Nano- and Microscience, Engineering,Technology, and Medicine Series
Series EditorSergey Edward Lyshevski
Titles in the Series
Logic Design of NanoICSSvetlana Yanushkevich
MEMS and NEMS:Systems, Devices, and Structures
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Microelectrofluidic Systems: Modeling and SimulationTianhao Zhang, Krishnendu Chakrabarty,
and Richard B. Fair
Micro Mechatronics: Modeling, Analysis, and Designwith MATLAB®
Victor Giurgiutiu and Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Microdrop GenerationEric R. Lee
Nano- and Micro-Electromechanical Systems: Fundamentalsof Nano- and Microengineering
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Nano and Molecular Electronics HandbookSergey Edward Lyshevski
Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and BiologyMichael Pycraft Hughes
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
NANOand
MOLECULARELECTRONICS
Edited by
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nano and molecular electronics handbook / editor, Sergey E. Lyshevski.p. cm. -- (Nano- and microscience, engineering, technology, and
medicine series)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-8528-5 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-8493-8528-8 (alk. paper)1. Molecular electronics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Lyshevski, Sergey Edward. II. Title. III. Series.
TK7874.8.N358 2007621.381--dc22 2006101011
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The Editor
Sergey Edward Lyshevski was born in Kiev, Ukraine. He received his M.S. (1980) and Ph.D. (1987) degreesfrom Kiev Polytechnic Institute, both in electrical engineering. From 1980 to 1993, Dr. Lyshevski heldfaculty positions at the Department of Electrical Engineering at Kiev Polytechnic Institute and the Academyof Sciences of Ukraine. From 1989 to 1993, he was the Microelectronic and Electromechanical SystemsDivision Head at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1993 to 2002, he was with Purdue School ofEngineering as an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering. In 2002, Dr. Lyshevski joinedRochester Institute of Technology as a professor of electrical engineering. Dr. Lyshevski serves as a FullProfessor Faculty Fellow at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratories and Naval Warfare Centers. He is theauthor of ten books (including Logic Design of NanoICs, coauthored with S. Yanushkevich and V. Shmerko,CRC Press, 2005; Nano- and Microelectromechanical Systems: Fundamentals of Micro- and Nanoengineering,CRC Press, 2004; MEMS and NEMS: Systems, Devices, and Structures, CRC Press, 2002) and is the author orcoauthor of more than 300 journal articles, handbook chapters, and regular conference papers. His currentresearch activities are focused on molecular electronics, molecular processing platforms, nanoengineering,cognitive systems, novel organizations/architectures, new nanoelectronic devices, reconfigurable super-high-performance computing, and systems informatics. Dr. Lyshevski has made significant contributionsin the synthesis, design, application, verification, and implementation of advanced aerospace, electronic,electromechanical, and naval systems. He has made more than 30 invited presentations (nationally andinternationally) and serves as an editor of the Taylor & Francis book series Nano- and Microscience,Engineering, Technology, and Medicine.
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
Rajeev AhujaCondensed Matter Theory
GroupDepartment of PhysicsUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
Richard AkisCenter for Solid State
Engineering ResearchArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, USA
Andrea AlessandriniCNR-INFM-S3NanoStructures and
BioSystems at SurfacesModena, Italy
Supriyo BandyopadhyayDepartment of Electrical and
Computer EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth
UniversityRichmond, Virginia, USA
Valeriu BeiuUnited Arab Emirates
UniversityAl-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Robert R. BirgeDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut, USA
A.M. BratkovskyHewlett-Packard LaboratoriesPalo Alto, California, USA
J.A. BrownDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Canada
K. BurkeDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
Horacio F. CantielloMassachusetts General HospitalandHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
Aldo Di CarloUniversita di Roma
Tor VergataRoma, Italy
G.F. CerofoliniSTMicroelectronicsPost-Silicon TechnologyMilan, Italy
J. CuevasGrupo de Fısica No LinealDepartamento de Fısica
Aplicada IETSI Inform Universidad
de SevillaSevilla, Spain
Shamik DasNanosystems GroupThe MITRE CorporationMcLean, Virginia, USA
John M. DixonMassachusetts General HospitalandHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
J. DorignacCollege of EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, USA
Rodney DouglasInstitute of NeuroinformaticsZurich, Switzerland
J.C. EilbeckDepartment of MathematicsHeriot-Watt UniversityRiccarton, Edinburgh, UK
