1
vasil xizaniSvili
msoflio religiebi
da
ekonomika(retrosfeqcia religiur-ekonomikuri
eTikis konteqstSi)
(saxelmZRvanelo)
gamomcemloba `loi~
Tbilisi-2018
2
v. xizaniSvili, 2018
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo <<msoflio religiebi da ekonomika>> aris siaxle da am mimarTulebis pirveli inter-disciplinaruli kvleva kavkasiaSi, romelic prof. bernard udes da prof. herman lixtenbergeris patronaJiTa da KAAD-is dafinansebiT Sesrulebul iqna fraiburgisa da tiubin-genis universitetebSi.
naSromSi warmodgenil dominant konfesiebTan mimarTebiT ganxiluli da gaanalizebulia gansxvavebul kulturul-ge-ografiul arealSi arsebuli ekonomikur qcevaTa motivebi da formebi, rac iZleva nacionalur Tu transnacionalur sameurneo midgomaTa bunebis ukeT axsnisa da garkvevis Sesa-Zleblobas.
zemoT aRniSnuli wigni gankuTvnilia studentebisa da profesor-maswavlebelTaTvis. is aseve mniSvnelovania saSu-alo da zogadi ganaTlebisTvis.
mTavari redaqtori:
prof. elguja meqvabiSvili (Tbilisis sax. universiteti)
redaqtorebi:
prof. herman lixtenbergeri (tiubingenis universiteti)prof. bernard ude (fraiburgis universiteti)
recenzentebi:
asist.prof. maia burdiaSvili, (Telavis sax. univer-siteti)
asoc.prof. loid qarCava, (kavkasiis saerTaSoriso uni-versiteti)
uak (UDC) 27-526.7+316.752.(100)
x - 531
ISBN 978-9941-9268-8-4
vasil xizaniSvili, `msoflio religiebi da ekono-mika~, gamomcemloba `loi~, Tbilisi, 2018 weli, gv. 242.
saxelmZRvanelo gamoica baton zurab feiqriSvilis
finansuri mxardaWeriT.
3
S e s a v a l i
religiebi warmoadgenen axsnad sistemebs
Seudareblad maRali sayovelTao moTxovniT.
isini sakuTar wiaRSi myof morwmuneT gadasce-
men <<sruli>> WeSmaritebis koherentul suraTs,
rac Tavad maT, sasruli cxovrebis elementaruli
negatiuri gamocdilebis intuituri axsnis Sesa-
Zleblobas aZlevT. religiur axsnad sistemebSi
Tavmoyrilia zekompleqsuri WeSmariteba da qao-
turi sisavse. amasTan, religiebi morwmuneT uxs-
nian mniSvnelovani drois horizonts: drois da
maradisobis diferencirebiT isini morwmuneTaT-
vis gasagebs xdian drois da istoriis wesrigs,
romelSic religiebs ZaluZT TiToeuli morwmu-
nis individualuri cxovrebis istoriis aRbeWvda.
<<religiis goni>>[1] mdgomareobs masSi, rom
aq individis warmavali cxovreba scdeba sayov-
elTao kauzalurobas da amgvarad, calkeuls
SeuZlia sakuTari cxovrebis elementaruli kon-
tingenciis konstruqciulad warmarTva. religi-
ur simbolur enebs gaaCniaT specifikuri (konk-
retuli) mniSvnelobis (azris) potenciali, raTa
morwmune individebma SeZlon gaxsnan transcend-
enciis (transcendentulobis) horizontebi. amas
gansakuTrebiT emsaxureba Semoqmedisa da qmni-
lis, maradisobisa da drois, imqveniuri da miwieri
cxovrebis ZiriTadi religiuri gansxvavebebi. re-
ligiur msoflmxedvelobaTa specifikur logikas
warmoadgens RmerTisken mzeris, subieqtis rCeul-
Ta krebulisken, yvela gaurkvevlobis sicxadisken
warmarTva, krizisebTan mimarTebiT rezistentul,
4
stabilur CarCowesrigTa definireba da individ-
Ta yvela negatiuri gamocdilebidan sasargeblo
realobis gacxadeba. amdendad, religia SesaZloa
gaazrebul iqnas, rogorc <<kontingenciis (gauT-
valiswinebeli) praqtikis daZleva>>[2].
wesrigis kuTxiT struqturirebadi funqcion-
irebidan gamomdinare religiuri axsnadi sisteme-
bi SeiZleba gagebul iqnas, rogorc cxovrebis we-
sis sistemebi, romlebic (umetesad) Rrmad iWrebian
da Rrma kvals toveben maTSi gaerTianebuli Ti-
Toeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi. Tumca unda aRiniS-
nos, rom religiebi gansxvavdebian xsnis sikeTeTa
materialuri gansazRvrulobiT, risi SeTavazebac
surT maT morwmuneTaTvis. isini aseve xasiaTdebi-
an garkveuli winaaRmdegobiT(antinomiebiT) xsnis
WeSmaritebis axsnasa da gadacemaSi. amasTan isini
gansxvavdebian specifikuri religiuri sikeTeebis
korelaciis formiT (mag., sulis simSvide, codvis
SiSisgan gaTavisufleba, codvili mes aRmofxvra,
RmerTTan Tanaziaroba, xsna da a.S.) da eTikuri
moTxovnebiT. amgvarad, religiebis erTi nawili
ase aerTianebs Sansebs xsnis sikeTis SeZenis Sesa-
ZleblobisTvis ukiduresad disciplinirebuli,
rigiduli cxovrebis wesis pirobiT. rac Seexeba
religiaTa meore nawils, - piriqiT, isini rela-
tiurad did Tavisufal samoqmedo sivrces tove-
ben religiurad moTxovnili maqsimebis dacvis/
aRsrulebis formasTan da intensiurobasTan mima-
rTebiT. da mainc mudam iTvleba: religiuri axs-
nadi sistemebi samyaros gansazRvruli suraTiT
gadmoscemen aseve morwmuneTa idealuri cxovrebis
wesis, Sesabamisad gansazRvrul qcevaTa maqsimebis
nimuSs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom maRalgan-
viTarebul religiur eTikas (wmindad amqveyni-
uri, Sesabamisad sekularuli eTikisgan gansxvave-
5
biT) ganskuTrebulobas sZens is garemoeba, rom aq
eTikur valdebulebaTa Sinaars ar gansazRvravs
warmatebebi. morwmunesTvis amosavali aris ara
warmateba, aramed qmedeba RvTis nebisamebr. radi-
kalur SemTxvevaSi is RvTisadmi rwmenas iCens
iqamde, vidre ar Cndeba kiTxva misi amqveyniuri
xvedris marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb. amitom iTvle-
ba: miT ufro intensiuria adamianis RvTismosao-
bis xarisxi, rac ufro mkacrad icavs is rogorc
wesi Tavisi rwmenis inherentul eTikur maqsimebs.
seriozulad miRebuli religiuri rwmena bevrad
Rrma kvals tovebs adamianis cxovrebaSi, vidre
sxva saxis mosazrebebi Tu realobebi.
religiuri axsnadi sistemebi exeba <<srul>>
WeSmaritebas. amitom aris TiToeuli religi-
uri eTika imanenturi, raTa wamoayenos pretenzia
<<mTel adamianze>> da hqondes survili, moaxdi-
nos adamianur qmedebaTa yvela sferos normire-
ba. yoveli religiuri eTika aucileblad Seicavs
aseve sakuTar Sexedulebebs adamianis ekonomikur
qmedebebze. maSinac ki, roca religiuri sazoga-
doebis eTikaSi ar vxvdebiT ekonomikur aqtivo-
baTa eqsplicitur an specifikur miniSebebsa Tu
ganmartebebs, is sabolood mainc xels uwyobs
morwmuneTa ekonomikur qmedebaTa normirebisa da
formirebis process. imitom, rom yovel religi-
ur eTikas safuZvlad udevs RmerTTan adamianis
urTierTobis gansazRvruli xedva, iseve rogorc
- misi adgili kosmosSi. yvela religiuri eTi-
ka akeTebs garkveul ganacxads adamianis samya-
rosTan urTierTobaze. amitom, materialuri gansx-
vavebebi religiur eTikebs Soris SeiZleba aseve
daxasiaTdes, rogorc adamiansa da samyaros Sesa-
bamis dadgenil urTierTobebs Soris sxvaoba. miC-
neulia: calkeul religiaTa ekonomikis eTikebi
6
elementarulad imiT gansxvavdebian, Tu religiur
simbolur enaTa garemoSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
rogor aris mowyobili adamianis RmerTTan ur-
TierToba da Tu rogor aris aseve gansazRvruli
misi adgili kosmosSi, Sesabamisad,- misi damokide-
buleba samyarosTan.
dasavleTSi, gasuli saukunis oTxmociani wle-
bidan aseve ekonomikur mecnierebaSi Semodis
kulturul-Teoriuli sakiTxebi[3] (Sdr. makkol-
ski 1994; zigentaleri 1993; 1995). <<kulturolo-
giuri Semobrunebis>> procesSi Zveli sakiTxebi
ekonomikur qmedebaTa mentalur Tu kognitur
winapirobaTa Sesaxeb axlad gaxda gansjis sagani.
