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PRESENTED TO:
MR. GANESH DHAR
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WHAT IS GIS?
GIS
GEOGRAPHIC(WHERE?)
INFORMATION(WHAT?)
SYSTEM(HOW?)
MAPS DATA COMPUTERSOFTWARE
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The simplest form of a GIS is a
paper map !!!
BUTWHATS THE DIFFERENCE?..
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While a Computer-based map (or GIS) contains dynamic
or live data, also known as intelligent data..
..A paper map contains only static data. What you see onthe map is the limit of information available.
For Example: If you double click on airport symbol in aGIS, you can view any attributes associated with thatfeature- like when it was built, type of construction,runway direction, etc.
While, a symbol on a paper map can show you where an
airport is located and thats all about it.
Therefore, GIS is a tool for linking attribute databaseswith digital maps.
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WHAT DOES GIS LOOK LIKE..
SIMPLY A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONWITH ASSOCIATED
ATTRIBUTES
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THE EVOLUTION OF GIS..
Around 15,500 years ago,TALLYwas invented to be associated with the
animal drawings, as track lines and tallies thought to depict migration routes.
These early records mimic the two-element
structure of modern GIS, an image
associated with attribute information.
In 1854, John Snowdepicted a cholera
outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some
individual cases, possibly the earliest use of the geographic method.
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The year 1962 saw the development of the world's first true operational GIS in
Ontario, Canada by the Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development.
The system was developed byDr. Roger Tomlinson, it was called the
"Canada Geographic Information System" (CGIS) . It was aninitiative to determine the land capability for rural Canada by mapping information
about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfall, and forestry.
CGIS was the world's first "system" and was an improvement over "mapping"applications. As a result of this, Tomlinson has become known as the Father of
GIS.
In 1964, Howard T Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics
and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (LCGSA 1965-1991), where a number of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling
were developed.
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In 1980s and 1990s industry growth were spurred on by the
growing use of GIS on Unix workstations and the personal
computer.
By the end of the 20th century, the rapid growth in various systems
had been consolidated and standardized on relatively few platforms
and users were beginning to export the concept of viewing GIS dataover the Internet, requiring data format and transfer standards.
More recently, there are a growing number of free, open source
GIS packages which run on a range of operating systems and can be
customized to perform specific tasks.
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70% of the information includes somegeographical Facts in the decision-makingprocess
Visualization impact
Sharing of information
Analytical capability in a spatial context
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FIRE BRIGADE
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The major challenges we face in the
world today--overpopulation,pollution, deforestation, naturaldisasters--have a criticalgeographic dimension.
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COMPONENTS OF GIS
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Hardware
Computer system Scanner
Plotter
Software
Autodesk: AutoCAD Map
Mapinfo Corporation: Mapinfo Environmental Systems Research Institute ( ESRI ): Arcinfo.
PCI Geomatics: PAMAP
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Data
PEOPLE
Methods
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Printed Data.Printed form or PET films
Survey Data.
Coordinate GeometryGlobal Positioning System
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Remotely Sensed DataRemotely Sensed Data
Sensors attach to Platforms
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RASTER
Type of digital image represented in grids Consist of rows and columns.
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VECTOR
Points
Lines
Polygon