James C. EllenbogenNanosystems GroupThe MITRE CorporationMcLean, Virginia, USA
Christoph ErlenTechnische Universitat
MunchenMunchen, Germany
F. EversInstitut fur Theorie der
Kondensierten MaterieUniversitat KarlsruheKarlsruhe, Germany
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Paolo FacciCNR-INFM-S3NanoStructures and
BioSystems at SurfacesModena, Italy
David K. FerryCenter for Solid State
Engineering ResearchArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, USA
Danko D. GeorgievLaboratory of Molecular
PharmacologyFaculty of Pharmaceutical
SciencesKanazawa University Graduate
School of Natural Scienceand Technology
Kakuma-machi KanazawaIshikawa, Japan
James F. GlazebrookDepartment of Mathematics
and Computer ScienceEastern Illinois UniversityCharleston, Illinois, USA
Anton GrigorievCondensed Matter Theory
GroupDepartment of PhysicsUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
Rikizo HatakeyamaDepartment of Electronic
EngineeringTohoku UniversitySendai/Japan
Thorsten HansenDepartment of Chemistry and
International Institute forNanotechnology
Northwestern UniversityArgonne, Evanston,
Illinois, USA
Jason R. HillebrechtDepartment of Molecular and
Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut, USA
Walid IbrahimUnited Arab Emirates
UniversityAl-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Giacomo IndiveriInstitute of NeuroinformaticsZurich, Switzerland
Dustin K. JamesDepartment of ChemistryRice UniversityHouston, Texas, USA
Bhargava KanchibotlaDepartment of Electrical and
Computer EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth
UniversityRichmond, Virginia, USA
Jeremy F. KoscieleckiDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut, USA
Mark P. KrebsDepartment of OphthalmologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida, USA
Craig S. LentDepartment of Electrical
EngineeringUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana, USA
Takhee LeeDepartment of Materials
Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science
and TechnologyGwangju, Korea
Paolo LugliTechnische Universitat MunchenMunchen, Germany
Sergey Edward LyshevskiDepartment of Electrical
EngineeringRochester Institute of
TechnologyRochester, New York, USA
Lyuba MalyshevaBogolyubov Institute for
Theoretical PhysicsKiev, Ukraine
Thomas MarshUniversity of St. ThomasSt. Paul, Minnesota, USA
Duane L. MarcyDepartment of Electrical
Engineering and ComputerScience
Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York, USA
Robert M. MetzgerLaboratory for Molecular
ElectronicsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
M. MeyyappanCenter for NanotechnologyNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, California, USA
Lev G. MourokhPhysics DepartmentQueens College of the City
University of New YorkFlushing, New York, USA
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Vladimiro MujicaDepartment of Chemistry and
International Institute forNanotechnology
Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, USAandArgonne National Laboratory
Center for NanoscaleMaterials
Argonne, Illinois, USA
Alexander OnipkoIFMLinkping UniversityLinkping, Sweden
Alexei O. OrlovDepartment of Electrical
EngineeringUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana, USA
F. PalmeroGrupo de Fısica No LinealDepartamento de FısicaETSI Inform Universidad
de SevillaSevilla, Spain
Alessandro PecchiaUniversita di Roma
Tor VergataRoma, Italy
Carl A. PicconattoNanosystems GroupThe MITRE CorporationMcLean, Virginia, USA
Sandipan PramanikDepartment of Electrical and
Computer EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth
UniversityRichmond, Virginia, USA
Avner PrielDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
Mark A. RatnerDepartment of Chemistry and
International Institute forNanotechnology
Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, USA
Mark A. ReedDepartments of Electrical
Engineering, AppliedPhysics, and Physics
Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, USA
R.A. RomerDepartment of Physics and
Centre for ScientificComputing
University of WarwickCoventry, UK
F.R. RomeroGrupo de Fısica No LinealDepartamento de FAMNFacultad de FısicaUniversidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
Garrett S. RoseDepartment of Electrical
and Computer EngineeringPolytechnic UniversityBrooklyn, New York, USA
Anatoly Yu. SmirnovQuantum Cat Analytics Inc.Brooklyn, New York, USA
Gregory L. SniderDepartment of Electrical
EngineeringUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana, USA
Gil SpeyerCenter for Solid State
Engineering ResearchArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, USA
Jeffrey A. StuartDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut, USA
William TetleyDepartment of Electrical
Engineering and ComputerScience
Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York, USA
James M. TourDepartment of ChemistryRice UniversityHouston, Texas, USA
Jack A. TuszynskiDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