<<cognitive maps>> da <<belief systems>> marTaven in-
dividTa da koleqtiur aqtiorTa aRqmad struq-
turebs da gansazRvraven sinamdvilis maTeul
warmodgenebs. realurobis subieqturi <<images>>, xatebis mixedviT aviTareben aqtiorebi sakuTar
qmedebaTa opcionebs da gadawyvetilebebs iReben
imis Taobaze, Tu aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi rome-
li moqmedeba aris racionalurad da efeqturad
gansjadi. mecnier-ekonomistebi, rogorebic arian
viqtor vanbergi, jeims m. buxanani da hansiorg zi-
genThaleri gasuli saukunis oTxmociani wlebis
bolosa da oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi
xazs usvamdnen msgavsi yofiTi Teoriebis did
mniSvnelobas ekonomikur aqtiorTa mier gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis procesisTvis da mianiSnebdnen
e.w. <<rational choice modell>>-is sazRvarze, aRniSnuli
Teoriis dasazRvrulobaze. maTi azriT, arcerTi
adamiani Tu adamianTa jgufi sakuTar iteresebs
gamodevnebuli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT saer-
Tod ar moqmedebs racionalurad, radgan inter-
esebze aqtiuri gamodevneba damokidebulia gage-
baze, rasac individualurad Tu koleqtiurad
7
moqmedi subieqti flobs Tavis interesTa pozici-
idan (anu, gansxvavebul interesTa mimdinare kon-
stelaciidan) da Sansebidan, sakuTar interesTa
SesaZlo ganxorcielebisTvis[4] (Sdr. Vanberg/Bu-chanan 1989). kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, specifi-
kuri winaswari gageba gansazRvravs ekonomikur
aqtiorTa molodinebs e.i. maT warmodgenebs, rac
Tavis konkurentebTan urTierTobisas vlindeba
da aseve - bazris procesis suraTs. zemoT aRniS-
nulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yve-
la ekonomikur procesSi bevrad meti kulturuli
wanamZRvaria TamaSSi, vidre es homo oeconomicus-is klasikur koncefciebSia miRebuli.
axali sensibeloba ekonomikuri procesebis
kulturuli da enobrivi safuZvlebisTvis uwin-
aresad e.w. <<evoluciur ekonomikaSi>> xels uw-
yobs imgvari xedvis formirebas, rom konkurencias
finansur da sasaqonlo bazrebze ideaTa, WeSmar-
itebis suraTTa, adaptaciis unarianobis, fleqsi-
belobis kompetenciaTa da momavlis vizionebis
elementaruli konkurenciis, Sesabamisad <<internal selection>>-is wanamZRvrebi gaaCnia. seleqcionerebi,
romlebic bazrebze aviTareben sakuTar efeqtebs,
sjian yvelas, visac ar ZaluZs an arasakmarisad
SeuZlia Tavisi subieqturi WeSmaritebis suraTi
gamocdilebaze orientirebis mixedviT gadaamow-
mos da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi Sesworebebi
Seitanos masSi. amave dros, isini ajildoeben
im aqtiorebs, romlebic zust molodinebs, e.i.
konkurentebis SesaZlo qmedebebs uZebnian axsnas
da axdenen maT sakuTar qmedebaTa opcionebisa da
Sansebis revizionur Sefasebas. rac ufro metad
aris aqtiori codnisken midrekili, miT ufro
ukeT SeZlebs is konkurenciis pirobebSi Tavi-
si miznebis realizebas. codnis miRebis mzaoba
8
da swavlisunarianoba ki gadaWriT aris damok-
idebuli masze, Tu rogor aris konstruirebuli
subieqturi cognitive maps, yofiTi Teoriebi da WeS-
maritebis suraTi. ramdenad iZleva kognituri
nimuSebi gamocdilebaTa konstruqciuli miRebisa
da damuSavebis uflebas, romlebic Tavdapirvel
miRebasTan <<WeSmaritebis>> Sesaxeb modis kon-
fliqtSi? sTavazoben ki isini aqtiorebs San-
sebs, gansazRvruli mentaluri konstruqciis uar-
sayofad, an Tavisi yofiTi Teoriebis elementTa
revizionirebisTvis, ris gareSec Tavad isini da
maTi cognitive maps mTlianad unda dadges eWqveS?
Seicaven isini koreqturis potencials? iTxoven
Tu ara isini aqtiorebisgan mzadyofnas komuni-
kaciis procesSi sxva aqtiorTa msoflmxedvelo-
bis SesamCnevad da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, -
am ucxo WeSmaritebis suraTTa elementebis Tavis
sakuTari WeSmaritebis konstruqciaSi integri-
rebisTvis? amartiveben enobrivi urTierTgagebis
procesebs, Tu xels uwyoben mudmiv gaucxoebas
sxvebis mimarT da uunarobas, - sxvaTa raime azrs
SesZinon gamomsaxveloba da mouZebnon TviTaxsna?
kulturuli aspeqtebisken Semobruneba ekono-
mikaSi, religiaTa ekonomikis eTikosebs yovel
jerze aseve maTi inherentuli reviziis da swav-
lis Sansebis mixedviT rekonstruirebis nebas
rTavs. SezRuduli axsnadi sistemis rogorc yov-
lismomcveli, zekompleqsuri kontingenciisa, aseve
cognitive maps azriT iZleva religiuri samyaros
suraTebis rekonstruirebis SesaZleblobas, rac
individTa WeSmaritebis aRqmebs warmarTavs da
monawileobas iRebs maTi Sesabamisi samoqmedo
Sansebis reprezentaciis Sesaxeb erTobliv gad-
awyvetilebebSi. ramdenadac religias saqme aqvs
xsnis WeSmaritebasTan Tu sociologiis enaze, kon-
9
tingenciis ukanasknelad vargis gadacemasTan, is
maT simbolur enebSi ganaTavsebs TviTaxsnisa da
realurobis interpretaciis sayovelTao nimuSs,
rac individualur Tu koleqtiur aqtiorebs miR-
weul SemTxvevaSi axal krizisul gamowvevebze
reagirebis SeasaZleblobas aZlevs, ris gareSec
memkvidreobiTi avtoportreti da Zveli reprezen-
taciebi erToblivad unda iqnas uaryofili. amave
moculobaSi, sadac religiuri axsnadi sistemebi
reprezentireben simbolur identobasa da saime-
do wesrigis struqturebs, isini individebsa Tu
jgufebs sTavazoben amaRlebuli swavlis unari-
anobis Sansebs. religia astabilurebs wesebisad-
mi ndobas da elementarul krizisul situaciebSi,
romlebSic azrovnebisa da moqmedebis memkvidreo-
biTi wesebi dispoziciaSi imyofebian, xels uwyo-
bs axali yofiTi Teoriebis formirebas. Tumca,
amave dros religias ZaluZs Tavis simbolur
enebSi aseve gaamyaros swavlis paTologiebi da
individebTan da jgufebTan gamocdilebis nive-
lirebas adgili hqondes ara momatebuli swavlis
mzaobiT, aramed mentaluri konstruqciis gamyare-
biT, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs gamocdilebis
rezistentulobas. religiuri axsnadi sistemebi
ekonomikurad relevanturia swored Semdeg sak-
iTxTan mimarTebiT: bazrebze warmatebis misaR-
wevad xels uwyoben Tu blokaven isini saWiro
swavlis mzaobas.
evropuli qristeanobis kolonialuri eqspansi-
is mimdinareobisas da konfesiuri mravalferovneb-
is gaTvaliswinebiT, ukve me-17-e saukunis bolosa
da me-18-e saukunis dasawyisSi iwyeba intensiuri
msjeloba religiur rwmenebsa da ekonomikur
moqmedebebs Soris SesaZlo urTierTdamokide-
bulebis sakiTxTa Taobaze. mraval protestan-
10
tul teritoriaze warmoqmnilma STambeWdavma
keTildReobam me-18-e saukunis bevr protestant
da kaTolike swavluls moakidina xeli calkeul
qveynebze religiuri faqtorebis da sakuTar mo-
qalaqeTa ekonomikuri habitusis SeswavlisTvis.
isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen
sakiTxze, Tu kaTolikur mxareTa aSkara sameurneo
CamorCeniloba ramdenad aixsneboda konfesiurad
specifikuri mentaluri mizezebiT[5] ( Graf 1997 ).
