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Objectives
• Roles of Americans in the Spanish-American War
• Analyze US movements towards becoming a world power
• Sequence of events in the Spanish –American war
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1. Military/Strategic 1. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests
1. Military/Strategic 1. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
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2. Social Darwinist Thinking2. Social Darwinist Thinking2. Social Darwinist Thinking2. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’sBurden
The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy
of RaceThe Hierarchy
of Race
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3. Religious/Missionary 3. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests
3. Religious/Missionary 3. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
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4. Closing the American 4. Closing the American FrontierFrontier
4. Closing the American 4. Closing the American FrontierFrontier
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U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
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U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
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Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii
U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii
1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.
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To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils
To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867
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““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
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CAUSES of SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
• What were the causes of the Spanish American War?
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The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor
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Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba
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The Spanish-American War
Causes and Effects of the First American Conflict of the 20th
Century
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Cubans War for Independence
• Cubans, recognizing the weakening of the Spanish government, begins rebelling for their own independence.
• Supported by many Americans invested in Cuba as a new trading partner, Jose Marti leads a civil war.
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Yellow Journalism Adds to the Cause• American newspapermen,
Joseph Pulitzer and W.R. Hearst “sensationalize” stories about the Cuban.
• Known as “yellow journalism,” the press creates sympathy for Cuban efforts.
• The main purpose of yellow journalism is to sell newspapers, but it also stoked the fires of war.
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““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism
““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!
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Spanish Ambassador Insults U.S.
• The Spanish Ambassador to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lome, writes a letter calling McKinley weak and stupid.
• Hearst publishes the letter, calling it the “Worst Insult to the U.S. in it’s History.”
• American nationalism is enflamed.
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U.S.S. Maine Sent to Cuba
• The U.S. warns Spain to end this rebellion quickly.
• Due to the outcry brought on by the yellow journalism, President McKinley sends the U.S.S. Maine to Havana harbor to protect American citizens in Cuba.
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U.S.S. Maine Explodes
• The U.S.S. Maine in Havana blows up after coming in contact with a mine, killing 266 navy men.
• With newspapers fueling the flames of war with the cry “Remember the Maine,” McKinley asks Congress to go to war.
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WAR in the Philippines!• In the Philippine Islands,
Commodore George Dewey launches a surprise attack against the once formidable Spanish Navy, wiping them out with zero American casualties.
• In another fight against imperialism, Philippino’s led a successful ground attack against the Spanish.
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WAR in Cuba!• Unlike the Philippines, the
ground war in Cuba did not come as easily.
• U.S. troops were not well trained, used obsolete weapons, and wore heavy wool uniforms.
• Many men became sick from rotted food and contaminated meat.
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Rough Riders Take to the Ground
• A new regiment made up of mostly westerners who were prepared for difficult conditions.
• Led by Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Riders take Kettle and San Juan Hills to secure the high ground.
• After a failed attempt by the Spanish fleet to escape, the Spanish sought to surrender.
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End of the “Splendid Little War”
• The U.S. and Spain end the war by signing the Treaty of Paris.
• Part of the treaty was that Spain would surrender Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the opportunity to buy the Philippines.
• America gave control of Cuba back to the Cubans, but did take control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
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Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy
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Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.
Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.
Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!
Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.
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The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”
The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”
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Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
How prepared was the US for war?
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The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
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Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!
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Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?
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William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
Great Great administrator.administrator.
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Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.
July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence
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Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”
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The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.
The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.
The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!
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The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist
League League
The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist
League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.
Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.
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Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)
Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)
1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.
2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.
3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.
4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?
Senator Orville Platt
Senator Orville Platt
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Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..
PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated territory.”territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods
1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..
Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!
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Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..
Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.coming into the US.
PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.
PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.
A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.
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Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
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The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .
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Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!
Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!
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Panama CanalPanama Canal
• Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903.
Engineered and influenced by U.S.Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S.
Construction of the canal begins in 1904.Completed in 1914.
Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea.
Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.
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Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
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Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908
Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.
..
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Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• China
• Sphere of Influence =
• Countries had sole rights to trade in an area
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The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..
Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• Open Door Policy
• John Hay Secretary of State
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TheTheOpen Door Open Door
PolicyPolicy
TheTheOpen Door Open Door
PolicyPolicy
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• Open Door Policy
• All nations would have equal trading rights in China
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• In China resentment was building
• Fists of Righteous Harmony
• Secret group opposed foreign intervention
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The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900
The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900
The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.
““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• Became known as Boxers
• Took diplomats hostage
• Troops entered to stop rebellion
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• Rebellion was stopped and China lost no more land and the Open door Policy was in place
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• Two reasons why Roosevelt was interested
• 1. Wanted to keep Open Door Policy open in China
• 2. Japan would become to strong if they controlled China
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• Roosevelt sent the Navy around the world to show America’s naval strength
• 16 Battleships became known as the
• “Great White Fleet”
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The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907
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INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA
• America had now become a player in the Pacific region
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America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower
America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower
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The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily
The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily
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Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World
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Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.
Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.
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The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.
Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.
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The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano
ZapataEmiliano Zapata
Francisco I Madero
Francisco I Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa
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Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.
Spread Spread democracy.democracy.
Promote peace.Promote peace.
Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.
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Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos
General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.
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U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,
19141914
U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,
19141914
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U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s
U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s
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Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”
Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”