James VesenkaUniversity of New EnglandBiddeford, Maine, USA
Wenyong WangSemiconductor Electronics
DivisionNational Institute of Standards
and TechnologyGaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Bangwei XiDepartment of ChemistrySyracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York, USA
Bin YuCenter for NanotechnologyNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, California, USA
Matthew M. ZieglerIBM T. J. Watson Research
CenterYorktown Heights, New York,
USA
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Section I Molecular and Nano Electronics: Device- andSystem-Level
1 Electrical Characterization of Self-Assembled MonolayersWenyong Wang, Takhee Lee, and Mark A. Reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2 Molecular Electronic Computing ArchitecturesJames M. Tour and Dustin K. James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
3 Unimolecular Electronics: Results and ProspectsRobert M. Metzger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
4 Carbon DerivativesRikizo Hatakeyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
5 System-Level Design and Simulation of Nanomemories and NanoprocessorsShamik Das, Carl A. Picconatto, Garrett S. Rose, Matthew M. Ziegler,and James C. Ellenbogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
6 Three-Dimensional Molecular Electronics and Integrated Circuits for Signaland Information Processing PlatformsSergey Edward Lyshevski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Section II Nanoscaled Electronics
7 Inorganic Nanowires in ElectronicsBin Yu and M. Meyyappan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
8 Quantum Dots in Nanoelectronic DevicesGregory L. Snider, Alexei O. Orlov, and Craig S. Lent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
9 Self Assembly of Nanostructures Using Nanoporous Alumina TemplatesBhargava Kanchibotla, Sandipan Pramanik, and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
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10 Neuromorphic Networks of Spiking NeuronsGiacomo Indiveri and Rodney Douglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
11 Allowing Electronics to Face the TSI Era—Molecular Electronics and BeyondG. F. Cerofolini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
12 On Computing Nano-Architectures Using Unreliable NanodevicesValeriu Beiu and Walid Ibrahim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
Section III Biomolecular Electronics and Processing
13 Properties of “G-Wire” DNAThomas Marsh and James Vesenka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
14 Metalloprotein ElectronicsAndrea Alessandrini and Paolo Facci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
15 Localization and Transport of Charge by Nonlinearity and Spatial Discretenessin Biomolecules and Semiconductor Nanorings. Aharonov–Bohm Effectfor Neutral ExcitonsF. Palmero, J. Cuevas, F.R. Romero, J.C. Eilbeck, R.A. Romer, and J. Dorignac . . . . . . 15-1
16 Protein-Based Optical MemoriesJeffrey A. Stuart, Robert R. Birge, Mark P. Krebs, Bangwei Xi, William Tetley,Duane L. Marcy, Jeremy F. Koscielecki, and Jason R. Hillebrecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
17 Subneuronal Processing of Information by Solitary Wavesand Stochastic ProcessesDanko D. Georgiev and James F. Glazebrook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
18 Electronic and Ionic Conductivities of Microtubules and Actin Filaments,Their Consequences for Cell Signaling and Applications to BioelectronicsJack A. Tuszynski, Avner Priel, J.A. Brown, Horacio F. Cantiello,and John M. Dixon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1
Section IV Molecular and Nano Electronics: Device-LevelModeling and Simulation
19 Simulation Tools in Molecular ElectronicsChristoph Erlen, Paolo Lugli, Alessandro Pecchia, and Aldo Di Carlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
20 Theory of Current Rectification, Switching, and the Role of Defectsin Molecular Electronic DevicesA.M. Bratkovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1
21 Complexities of the Molecular Conductance ProblemGil Speyer, Richard Akis, and David K. Ferry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1
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22 Nanoelectromechanical Oscillator as an Open Quantum SystemLev G. Mourokh and Anatoly Yu. Smirnov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1
23 Coherent Electron Transport in Molecular Contacts: A Caseof Tractable ModelingAlexander Onipko and Lyuba Malysheva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1
24 Pride, Prejudice, and Penury of ab initio Transport Calculationsfor Single MoleculesF. Evers and K. Burke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1
25 Molecular Electronics DevicesAnton Grigoriev and Rajeev Ahuja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1
26 An Electronic Cotunneling Model of STM-Induced UnimolecularSurface ReactionsVladimiro Mujica, Thorsten Hansen, and Mark A. Ratner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1
