephalized) Ganglias throughout the body are connected
by a ventral nerve cord
Circulation and Respiration
Tissues include heart tissues, nerve tissues, and gill tissues.
Crustaceans use sensory hairs that sense vibrations and chemicals
Can be terrestrial or aquatic Some crustaceans are up to 4 meters long
Unique Features
The goose barnacle (Lepas anatifera) is an
aquatic crustacean.
SubphylumInsecta
Classes & Examples Order Hemiptera (“half wing”);
true bugs Order Homoptera (“like wing”);
aphids, mealy bugs, cicadas Order Isoptera (“equal wing”);
termites Order Odonata (“toothed”);
dragonflies, damselflies Order Orthoptera (“straight
wing”); grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
Order Coleoptera (“sheathed wing”); weevils, ladybugs, beetles
Order Coleoptera (“sheathed wing”); weevils, ladybugs, beetles
Order Diptera (“two wing”); mosquitoes, flies, gnats
Order Hymenoptera (“membrane wing”); bees, wasps, and ants
Order Lepidoptera (“scaled wing”); butterflies, moths
Bilateral Symmetry
Symmetry
The body of an insect is divided into three tagmata: the head, thorax, and abdomen.
Body Cavity
Tissues Brain, Crop, Aorta,
Gastric Ceca, Ovary, Heart, Tracheae, Anus, Oviduct, Seminal Receptacle, Hindgut, Malphigian tubules, midgut, Ganglion, Ventral Nerve cord, gizzard, salivary glands, and the esophagus.
Characteristics of most insects: a body consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen; a pair of unbranched antennae; three pairs of jointed legs; and two pairs of wings.
Structure & Support
Digestion & Excretion One way digestive tract Malphigian tubules
which collect water and cellular wastes from the hemolymph and produce a very concentrated mixture of wastes that is deposited in the hindgut and leaves the body with the feces.
Open circulatory system Insects exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
with the environment through a complex network of air tubes called trachea.
Circulation & Respiration
Reproduction & Development
All insects have separate sexes and reproduce through internal fertilization
Develop either through incomplete metamorphosis
Or incomplete metamorphosis
Consists of a brain and a ventral nerve cord with ganglia located in each body segment.
Antennae contain sensory structures that respond to touch and smell.
Three simple eyes function to sense the intensity of light Two bulging compound eyes provide a wide field of view
and can detect movement and form images. The tympanum detects sounds Sensory hairs detect touch or movement by vibration
Nervous System
Insect defense: warning coloration, Müllerian mimicry, Batesian mimicry, venomous stingers, spraying noxious chemicals
Unique Characteristics
Insects communicate through pheromone, sound, and light.
The Round Dance The Waggle DanceBee Dances