didi evropuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis gan-
viTarebis gansxvavebuli gzebi, romlebSic kapi-
talisturi industrializacia sxvadasxva dros
daiwyo da memkvidreobiT miRebuli dominanturi
agraruli warmoebis forma mgrZnobiares xdida
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ideur, mentalur wanamZ-
Rvrebsa Tu sxva socialur-kulturul faqtorebs.
marTalia kvlavac ucnobia Tu rodis gaCnda
<<ekonomikis eTikis>> cneba da rodis Semodis is
xmarebaSi <<religiuri ekonomikis eTikis>>, Sesa-
bamisad, <<religiaTa ekonomikis eTikis>> irgvliv
gaCenil diskursebSi. cnebebTan dakavSirebuli
istoriuli kvlevebi dRemde ar aris cnobili. sa-
varaudod, cneba Tavdapirvelad Cndeba SedarebiT
gvian, me-19-e saukunis bolos, iseTi cnebebis msgavs-
ad, rogoricaa <<ekonomikuri politika>>, <<ekono-
mikuri stili>>, <<ekonomikuri mecniereba>> da
<<ekonomikuri cxovreba>>. Tumca unda aRiniS-
nos isic, rom <<religiaTa ekonomikis eTikis>>
Tema cnebis saxiT gacilebiT adreulia. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, gasuli saukunis samocdaaTiani wle-
bidan, swrafi kapitalisturi industrializaciis
dros, evropul sazogadoebaSi Cndeba religiur
mentalitetsa da ekonomikur habituss Soris
SesaZlo urTierTkavSirze dakvirvebis mZlavri
inteleqtualuri interesi. mravali kaTolike da
11
konservati luTerani avtoris mier moxda Taname-
drove konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli kapitalizmis
moralur-fundamenturi kritikis formulireba,
Tavisi katastrofuli sazogadoebrivi Sedegebis
efeqtiT (<<socialuri sakiTxi>>) da rogorc six-
arbis, egoizmis, mevaxSeobis da umweoTa eqsplu-
ataciis sistema maT mier iqna uaryofili. 1850
wlidan e.w. <<Kulturkämpfen>>-Tan dakavSirebul-
ma polemikurma debatebma kaTolicizmis garemos
SesaZlo <<kulturuli inferioritetis>> Sesax-
eb xeli Seuwyo mas, rom kaTolikuri qveynebisa
da regionebis ekonomikur tradicionalizmsa da
ganviTarebis deficitze potenciuri religiuri
mizezebis gavlenis Zvelma sakiTxma kvlav mi-
ipyro maTi didi yuradReba. memkvidreobiT miRe-
buli procentis kanonikuri akrZalvisa da ukve
SuasaukuneebSi sabanko Tu fulTan dakavSirebul
sxva saqmianobaSi ebraelTa iZulebiTi batonobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, 1870-ani wlebidan safrangeTsa
da germaniaSi, xSirad antisemituri mimarTule-
biT mimdinareobda msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom
Tanamedrove kapitalizmi ebraelTa gamonagoni
da mudam udidesi kapitalis akumulaciisken maTi
ltolva <<ebrauli sulis>>, Tu <<ebraelobis>>
genetikuri gamoxatuleba xom ar iyo. am farTo
kritikuli diskusiis pirobebSi, amave saukunis
bolos ebraelTa rolze Tanamedrove kapital-
isturi miznis racionalurobis warmoqmnasa da
ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT, pirvel rigSi
verner sombartis[6] mier wamowyebul diskursSi
iqna wamoyenebuli mosazreba <<kapitalizmis su-
lis>> SesaZlo protestantuli fesvebis Sesax-
eb. germaniaSi, dagvianebul, magram swraf da amave
dros krizisuli kapitalisturi modernizaciis
qveyanaSi, 1900-ani wlebisTvis istoriuli kul-
12
turologiis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili warmo-
madgeneli monawileobda samoqalaqo-asketur e.w.
<<Fachmenschententums>>-Tan dakavSirebul amgvar
kontroversebSi. <<arqivi socialur mecnierebaTa
da socialuri politikisTvis>>mier 1904 da 1905
wlebSi gamocemul, ori nawilisgan Semdgar eseSi
<<protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli>>,
maqs veberma moaxdina mZafri diskursis provo-
cireba, romelic dRemde ar kargavs Tavis aqtu-
alobas. kvlavac kontroversulad warmarTuli
debatebis safuZvelze, romlebSic istorikosebisa
da sociologebis gverdiT monawileobas iRebdnen
gamoCenili kaTolike da protestanti social-
eTikosebi, aseve ekonomistebis mier iqna wamoyen-
ebul sakiTxi ekonomikuri racionalitetis menta-
lur winapirobaTa da kulturuli safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb, rac globalizaciisadmi miZRvnil aqt-
ualur debatebSi mniSvnelovani msjelobis sa-
gans warmoadgenda, radgan naCvenebi iqna, rom ka-
pitalisturi miznis racionalitets ZaluZs Rrma
gravireba moaxdinos kulturulad Zlier gansx-
vavebul instituciaTa wesrigze. rogorc samuel
hantingtonis mier aRZrul debatebSi >>clash of civilizations<<-is Sesaxeb, ise miSel albertis Zlier
STambeWdav dikusiaSi >>capitalisme contre capitalisme<< ikveTeba kapitalizmis urTierTmetoqe ZiriTadi
tipebi, romelTa Soris gansxvavebuloba ganisaz-
Rvreba kulturuli (Sesabamisad religiuri) men-
talitetis kavSiriT, instituciebis wesrigiTa
(industriul urTierTobaTa organizaciis Car-
Cowesrigi) da bazriT. qvemoT gTavazobT inter-
esTa centrSi myof sam ZiriTad tips:
a) anglo-amerikuli kapitalizmi, romelic min-
imaluri politikuri CarCo-sistemiTa da Sesa-
bamisad, ekonomikuri procesebis farTo deregu-
13
lirebiT xasiaTdeba;
b) <<socialuri sabazro ekonomikis>> <<wminda
modeli>>, Sesabamisad, socialur-saxelmwifoebri-
vi korporatizmis koncepti, romelSic mignebulia
liberaluri konkurenciuli kapitalizmisa da
socialisturi gegmiuri ekonomikis miRma myofi
mesame gza;
g) e.w. aziuri <<crony capitalism>>, romelic Zlier
aris gansazRvruli patriarqalur ojaxTa struq-
turebiT, piradi urTierTobiT, kompaniaSi dasaqme-
bulTa specifikuri mentaluri kavSirebiTa da
politikuri aparatis TviTlegimitaciis strate-
giebiT, romlis safuZvelsac konfucianuri faseu-
lobebi warmoadgens.
kapitalizmis samive es forma xasiaTdeba baz-
ris procesebisa da socilauri da politikuri
instituciebis konkurirebadi RonisZiebebiT, rom-
lebic Tavisufal konkurencias an zRudavs an
afarToebs, iseve rogorc ekonomikur procesSi
monawile aqtiorebs, romlebsac sZეns an akarg-
vinebs funqcias. bazarsa da instituciaTa wesri-
gis Soris arsebuli gansxvavebuli RonisZiebebi
Tavis mxriv Zlier gavlenas ganicdis sami kapi-
talisturi samyaros yovelmxriv gansxvavebuli
religiuri da socialur-kulturuli tradicie-
biT.