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Preface
It was a great pleasure to edit this handbook, which consists of outstanding chapters written by acclaimedexperts in their field. The overall objective was to provide coherent coverage of a broad spectrum of issuesin molecular and nanoelectronics (e.g., covering fundamentals, reporting recent innovations, devising novelsolutions, reporting possible technologies, foreseeing far-reaching developments, envisioning new paradigms,etc.). Molecular and nanoelectronics is a revolutionary theory- and technology-in-progress paradigm. Thehandbook’s chapters document sound fundamentals and feasible technologies, ensuring a balanced coverageand practicality. There should be no end to molecular electronics and molecular processing platforms (MPPs),which ensure superior overall performance and functionality that cannot be achieved by any envisionedmicroelectronics innovations.
Due to inadequate commitments to high-risk/extremely-high-pay-off developments, limited knowledge,and the abrupt nature of fundamental discoveries and enabling technologies, it is difficult to accurately predictwhen various discoveries will mature in the commercial product arena. For more than six decades, large-scalefocused efforts have concentrated on solid-state microelectronics. A matured $150-billion microelectronicsindustry has profoundly contributed to technological progress and societal welfare. However, further progressand envisioned microelectronics evolutions encounter significant fundamental and technological challengesand limits. Those limits may not be overcome. In attempts to find new solutions and define novel inroads,innovative paradigms and technologies have been devised and examined. Molecular and nanoelectronics haveemerged as one of the most promising solutions.
The difference between molecular- (nano) and micro-electronics is not the size (dimensionality), but theprofoundly different device- and system-level solutions, the device physics, and the phenomena, fabrication,and topologies/organizations/architectures. For example, a field-effect transistor with an insulator thicknessless than 1 nm and a channel length less than 20 nm cannot be declared a nanoelectronic device even thoughit has the subnanometer insulator thickness and may utilize a carbon nanotube (with a diameter under1 nm) to form a channel. Three-dimensional topology molecular and nanoelectronic devices, engineeredfrom atomic aggregates and synthesized utilizing bottom-up fabrication, exhibit quantum phenomena andelectrochemomechanical effects that should be uniquely utilized. The topology, organization, and architectureof three-dimensional molecular integrated circuits (MICs) and MPPs are entirely different compared withconventional two-dimensional ICs.
Questions regarding the feasibility of molecular electronics and MPPs arise. No conclusive evidence existsof the overall feasibility of solid MICs and there was no analog for solid-state microelectronics and ICs existedin the past. In contrast, an enormous variety of biomolecular processing platforms are visible in nature. Theseplatforms provide one with undeniable evidence of feasibility, soundness, and unprecedented supremacy ofa molecular paradigm. Though there have been attempts to utilize and prototype biocentered electronics,processing, and memories, these efforts have faced—and still face—enormous fundamental, experimental,and technological challenges. Superior organizations and architectures of MICs and MPPs can be devisedutilizing biomimetics, thus examining and prototyping brain and central nervous system functions. Today,many unsolved problems plague biosystems—from the baseline functionality of neurons to the capabilitiesof neuronal aggregates, from information processing to information measures, from the phenomena utilized
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to the cellular mechanisms exhibited, and so on. Even though significant challenges still exist, rapid progressand new discoveries have been made in recent years on both fundamental and technological forefronts. Thisprogress and some of its major findings are covered in this handbook. The handbook consists of four sections,providing coherence in its subject matter. The six chapters of Section I: Molecular and Nano Electronics: Device-and System-Level are as follows:
� Electrical Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers� Molecular Electronic Computing Architectures� Unimolecular Electronics: Results and Prospects� Carbon Derivatives� System-Level Design and Simulation of Nanomemories and Nanoprocessors� Three-Dimensional Molecular Electronics and Integrated Circuits for Signal and InformationProcessing Platforms
These chapters report the device physics of molecular devices (Mdevices), the synthesis of those Mdevices,the design of MICs, and devising MPPs. Meaningful results on device- and system-level fundamentals areoffered, and envisioned technologies and engineering practices are documented.
