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Chap. 7- Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Chap. 8- Aircraft in Motion
Chap. 9- Flight Navigation
Part 2 Principles of Flight & NavigationPart 2 Principles of Flight & Navigation
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4 Forces of Flight
Daniel Bernoulli
Lift & Angle of AttackAirfoil Design (Sub-sonic)
• Dutch physicist, 1738
• Discovered relationship between the pressure and speed of fluid in motion
• Bernoulli’s Principle: “As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases”
7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Aircraft Lift
• Induced Lift (“Bernoulli” lift)
• Dynamic Lift (relative wind strikes the wing underside, further increasing pressure, at increasing angles of attack - “Newtonian” lift)
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Stall
Wingtip VorticesDrag (the “Killer”)
• Drag (parasitic and induced) limits ability to go forward.
• Vortices create drag and wake turbulence.
• Separation occurs at high angle of attack and eliminates lift.
• Supersonic flow different than sub-sonic flow (air ahead is warned by compressed air at leading edge).
7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
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The Axes of An Aircraft Lateral AxisLongitudinal Axis
Vertical Axis
8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion
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Engines
Reciprocating
• Fuel converted to energy in cylinder
Turbine
• Turbojet
• Turbofan
• Turboprop
• Turboshaft
8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion
Rocket
• Fuel + Oxygen
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8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion
Parts of a Reciprocating EnginePropeller Cross-Section
• Airfoil designed to yield constant force.
• Propeller tip speeds approach Mach 1.
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Aircraft Instruments
• Performance - How aircraft responds to commands
• Control - Current state of aircraft devices
Instrument Types
Engine Flight Navigational
Tachometer
Oil Pressure
Oil Temperature
Manifold Pressure
Carburetor Temp.
Exhaust Gas Temp.
Airspeed Indicator
Altimeter
Turn/slip Indicator
Vertical Speed Ind.
Attitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon)
Mag. Compass
Heading Ind.
VOR Indicator
Loran
GPS
8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion
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Global Coordinate System Greenwich, England
9 Flight Navigation9 Flight Navigation
Flat maps of a round object
• Prime Meridian (0° longitude) defined to pass through Greenwich, England
• International Date Line (180° longitude) on opposite side and defines the start of a new day.
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Sectional Charts
• Relief - Elevations
• Hydrographic - Bodies of water
• Cultural - Cities, towns
• Airports - Civil & Military
• Airspace & Airways - Navigation
Basic Navigation Techniques
• Pilotage - Reference to visible landmarks
• Dead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all factors that could affect the flight
9 Flight Navigation9 Flight Navigation