georg simelsisa da maqs veberis gavleniT 1906
wlidan <<qristeanuli eklesiebisa da jgufebis
socialur moZRvrebaTa>> Sesaxeb kulturul-is-
toriuli kvlevebi awarmoa haidelbergelma Te-
ologma ernst troelCma, sadac man dasavleTis
sami wamyvani konfesiisa (kaTolicizmis, luTer-
anobisa da kalvinizmis) da mravalricxovani se-
qtebis religiuri komunitarizaciis idealebisa
da politikuri wesrigis konceftebis gverdiT
14
aseve asaxa maTi gansakuTrebuli <<ekonomikuri
eTika>> da Seecada gaerkvia qristeanuli social-
uri formirebis momavlis Sansebi. calke wignad
gamocemuli troelCis <<socialuri moZRvrebis>>
gamoCenisTanave, 1912 wlidan maqs veberma kvlav
gaafarTova Tavisi protestantuli kvlevebi yve-
la didi msoflio religiebis ekonomikis eTikis
irgvliv. ekonomikurad didi Sedegebis mqone eTo-
sis, Sesabamisad ekonimikuri habitusis SedarebiT,
1920 wlidan vebers Tavis <<TxzulebaTa krebuli
religiis sociologiisTvis>> gamocemebSi surda
gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda axsniliyo
oqcidentis kulturuli Tavisebureba, e.i. dasavle-
Tis racionalizmis genezisi da ganviTareba, iseve
rogorc kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetis
warmoSoba da ganxorcieleba. Tavis cnobil kv-
levebSi <<msoflio religiaTa ekonomikis eTi-
kasa>> da <<ekonomika da sazogadoebaSi>> is
aseve Seecada gaeanalizebina konfucianizmis,
daoizmis, budizmis, iudaizmis, islamisa da qris-
teanobis, TiToeul am did religiaTa ekonomikis
eTika. veberi aRniSnavs religiebis <<ekonomikuri
eTikis>> sakmaod rTul xasiaTs da gamoTqvams
eWvs ekonomikuri habitusis religiuri stimule-
bidan calmxriv idealistur Tu spiritualur
warmomomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT. <<SeuZlebe-
lia, rom garkveuli ekonomikuri habitusis gan-
sazRvris erTaderTi safuZveli religiuri iyos,
radgan ise rogorc religiur simbolur enaTa
garemoSi cxovrebis skicirebuli wesrigi(sistema)
tovebs Tavis kvals ekonomikur mentalitetze,
aseve ekonomikuri instituciebi axdenen ukuqmede-
bas religiuri sazogadoebis eTosze>>[7]. misi az-
riT ekonomikis eTika arasdros yofila mxolod
religiuri faqtorebiT Sepirobebuli, aramed, is
15
yovelTvis mravalricxovani (maT Soris fsiqolo-
giuri, pragmatuli da sxv.) determinantebiT gan-
isazRvreboda. <<religiur ekonomikis eTikas>>
is gaiazrebs rogorc cocxal eToss, rac reli-
giebis gansakuTrebuli religiuri SemcvelobiT,
e.i. maTi specifikuri xsnis sikeTeTa, aseve maTi
xsnis WeSmaritebaTa mediaciebis formebiTa da
instituciebiT, anu religiuri sazogadoebis in-
stitucionaluri wyobiTa(nageboba) da RmerTis,
adamianisa da samyaros urTierTdamokidebulebis
religiur sistemebSi implicirebuli monaxazebiT
xasiaTdeba. es ki, konkretuli ekonomikuri eTikis
rTul formirebasa da mis mravalmxrivobaze mi-
aniSnebs.[7, gv. 89]
religiuri sazogadoebis ekonomikis eTikaze
gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens is, Tu rogor aris
religiur tradiciebSi TiToeuli morwmunis sa-
kuTari sulis xsnisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelova-
ni xsnis sikeTe definirebuli. arsebobs kiTxvebi,
romlebic masTan mimarTebiT sakmaod relevantu-
ria: ras moiazrebs sulis xsnaSi religiuri sa-
zogadoeba ? rogor xdeba xsnis WeSmaritebis
gadacema ? ra formiT dgindeba morwmuneTa da-
mokidebuleba samyarosTan ? romel qmedebaTa
romeli fsiqologiuri stimulebi aqtiurdebian
sulis xsnisTvis ? ra moqmedebebi miiCneva RvTis
mosawonad da piriqiT ? ra gavlenas axdens reli-
giuri sazogadoebis institucionaluri wesrigi
mis erTobaSi myof adamianTa qcevebze?
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis funqcionalur
diferencirebasTan mimarTebiT, romelSic gansx-
vavebuli subsistemebi misdeven maT gansakuTre-
bul sakuTar logikas, Sesabamisad specifikur
normebsa da qmedebaTa nimuSebs, da kapitalistu-
ri miznis racionalitetis swrafad mzardi fun-
16
qcionaluri avtonomizireba aCens kiTxvebs imis
Taobaze, Tu ramdenad ZaluZs religiur eTikas
gaiazros Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTareb-
is logika, mzardad funqcionaluri diferencire-
biT dakavSirebuli sakuTari logikiT marTuli
subsistemis gamocalkeveba da aqedan warmomd-
gari socialuri kompleqsurobis permanentuli
zrda. winare sazogadoebebSi religia calsaxad
emsaxureboda mas, rom SeeduRabebina calkeulTa
cxovreba da sruli WeSmaritebis sayovelTaod
savaldebulo suraTis warmodgeniT daefuZnebi-
na socialuri erToba. sazogadoebrivi modern-
izirebisTvis diferencirebis ZiriTad logikas
Seesabameba is, rom aseve religia, romelic erT
dros sazogadoebis zneobrivi erTianobis ga-
ranti iyo, sxvaTa gverdiT partikularuli sub-
sistemiT icvleba. misi SeTavazeba sicocxlis
arsisa da misi farTo interpretaciis Taobaze
modernizebul sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali faseu-
lobaTa gadawyvetilebis sagans warmoadgens; mso-
flmxedvelobaTa mravalferovnad diferencire-
bul bazrebze TiToeul adamians aqvs sakuTari
religiis formirebis SesaZlebloba. ukanaskneli
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi mecnier-ekonomistebisa
da istoriuli kulturologiis mecnierTa mier
warmoebul kvlevebSi, warmodgenil iqna mravali
modernis religiaTa istoriebis, maTi adgilisa
da rolis ganmarteba Tanamedrove ekonomikur
modelebSi da axali religiuri ganviTarebebis(
rogoricaa konversiebis mateba, didi konfesieb-
is eklesiaTa Sinagani pluralizeba, seqtebis ga-
Cena, mzardi sinkretizmi, qarizmatuli jgufebis
swrafi realizeba), iseve rogorc ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa terminologiaSi <<fundamentalis-
turi>> moZraobebis waramatebebis analizi, ris
17
safuZvelzec maT surdaT grZelvadian perspeq-
tivaSi <<religiuri bazrebis>> diferencireb-
is mTavar mimarTulebaTa ZiriTad tendenciebSi
garkveva. sazogadoebrivi modernizaciis winaaRm-
degobriv, umetesad krizisul procesebSi religia
ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas; ormocdaaTiani
wlebis modernizaciis Teoretikosebis sekulari-
zaciis konceftebi aRmoCnda arawori. rac ufro
naTlad aris gacnobierebuli oqcidentalis miz-
nis racionalitetis eqspansiasTan dakavSirebuli
didi wyeba kulturuli da socialuri proble-
mebisa da sacnobia modernizaciis paTologiebi,
miT ufro aseve bevri Zveli religiuri tradicia
revitalizirdeba da axali, xSirad TviTinterpre-
taciisa da samyaros axsnis da azris formire-
bis axal, xSirad fundamentalisturad agresiul
formebs uweven propagandas. religia, Tavisi mrav-
alferovnebiT pirvel rigSi amerikis mTel kon-
tinentze, aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da afrikaSi
gaxda SesamCnevad mzardi, magram amave dros, is
mraval axal formaSi diferencirda. mzardi fun-
qcionaluri diferencirebis Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebrivi logika Seesabameba mravalgvari Sinaga-
ni diferencirebis Zvrebs, Sesabamisad, - religiaTa
Sinagan pluralizirebas. klasikuri dasavluri
Tezis sapirispirod, rom religia modernSi mzar-
dad privatizirebuli xdeba, gansakuTrebiT bevr
aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi religiebma da re-
ligiurma instituciebma sajaro relevanturoba
moipova. mravali fundamentalisturi moZraobiT
dRes religiuri tradiciebi aris politizire-
buli da saxezea moraluri kritikisTvis dasav-
luri kulturuli faseulobebiTa da kapital-
isturi miznis racionalitetiT ganpirobebuli
<<gaZlierebuli gavlenis>> reformulireba[8].