Section II: Nanoscaled Electronics consists of the following six chapters:
� Inorganic Nanowires in Electronics� Quantum Dots in Nanoelectronic Devices� Self Assembly of Nanostructures Using Nanoporous Alumina Templates� Neuromorphic Networks of Spiking Neurons� Allowing Electronics to Face the TSI Era—Molecular Electronics and Beyond� On Computing Nano-Architectures using unreliable Nanodevices or on Yield-Energy-Delay LogicDesigns
These chapters focus on nano- and nanoscaled electronics. Various practical solutions are reported.Section III: Biomolecular Electronics and Processing covers recent innovative results in biomolecular elec-
tronics and memories. The six chapters included are
� Properties of “G-Wire” DNA� Metalloprotein Electronics� Localization and Transport of Charge by Nonlinearity and Spatial Discreteness in Biomoleculesand Semiconductor Nanorings. Aharonov–Bohm Effect for Neutral Excitons� Protein-Based Optical Memories� Subneuronal Processing of Information by Solitary Waves and Stochastic Processes� Electronic and Ionic Conductivities of Microtubules and Actin Filaments, Their Consequences forCell Signaling and Applications to Bioelectronics
Each chapter is of practical importance regarding the envisioned biomolecular platforms, and will help incomprehending significant phenomena in biosystems.
The eight chapters of Section IV: Molecular and Nano Electronics: Device-Level Modeling and Simulationfocus on various aspects of high-fidelity modeling, heterogeneous simulations, and data-intensive analysis.The chapters included consist of the following:
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� Simulation Tools in Molecular Electronics� Theory of Current Rectification, Switching, and the Role of Defects in Molecular Electronic Devices� Complexities of the Molecular Conductance Problem� Nanoelectromechanical Oscillator as an Open Quantum System� Coherent Electron Transport in Molecular Contacts: A Case of Tractable Modeling� Pride, Prejudice, and Penury of ab initio Transport Calculations for Single Molecules� Molecular Electronics Devices� An Electric Cotunneling Model of STM-Induced Unimolecular Surface Reactions
These chapters provide the reader with valuable results that can be utilized in various applications, with amajor emphasis on the device-level fundamentals.
The handbook’s chapters report the individual authors’ results. Therefore, in reading different chapters,the reader may observe some variations and inconsistencies in style, definitions, formulations, findings, andvision. This, in my opinion, is not a weakness but rather a strength. In fact, the reader should be awareof the differences in opinions, the distinct methods applied, the alternative technologies pursued, and thevarious concepts emphasized. I truly enjoyed collaborating with all the authors and appreciate their valuablecontribution. It should be evident that the views, findings, recommendations, and conclusions documented inthe handbook’s chapters are those of the authors’, and do not necessarily reflect the editor’s opinion. However,all the chapters in the book emphasize the need for further research and development in molecular andnanoelectronics, which is today’s engineering, science, and technology frontier.
It should be emphasized that no matter how many times the material has been reviewed, and effort spent toguarantee the highest quality, there is no guarantee this handbook is free from minor errors, and shortcomings.If you find something you feel needs correcting, adjustment, clarification, and/or modification, please notifyme. Your help and assistance are greatly appreciated and deeply acknowledged.
Acknowledgments
Many people contributed to this book. First, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to allthe book’s contributors. It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge the help I received from many peoplein preparing this handbook. The outstanding Taylor & Francis team, especially Nora Konopka (AcquisitionsEditor, Electrical Engineering), Jessica Vakili, and Amy Rodriguez (Project Editor), helped tremendously, andassisted me by offering much valuable and deeply treasured feedback. Many thanks to all of you.
Sergey Edward LyshevskiDepartment of Electrical Engineering
Rochester Institute of TechnologyRochester, NY, 14623-5603, USAE-mail: [email protected]
Web cite: www.rit.edu/∼seleee
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