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Phonology – phriend or phoe?
Ray ParkerNALA Dublin, 2013
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A few simple principles
• English language teachers teach two languages not one!
• Spoken language is at least as systematic as any other part
• By focussing on important aspects of pronunciation we can score a double whammy!
• There’s nothing mysterious or complicated about phonology
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Two Languages not One!
WritingGraphicPermanentConservativeDelivered in wordsHigh prestigeSecondaryLearned
SpeakingAcousticEphemeralProgressiveDelivered in utterancesLow prestigePrimaryAcquired
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The size of the problem
• How many words?• 17,000?• How much grammar?• 400 structures?• How many phonemes?• 44
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Elements of pronunciation
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articulatory settingintonationstress timing utterance stress
strong & weak forms
csp’sclusters
phonemes
allophones
The possible components of the pronunciation element of a general English course
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Pronunciation - our priorities
• Word stress• Delaying graphical interference• Stress timing• Modelling & correcting without
distortion
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Word stress
1. You always get it right in speech2. Some people have problems identifying it.3. Physical violence is really helpful!4. We really have to be confident5. We really have to help learners6. Be consistent & make it routine
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Word stress
1. Have a consistent board use strategy2. Share it with colleagues in your institution3. Use symbols which couldn’t possibly be
confused with normal writing4. Mine – and now that of many colleagues – is
the following
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Misleading spellings
• bough• cough• though• through• thought• hiccough• enough• thorough
/baʊ//kɒf//ðəʊ//θru://θɔ:t//'hɪkʌp//ɪn'ʌf//'θʌrə/
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Who is it?
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ghoti
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ghoti=
fish
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ghoti
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ghoti
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Enough = /f/
ghoti
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ghoti
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enough = /f/
ghoti
women = / ɪ /
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ghoti
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nation = /ʃ/enough = /f/
ghoti
women = / ɪ /
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• So what about this?
tchughce
21
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onetwo
threefourfivesix
seven eightetc…..
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Egyptian women manage businesses
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Egyptian women manage businesses/ɪ'ʤɪpʃən 'wɪmɪn 'mænɪʤ 'bɪznɪsɪz/
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Unhelpful spelling
Egyptian women manage businesses/ɪ'ʤɪpʃən 'wɪmɪn 'mænɪʤ 'bɪznɪsɪz/
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Unhelpful spelling
So in our sample sentence these vowels represent the sound /ɪ/:
a e o u y i X
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Delaying graphical interference
• Resisting bullying• Designating space on board and a specific time in
the lesson for adding written forms• Eliciting rather than presenting written form• Anticipating and focusing on potential
interference features – bizarre spellings– silent letters– redundant syllables
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Components of pronunciation
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articulatory setting
intonation
stress timing
sentence stress
strong & weak forms
csp’s
clusters
phonemes
allophones
The possible components of the pronunciation element of a general English course
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Components of pronunciation
Top-down or bottom-up?
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Utterance stress
What’s the system?
The good news:There is a system
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Utterance stress
What’s the system?
The better news:The system is regular, reliable, predictable
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Utterance stress
What’s the system?
The best news:It’s simple
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Utterance stress
So which words are stressed in utterances and which ones
normally aren’t?
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Stress in utterancesOpen classescontent words
(stressed in sentences)(one syllable if polysyllabic)
Closed classesstructure words
(normally not stressed in sentences)(except polysyllabics)
class examples Class examples
nouns book, Ray pronouns he, there (e.g. there is ....)
(lexical) verbs to speak, to love conjunctions and, but
adjectives intelligent, green auxiliary verbs was, must
adverbs nicely, well prepositions for, from
numbers five, third determiners his, the
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stress-timing
Ti amo
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stress-timing
1 2 3
Ti amo
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stress-timing
Ti amo, tesoro
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stress-timing
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ti amo, tesoro
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stress-timing
Fish, chips, peas
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stress-timing
1 2 3
Fish, chips, peas
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stress-timing
It’s in the shed at the bottom of the garden
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stress-timing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
It’s in the shed at the bottom of the garden
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Sentence stress
Dogs bark
The dogs bark
The dogs will bark
The dogs are barking
The dogs have been barking
The dogs will have been barking
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“Unusual stressing of items which would normally not be stressed
• Have you done your homework?• (¿Has hecho tus deberes?)
• Have you done your homework?• (¿Es verdad que has hecho tus deberes?)
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“Unusual stressing of items which would normally not be stressed
• Have you done your homework?• (¿Tu, has hecho tus deberes?)
• Have you done your homework?• (¿Has hecho tus propios deberes?)
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Workshop task 1
After you’ve completed the listening task, pair up with the other letter.1. Correct each other’s work. (between you,
you have all the words2. Discuss the level of difficulty you
encountered. Was one version more challenging than the other?
3. How would your learners manage such tasks?
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Task 1 Big messages
• In terms of developing accurate listening expectations, version B is immensely valuable.
• In terms of moving towards acceptable pronunciation, version B is immensely valuable.
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Task 2 marking key
Australia is a country where some of the most unusual animals in the world live. They’re called marsupials and include animals such as the kangaroo and the koala. The mother animals have got pouches of skin like pockets and they keep their babies there for the first few weeks of their lives.
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Big messages from the workshop
1. We should help learners with word stress
2. We should delay boarding of new words3. We should focus on a top-down
approach to phonology4. We need to help students with
utterance stress by helping them to focus on unstressed words
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Techniques for achieving these aims
• Consistent but delayed written modelling
• Back-chaining when drilling utterances
• Specially focussed listening activities