18
socialuri diferencirebis procesebSi da re-
ligiaTa Sinagani pluralizebiT aseve icvleba
religiuri eTikis sistemuri adgili da funqcia-
Ta formebi. es xdeba zustad im zomiT, ra zomi-
Tac sazogadoebrivi diferencirebis procesSi
erTmaneTs Sordebian misi Semadgeneli subsiste-
mebi da mihyvebian mxolod maT, subsistemurisTvis
specifikur racionalitets, riTac arsebuli re-
ligiuri normebi iZens mxolod formalur saxes.
funqcionaluri diferencirebis pirobebSi sub-
sistemis avtonomia Tu Tavad instituciis fun-
qciis logika ugulvebelyofs Zlier moralur
aqtiors, romelic funqcionalur-efeqtiani miznis
racionalitetis miRma, zneobrivi normirebis gziT
cdilobs swored eTikuri standartebis aRiareba-
sa da misi masStabebis sayovelTao damkvidrebas.
amitom yoveli religiuri eTika mzard socialur
diferencirebasTan mimarTebiT winaaRmdegobaSi
modis sakiTxTan, Tu rogor unda iqnes miRweuli
eTikuri normatiulba avtonomiurad Sedgenili
subsistemis farglebSi. saerTod, ramdenad Seu-
ZliaT religiur eTikebs, rom jerovani pasuxi
gascen socialuri diferencirebis fenomens? ram-
denad SueZliaT maT subsistemuri avtonomiebis
aRiareba da, idealuri, ukeTesi adamianisaken SiS-
veli mowodebisa da zneobriv valdebulebaTa
moTxovnebisagan gansxvavebiT eTikuri normatiu-
lobis imgvarad miRweva, rom isini Tavsebadi iyos
ekonomikuri procesebis sakuTar logikasTan ?
es sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT relevanturia baz-
ris instituciasTan mimarTebiT, romelic mZafri
interesTa konfliqtebiTa da elementaruli an-
tagonizmebiT xasiaTdeba. <<sadac bazari sruli
avtonomiurobiT aris warmodgenili, is cnobs mx-
olod saqmis avtoritets, pirovnebis avtorite-
19
tis, Zmobis da pativiscemis valdebulebaTa, sa-
zogadoebebSi miRebul adamianur urTierTobaTa
miRma>>[9](Weber 1985, 383). bazarze, sadac gacvlasa
da kapitalis akumulacias aqvs adgili, bazris
procesebis sawinaaRmdego eTikur valdebulebaTa
gamoyenebis yoveli mcdeloba aRiqmeba, rogorc
mxolod disfunqciuri, bazris Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudvisa da masze uaryofiTi gavlenis momxdeni
kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetis pirobeb-
Si. amitom, masTan mimarTebiT saWiroa im martivi
WeSmaritebis miReba, rom bazari warmoadgens <<
praqtikuli cxovrebis upirovno urTierTobas, sa-
dac adamianebs erTmaneTTan kavSirebis damyareba
SeuZliaT>>.[9, gv. 382] rogor unda iqnas gamoyenebuli
eTikuri normebi amgvar mkacr pirobebSi? SeuZlia
Tu ara religiuri eTika flobdes ekonomikurad
relevantur msazRvrel Zalas mxolod maSin, roca
is religiis fundamentalisturi politizirebiTa
Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli sazogadoebis saer-
To-socialuri normirebisa da integraciis pre-
tenziebis ganxorcielebiT kapitalisturi miznis
racionalitetis (Semdgomi) winsvlis winaaRmdeg
imunizirdeba?
Rrmad religiuri gansxvavebebis safuZvelze
didi religiebi da sxvadasxava qristeanuli kon-
fesiebi ayalibebdnen aseve Zlier gansxvavebul
ekonomikaTa eTikebs. kosmossa da wuTisofelSi
adamianis religiurad formulirebuli poziciis
safuZvelze isini aviTarebdnen an wuTisoflisgan
distancirebis, wuTisoflis uarmyofel da wuTi-
soflis damtevebel eTikebs, an wuTisoflis aqti-
uri miRebis, gardaqmnisa da gankargvis eTikebs.
mravali religiuri eTika ajildoebda adamianis
pasiur TviTdefiniciebs, romelic mocemuli, winas-
wargansazRvruli kosmosis nawili gaxdeboda,
20
anu kosmosis WeSmarit wesrigSi harmoniuli Ser-
wymisaTvis zurgs Seaqcevda codvil wuTisofels.
sxva religiur eTikebSi ki piriqiT, adamianis ener-
giuli aqtiuri, samyaros Semoqmedi saxe iyo war-
modgenili, sadac adamiani danaxuli iyo rogorc
RvTis instrumenti, mdare wuTisoflis RvTis neb-
is Sesabamis wesrigSi mosayvanad.
wuTisoflis sapirispiro adamianis poziciis
urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi koncefciebisTvis gad-
amwyveti aris magia. magiuri xedvis, ideologiis
pirobebeSi ar viTardeba wuTisoflis aqtiuri
flobis aranairi Sesabamisi logikuri eTika, ri-
Tac SesaZlebeli iqneboda miRweuliyo qmede-
baTa maRali sistematuri Tanmimdevruloba da
erTianoba. magiis, rogorc xsnis saSualebis, Se-
sabamisad <<wuTisoflis deiluzionirebis>>(Max Weber) gamoricxviT, mxolod misi neitralizebiT
aris SesaZlebeli wuTisoflis racionaluri
flobis kultivireba. TviT maTTvisac, romlebic
veberis religiur gaerTianebaTa <<idealur ti-
pebs>> miiCnevs mcdarad da mis tipTa formire-
baSi calkeul nawerebs (rogoric aris konfu-
cianizmis asaxva Tu antikuri iudaizmis xedva)
akritikebs[10], centraluri argumentis sarwmu-
nooba Znelad sakamaToa masTan mimarTebiT, rom
religiurad axsnad sistemebs mZlavri magiuri
elementebiT ar SeuZliaT awarmoon wuTisoflis
qmediTi, energiuli flobisa da gardaqmnis eTosi.
TiTqmis yvela religiur eTikaSi tradiciu-
lad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sakuTrebis,
fulis flobis, mevaxSeobis, sixarbis, samarTliani
xelfasis, fufunebis, sazeimo dasvenebis, muyai-
Tobisa da gancxromis sakiTxebi. am konteqstSi
mravali religia ajildoebs asketizmis, uarisa
da krZalulebis pozicias. religiuri moTxovneb-
21
is miuxedavad morwmuneTa radikalur asketizmsa
da TavSekavebulobasTan mimarTebiT cxovrebis
moTxovnebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatuli kompro-
misis gamoZebnis (magaliTad, Semosavlis momtani
saqmianobis SesaZlebloba) Taobaze, mraval re-
ligiaSi ganviTareba poves safexurobrivma Tu
orklasobrivma eTikebma, romelTa Tanaxmad mcne-
baTa upirobo mniSvnelobis datvirTva eklesiur
instituciaTa profetebisTvis Tu Tanamdebobis
pirTaTvis bevrad ufro mkacria, vidre saeroTaT-
vis Tu eklesiurTaTvis. amasTan, ordenebisa (reli-
giuri Temebi) Tu monastrebis mier TiTqmis yvela
did religiaSi Seiqmna instituciebi, romlebSic
wuTisoflisgan gandgomis mkacri religiuri
eTosis kultivireba iyo SesaZlebeli. aseve, maSin
rodesac isini religiur virtuozebs gadascemd-
nen RmerTTan mswrafvi siaxlovis gamo SromiT
saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis privilegias, sxvadasxva
mravalricxovan religiur eTikebSi Sromis es
mZlavri instiqti miiCneoda sruliad pozitiurad.
magram, religiuri impulsebis dauRalavi SromiTi
saqmianobisa Tu aqtiuri SromiTi instiqtis re-
ligiurad induqcirebuli (gamowveuli) gaZlier-
eba jer kidev araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs,
rom aseTi religia Tanamedrove kapitalizmTan
Sinagan msgavsebasa, anu <<istoriulad arCeviT na-
Tesaobaze>> mianiSnebdes. racionaluri mudmivi
habitusi, romelic iZleoda Tavdapirveli kapi-
talisturi akumulaciis SesaZleblobas, uwinares
yovlisa, istoriul iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. is,
mxoloddamoxlod oqcidentaluri qristeano-
bis pirobebSi Camoyalibda da maqs veberis argu-
mentaciis Tanaxmad, mxolod aq protestantizmis
gansazRvrul konfesiur formas, reformirebul
<<asketur protestantizms>>, gansakuTrebiT ki
22
puritanizms daefuZna. mxolod aq, Sinagani reli-
giuri motivebidan, kalvinist morwmuneTa specifi-
kuri xsnis WeSmaritebis gamo ormag predestina-
ciasTan mimarTebiT, sistemurad iqna gamoyvanili
da kultivirebuli wuTisofliuri asketizmis
racionaluri eTosi, ramac xeli Seuwyo Tanamed-
rove oqcidentaluri sawarmoo kapitalizmis gen-
ezissa da ganxorcielebas.
veberis kulturul-istoriuli konstruqciis
sakamaTo sizustis miuxedavad unda aRiniSnos:
kapitalisturi warmoebis wesi dakavSirebulia
specifikur mentalur pirobaTa Tavdapirveli
akumulaciis fazasTan. is memkvidreobiT miRebul,
tradiciul ekonomikur habitusTan damokide-
bulebaSi gulisxmobs aqtiur adamianTa pozicieb-
is, Sinagani mrwamsisa Tu Sexedulebebis Rrma rev-
olucias, rac ar SeiZleba SiSveli sargeblianobis
gaangariSebiT iqnas axsnili. kapitalizmi, Tavis
sawyis fazaSi saWiroebs mewarme adamianis tips,
romelic specifikuri niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaT-
deba: maRali asketuri TviTdisciplina, emocieb-
is kontroli, cxovrebis uwyvetoba, obieqturobis
paTosi, angariSianoba, Sansebis racionaluri op-
timizacia, xarjebisa da mogebis Sansebis zusti
kalkulaciis kompetencia, sargeblianobis maqsimi-
zaciis unari da simamacis dakavSireba riskze
wasvlis mzaobasTan pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebiT.
am kapitalizmTan Tavsebadi saTnoebis dros saqme
gvaqvs metwilad komerciul unarTan Tu mewarmis
money making mentality-sTan. gadamwyveti aris Sedegi,
romelTanac habitualizirdeba, e.i tradiciuli
xdeba cxovrebis yvelafris msazRvreli regula-
toris mkacrad racionaluri pozicia da ekono-
mikuri miznis, kapitalis zrdis erTguleba wuTi-
sofelSi.
23
warmatebuli kapitalizmi ar saWiroebs mxolod
<<mewarmis pirovnulobis>> specifikur tips. is
aseve gulisxmobs mSromelis tipsac, romelsac
ZaluZs kompaniis miznebis internalizeba, warmoeb-
isa da distribuciis procesSi Tavisi adgilis
dakaveba da myar da saimedo profesiul eTikaze
orientireba. amitom ar kmara mxolod teqnikuri
momzadeba-gadamzadeba(kvalifikaciis amaRleba)
da aRzrda, aramed aseve saWiroa moraluri so-
cializacia, romelSic TamamSromlis gansakuTre-
buli eTikuri Tvisebebi formirdeba. misi produq-
tiuloba ar SeiZleba, rom mxolod utilitaruli
ekonomikuri stimulebiT, maRali saxelfaso Tu
Sromis sanardo anazRaurebiTi sistemis arsebo-
bis dros izrdebodes. sxva impulsebi da stimule-
bi, pirvel rigSi ki Sinagani damokidebuleba da
ganwyoba samsaxuris mimarT, bevrad ufro mniS-
vnelovania. bevri gancxromis, usargeblobisa da
gulgrilobis tradiciuli Sromis moralis sa-
pirispirod kapitalizmi amasTan dakavSirebiT
mSromelis doneze aseve gulisxobs SexedulebaTa
revolucias, Sesabamisad, mentalitetis radikalur
cvlilebas. SexedulebaTa da cxovrebis wesis es
saWiro da gardauvali revolucia SesaZlebelia
mxolod Zalzed Rrma fsiqikuri stimulebiT iqnes
miRweuli. ramdenadac religia cxovrebis wesis
msazRvrel Zalas warmoadgens, is sul mcire aseve
unda miiCneodes yoveli adaminis Sinagani disci-
plinis kvebis mTavar wyarod, rac gamoxatulebas
mwarmoeblurobaze orientirebul Sromis eTikaSi
povebs.
protestantuli profesiuli konceftis Sem-
dgom kvlevebSi, romelic mecxramete saukunis
samocdaaTian-oTxmocian wlebSi kulturul-
protestantuli Teologiis brwyinvale warmo-
24
madgenlis, albrext riClis mier iqna inicirebuli,
maqs veberi, ernst troelCi, adolf fon harnaki
da karl holli cdilobdnen gamoerkviaT qri-
steanTa (mag., pietisti mSromelebis) saero pro-
fesiaze reformatoruli moZRvrebis gavlenis
efeqti. maTi pietisturi RvTismosaoba Seicavda
fxizel TviTkontrols, Sesasrulebeli samuSaos
did mzaobas, patiosnebas, solidarobas kolegeb-
is mimarT da kompaniis samsaxurSi produqtiuli
Sromis absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas.
aq es samuSao religiuri valdebulebis Semcvel
sakuTar faseulobaTa xarisxSi iqna ayvanili.
sakuTari RvTismosaobiT am pietistma mSrome-
lebma SeiZines cxovrebis wesis erTgvarovnebis
niSa, riTac Sromis mentalitetiT (working mentali-ties) mSromelTa sxva jgufebTan damokidebulebaSi
aRmoCndnen umciresobaSi. msgavsma garemoebam maT
Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli, eqscepcionaluri pozi-
cia kaizeris imperiis krizisul Sromis bazrebze.
<<kapitalizmis sulis>> SesaZlo religiur
warmomavlobaTa Sesaxeb arsebul klasikur kul-
turul-samecniero diskursebSi ukve aRiniSna,
rom didi religiebi, iseve rogorc qristeanuli
konfesiebi yvela ekonomikur urTierTobaTa far-
To racionalizaciis ganxorcielebis epoqalur
procesze Zlier gansxvavebulad reagirebdnen.
araqristeanuli religiebisTvis ucxo darCa oq-
cidenturi racionalizmi da misi ekonomikuri
konkrecia, kapitalisturi miznis racionaliteti.
maT, mecxramete saukunidan, pirvel rigSi dasav-
luri kolonializmis gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdines
mobilizeba, da Semdgom, meoce <<ukiduresoba-
Ta saukuneSi>>(Eric Hobsbawm) gaaZlieres yvela
cxovrebiseul urTierTobaTa sixarbis, siZunwis,
mogebisaken ltolvis, usindiso gziT Semosav-
25
alze oriertirebisa da ekonomizaciis Zalian
Zvel adgilTa(berZ. topoi) religiuri kritika, raTa
bazari aramoralur instituciad warmoCenaT. isini
xSirad axdendnen Zvel religiur sazogadoebaTa
vizionebis reformulirebas, raTa swrafad mzar-
di, oqcidentaluri, konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli
kapitalizmiT gamowveuli mrisxane da safrTxis
Semcveli zesiZlieris winaaRmdeg kontrqmedeba-
Ta mobilizeba moexdinaT. araqristeanuli re-
ligiebis mravali mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli
dRemde Tavis gadamwyvet religiur amocanas xe-
davs masSi, rom propaganda gauwios alternatiul,
kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetTan winaaRm-
degobaSi myof savse, ganuyofeli cxovrebis pro-
eqtebs da adamianis wminda mizrobriv-racionalu-
rad ekonomikuri, funqcionalisturi definiciebis
winaaRmdeg dabejiTebiT amtkicos, rom adamianis
cxovrebis azri mis ekonomikur qmedebaSi aras-
dros amoiwureba. aseve qristeanuli konfesiebis
eklesiebsa Tu seqtebSi aqamde rCeba antikapital-
isturi mentalitetebi da Zlier Rrma moraluri
skepticizmi, rogorc msazRvreli, kapitalistu-
ri, konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis da
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi misi agresiuli tenden-
ciis saSiSi formirebis winaaRmdeg. iudaistur
Tu qristeanul gadmocemaTa(tradiciaTa) univer-
saluri miznis(berZ. telos) safuZvelze dayrdno-
biT yvela qristeanul eklesiaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba iyo gamaxvilebuli <<uZlurTa>> dam-
cvelad yofnasa da yvela im jgufze, romlebmac
krizisul modernizaciis procesebSi ganicades
marginalizacia. amasTan, mniSvnelovan socialur-
politikur gavlenebs miaRwies didma eklesiebma,
gansakuTrebiT - <<wminda kapitalizmze>>, rom-
lis socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi instituciebi
26
sabazro dinamikis SezRudviTa da koreqturiT
sazogadoebis solidarobisa da saerTo keTil-
dReobaze orientirebuli qristeanuli ideebis
mxriv Zalze Zlier iyo Sepirobebuli. saerTod
iTvleba: adamianTa religiur TviT da wuTisof-
liur axsnad sistemebsa da kapitalisturi miznis
racionalitetis sakuTar logikas Soris arse-
bobs elementaruli(qaosuri), dausrulebeli daZ-
abuloba. religiebs arasdros SeeZlebaT ganurCe-
vlad CarTva globalurad qceul kapitalizmSi,
ramdenadac TiToeuli religia Tavis simbolur
enebsa Tu suraTebSi(xatebSi) gadmoscems xedvas
individis principul transcendentulobaSi so-
cialur samyarosTan mimarTebiT, romelic yovel
ekonomikur mizan-saSualebis damokidebulebas
aRemateba.
literatura
1. Dietrich Rössler, Die Vernunft der Religion, München, 1976.
2. Hermann Lübbe, Religion nach der Aufklärung, (3 Au-flage), München, 2004.
3. D. M. McCloskey, Knowledge and Persuasion in Econom-ics. Cambridge., 1994; H. Siegenthaler, Regelvertrauen, Pros-perität und Krisen. Die Ungleichmässigkeit wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Entwickung als Ergebnis individuellen Handelns und sozialen Lernens., Tübingen, 1993; H. Siegenthaler, Wege zum Wohlstand: Das Beispiel der USA, der Schweiz und Brasiliens., Fischer, W. G. (Hrsg.): Lebenstandard und Wirtschaftssysteme, Frankfurt/Main, 1995.
4. V. Vanberg, J. M. Buchanan, Interests and theories in con-stitutional choice. Journal of Theoretical Politics I, 1989.
5. F. W. Graf (Hrsg.), Kultur und Kulturwissenschaften um 1900. II. Idealismus und Positivismus, Stuttgart, 1997.
6. Sombart Werner, Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben,
27
Leipzig, 1911.7. Weber, M.(1989): Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen.
Vergleichende Religionssoziologische Versuche, in: Weber, M.: Konfuzianismus und Taoismus. Schriften 1915-1920, Tübingen (Max Weber Gesamtausgabe, Abteilung I, Band 19).
8. Kepel, G., Die Rache Gottes. Radikale Moslems, Christen und Juden auf dem Vormarsch, 3 Auflage, München, 1994
9. Weber, M., Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Grundriss der ver-stehenden Soziologie, 5 Auflage, Tübingen, 1985.
10. Schluchter Wolfgang, Die Entwicklung des okzidentalen Rationalismus. Eine Analyse von Max Webers Gesellschaftsge-schichte, Tübingen, 1979.
28
Tavi 1 induizmi
1.1 induizmis arsi
<<induizmi>> krebiTi, heterogenuli saxel-
wodebaa im religiaTa mravalsaxeobisa, rom-
lebic induri subkontinentis niadagze iSvnen da
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis mimarTulebiT ganivrc-
nen[1]. is aRniSnavs indoeTis yvela im religiur
tradicias, romelic eyrdnoboda vedur gadmoce-
mebs da romelTac budizmis, jainizmisa Tu sikh-
izmisagan gansxvavebiT dRemde ver SeZles TviT-
myofad, damoukidebel reilgiebad Camoyalibeba[2].
maSasadame, induizmi aris yvela im religiuri na-
kadisa Tu socialuri fenomenis sruli kompleqsi,
romlebic ukanaskneli ornaxevari aTaswleulis
ganmavlobaSi indur subkontinentze nawilobriv
Zlier gansxvavebuli istoriuli, socialur-ekono-
mikuri da geografiuli pirobebis qveS aRmocend-
nen. metwilad es nakadebi iqmneboda tradiciebis
erToblivi safuZvlidan, magram amasTan, SeiZlebo-
da rom erTmaneTTan srulad yofiliyvnen winaaRm-
degobaSi, da amasTanave, aseve xSirad erTurTisgan
mkafiod ar yofiliyvnen gamijnulni. swored ami-
tom, wlebis ganmavlobaSi is rogorc induizmis
alternativa, iwodeboda induri (indus) religieb-
is saxiT.
istoriuli, konkretuli religiisTvis in-
duizmis cneba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs
Tavis TavSi Caketil sistemas. mravali erTiano-
bis miuxedavad, calkeuli religiebi ganirCevian
arsebiT punqtebSi. ase magaliTad, saTayvanebel
RvTaebasTan, xsnis gzasTan, wminda werilebTan Tu
29
kultTan mimarTebiT. arsebobs monoTeisturi, du-
alisturi da poliTeisturi mimarTulebebi, sadac
RvTaeba SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnas personalurad
an arapersonalurad, msxverpli iyos vegetaruli
Tu cxoveluri saxis, sauliero pirebi SeiZleba
iyvnen rogorc brahmanebi ise dabali kastis war-
momadgenlebi da sxv.[3].
induizmis cnebis warmomavloba ukavSirdeba
mdinare indis(sanskrit. Sindhu = spars. Hindu) saxels.[1, gv. 315] sityva indusi(Hindu) pirvelad
Cndeba mdinaris sanskrituli saxelis sindu-s spar-suli variantis saxiT, rogorc Tavad misi, ise mis
napirebze mdebare qveynis aRsaniSnavad. mravlo-
biT ricxvSi igi aRniSnavda am qveynis mcxovrebT,
<<indoelebs>>.[3, gv. 99] amasTan dakavSirebiT
sainteresoa cnobili germaneli sociologis,
maqs veberiseuli ganmarteba: <<indusi(Hindu) aris gamoxatuleba, romelic iSva musulmanTa ucxo ba-
tonobisas adgilobrivi arakonvertirebuli (rw-
menaucvleli) indoelebisgan>>[4], romlebic ar
warmoadgendnen Crdilo indoeTis muslimebs, qri-
steanebs, parsebsa Tu iudevelebs, rasakvirvelia
Tanamedrove, mxolod religiuri konotaciis ga-
reSe.
pirvelad, adreuli me-16 saukunidan, evropis mier
sazRvao gzis aRmoCenis Semdeg indoeTSi Camosu-
li evropelebi indusis(Hindu) qveS moiazrebdnen uSualod ara indoelebs, aramed yvela indoels,
garda iudevelebisa, qristeanebisa, muslimebisa da
parsebisa, romlebic erTaderT <<warmarTul>>
religias ganekuTvnebodnen, religias, romelic
me-18 sauknidan TandaTanobiT <<induizmis>> sax-
elwodebiT mkvidrdeba enaSi da Semodis xmare-
baSi.[3, gv. 99-100] da dasavleli swavlulebis mier
sabolood mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan
30
imkvidrebs adgils. aRsaniSnavia, rom induizmSi,
romelic ar icnobs erT RmerTs, erT Teologias,
aseve ar arsebobs centraluri avtoriteti, wmin-
da werilebis kanoni(wesi, principTa erToblioba),
romlebic yvela indusisTvis iqneboda savalde-
bulo. induizmi moicavs ara mxolod religiur,
aramed aseve socialuri cxovrebis formebsac. am
struqturaSi calkeulis socialuri mdgomareo-
ba gansazRvrulia misi dabadebiT garkveuli
kastis(jati) farglebSi. marTalia calkeuli kasta
garkveuli siwmindis(sisufTavis) kanonebiT mkve-
Trad aris erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da ierar-
qiulad struqturirebuli, Tumca meore mxriv isi-
ni simbiozuri urTierTobebiT(Sromis ganawileba,
profesiuli jgufebi) mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulni.[3, gv. 106-107]
induizmi, romelic indoeTSi aRmocenebul re-
ligiaTa krebuls, Sesabamisad religiur tradic-
iebs aRniSnavs, gansxvavdeba ara mxolod misioner-
ul religiaTagan, rogoric arsi qristeanoba da
islami(aseve, iudaizmi da parsizmi), aramed in-
dur wiaRSi Sobili budizmisa da jainizmisagan.
mTlianobaSi, samive religias gaaCnia saerTo saxe-
li, rac koncentrirdeba dharmas cnebaSi, romelic
xSirad <<religiis>> saxiT iTargmneba da flobs
aseve sxva implikaciebsac. dharma aris yvelaf-
ris, Sinaganis da gareganis, moraluri da kosmi-
uri wesrigis matarebeli, romelic pirovnul, sa-
zogadoebriv Tu kosmiur doneze gansxvavebulad
aisaxeba. induizmis dharmas sxva religiaTagan
gansasxvaveblad me-19 saukuneSi indus reforma-
torebma daamkvidres sanatana dharmas anu <<mara-
diuli wesrigis>> cneba. budizmisa da jainizmis
dafuZnebuli religiebis sapirispirod, amiT unda
momxdariyo aseve indu-dharmas dausabamobis xaz-
31
gasma. miuxedavad amisa, SemdgomSi yvela indu rodi
iqca ,,Sanatanis’’ an sanatana dharmas mimdevrad. es aris safuZveli imis, Tu ratom ar ekuTvnis budiz-
mi da jainizmi inudizms. Semdgomi mizezi aris
vedas, rogorc gamocxadebis, ise iudaistur Rv-
TaebaTa kultis uaryofa. aRniSnulTan mimarTe-
biT SuasaukuneebSi induizmsa da jainizms Soris
arsebobda mZlavri dapirispireba. msgavsi daZabu-
loba dRes ukve aRar arsebobs, rasac ver vityviT
induistur tradiciebsa da budizms Soris arse-
bul urTierTobaze. indoeTidan budizmis TiTqmis
srul gaqrobaSi ukanaskneli wvlili orTodo-
qsur indiuzms swored rom namdvilad ar uZevs.
induizmi Sedgeba Semdegi fazebisagan: 1)
induss(harappas) kultura (daaxl. 2500 – 1750 ww.
qristemde); 2) vedas religia (daaxl. 1750 – 1200 ww.
qristemde); 3) asketuri da spiritualuri reforme-
bi: upaniSadebi (daaxl. 800 -200 ww. qristemde); 4)
ganviTarebebi klasikuri induizmis dros(daaxl.
200 w. qrsitemde - 1100 w. qristedan); 5) postklasi-
kuri induizmi da bhaktis moZraobebi (daaxl. me-12
saukunis bolodan da me-18 saukunis bolomde); 6)
Tanamedrove induizmi (me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan
me-20 saukunis bolomde); 7) induizmi dRes da misi
efeqti evropasa da amerikaSi.
pirveli faza ganekuTvneba induri religiisa
da kulturis istoriis uadres periods. or uZ-
veles qalaq mohenjo-darosa da harapaSi [dRevan-
deli pakistanis teritoria] arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegd aRmoCenili mravalricxovani
Tixis(terakotas) qalis figura SesaZloa dedis
RvTaebis kultze mianiSnebdes da postvedur in-
duizmSi napovni qalRmerTis kulti wamoadgendes
mis gagrZelebas. mdedri RvTaebis asaxva iogas mj-
domare pozaSi aseve avlens iogas praqtikis winave-
32
dur warmomavlobas (da matriarqatis dominacias).
zemoT naxseneb qalaqebSi aRmoCenilia vrceli
saabazano mowyobilobebi, rac kavSirSi unda iyos
ritualur ganbanvebTan. es da sxva artefaqtebi
dasaSvebad xdis da amyarebs varauds imis Sesaxeb,
rom induizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi
warmoadgendnen winavedurs da viTardebodnen ve-
das paralelurad[5].
induri religiuri istoriis meore fazis
arseboba ukavSirdeba indo-ariul momTabare
tomebs(qristes Sobamde meore aTaswleulis
Sua periodi), romlebic saxalxo migraciebis
dros dasaxldnen gangis orive napirze da iamu-
nas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. isini sakuTar Tavs
<<keTilSobils>>(arya) uwodebdnen. iyvnen meomar-ni, misdevdnen mesaqonleobas da Zarcva-glejas.
indo-arielebi iyvnen veduri kulturis matare-
belni, romelnic sakuTar saxels maTive drois
literaturas, vedas unda umadlodnen.[5, gv. 135]
induisturi gamovlinebis pirvelad mowmobas in-
do-evropul enaTa uZvelesi literaturis saxiT
warmoadgens rig-veda. veduri religiis centrSi
dgas RmerTebis(RvTaebTa) Tayvaniscema himnebiTa
da samsxverplo kultiT. miTra, varuna da ariamani
ayalibeben adrevedur triadas, sadac miTra sima-
rTlis, samarTlianobisa da Tanxmobis RmerTia,
varuna moraluri da kosmiuri wesrigis RmerTi,
romelic mogvianebiT xdeba wylis, Sesabamisad
okeanis RmerTi da ariamani, ojaxuri keTildReo-
bis veduri RvTaeba. mas mWidro kavSiri aqvs av-
estasTan, Zveliranul religiasTan. rig-vedas
umniSvnelovanesi RmerTia indra, RmerTebis mefe;
agni, - cecxlis RvTaeba da Tavad samsxverplo
cecxli, ZRvenTa mimtani(mimrqmeli) RmerTTaTvis,
da aqedan, adamianTa da RmerTebs Soris Suama-
33
vali da sxv. induizmis kosmologiasa da Teolo-
giaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs puruSa(Rgveda 10.90), kosmiuri pirvelqmnili adamiani, romlidan-
ac gamodis mTeli samyaro, rogorc misi sxeulis
nawili. veduri samsxverplo kultisTvis ramod-
enime cecxlis samsxverplo(altari) iqna aRmar-
Tuli/agebuli. msxverplSewirvaSi monawileobs
taZris ramodenome msaxuri(beri). rituali Sedge-
ba Sesawiri ZRvenis (mdnari karaqi, marcvleuli,
moxarSuli brinji da sxv. samsxverplo cecxlSi)
mirTmevisgan. mantras recitaciis TanxlebiT aseve
xdeboda cxoveluri msxverplSewirva.
veduri religiis aRmsarebelni iyvnen
arielebi(Arier[germ.], Arya[sanskr.]), romlebic Crdi-
lo-dasavleTidan gangis midamoebSi imigrirdnen.
induizmis gviandel periodSi vedurma RmerTebma
dakarges pirveladi mniSvneloba da maTi funqcia
dayvanil iqna dikpalas, cis mcvelTa movaleobam-
de. adreul vedur indoleTa mizans warmoadgenda
amqveyniur sikeTeTa mopoveba, ZeTa SeZena, saqonlis
yola, sikvdilis Semdg ki RmerTebis camde miRwe-
va. vedur ritualSi adgili hqonda gansakuTrebiT
aseve kosmiuri wesrigis dacvasa da periodul ga-
naxlebas.
mesame faza eTmoba upaniSadebs. upaniSedebi
nawilia veduri sibrZnisa, Tumca masSi moipove-
ba axali religiuri midgomebi. yvela xilul
samyaros(satiasia satiam satyasya satyam) miRma,
upaniSadur sibrZnes amoZravebs realobis inten-
suri Zieba. veduri RmerTebis ca relativirebu-
lia; aq saqme gvaqvs amqveyniuri mijaWvulobidan
totalur ganTavisuflebasa da WeSmariti <<me>>-
s (atmani atman) SemecnebasTan/SecnobasTan, rac
absolutTan(brahmani) erT mTlianobas warmoad-
gens.
34
aRmocenda axali asketuri moZraobani, rom-
lebic budizmsa da jainizms xan win uswrebes, xan
paralelurad mihyveba. TviTaRkveTa (pirad sikeT-
eze uaris Tqma) xdeba umaRlesi ideali, Tumca ar-
sebobs mravali gansxvavebuli midgomac. Sinagani
kontemplacia aseve ukavSirdeba iogas ganviTare-
bas. karmaTa( karman) da xelaxlaSobis warmodge-
nas upaniSadebSi gaaCnia sakuTari midgomebi.
meoTxe faza ukavSirdeba klasikuri induizmis
ganviTarebis periods guptas imperiis apogeiT(4-6
ss. qristes Sobidan), rac ara mxolod induizmis,
aramed aseve budizmis ayvavebiT xasiaTdeba. mahab-
haratas didma eposma bhagavat gitas filosofi-
uri nawarmoebiT, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa in-
duizmis ganviTarebaSi. aq vxvdebiT viSnus, kriSnas
Tayvaniscemis, iseve rogorc Sivaizmis adreul
formebs. aseve didi gavlenis mqone iyo poet val-
mikis ramaianas eposi. orive es Txzuleba droSi
daemTxva erTmaneTs(daax. qristes Sobamde 200 ww.)
da ganekuTvneba klasikuri induizmis adreul
fazas, romelic veduri religiisgan mkafiod gan-
sxvavdeba.
religiur xelovnebas vxvdebiT Sivas da viSnus
panTeonebSi kuSanas (daaxl. 78-230 ww. qristes aqeT)
periodidan uwinaresad budisturi, magram Semdgom
aseve induisturi RmerTebis asaxviT. induizmSi
Tavdapirvelad me-5 saukunidan Cndeba taZari da
taZris kulti, romelmac Sua saukuneebamde (ker-
Zod me-13 saukunemde) mdidari ikonografiisa da
arqiteqturis srulyofil ganviTarebas miaRwia.
klasikuri induizmi, is rac dRes veduri religiis
saxiT cocxlobs, Seicavs taZris ritualis, RvTis
xatebaTa kultis, wminda adgilTa piligrimobis,
cxovrebis oTxi stadiis moZRvrebis, kasturi sis-
temis da karmas rwmenisa da xelaxla Sobis tipiur
35
niSnebs. religiur kanonTa wignebi(dharmaSastra)
gansazRvravs/adgens orTodoqsi indusis(Hindu) cxovrebas da filosofiuri ena par excellenece aris sanskrituli.
indiuzmSi ZiriTadi religiebi Tavs iyr-
ian didi RmerTebis Sivas, viSnus[Tavisi
avatariT(,,daSvebuli/daqveiTebuli“ an inkarna-
ciebi)] da qalRmerTebis[maT mraval formebSi]
irgvliv. saxalxo da tribaluri RmerTebi da
kultebi integrirdebian did tradiciebSi, maSin
rodesac mag., soflis RvTaebani identificirdebi-
an did RvTaebebTan (rogoradac xdeba maTi mani-
festaciebis gageba) an adgili aqvs maT SeuRlebiT
absorbcias(mag., lokaluri qalRmerTis SivasTan
qorwili).
am droSi moxda mniSvnelovani filosofiuri
sistemisa (darsana) da religiuri tradiciebis
TeologiaTa ganviTareba. amave dros ganviTarda
sanskrituli literatura da religiuri xelovne-
ba: arqiteqtura, skulptura, ferwera, drama, musika,
cekva. samxreTSi mahabalipurami da kanxipurami
(me-7-8 ss.), dasavleTSi badami da karnataka (me-6-7
ss.), elefanta da elora(me-7-9 ss.), aRmosavleTSi
bhuvanesvari (me-8-11ss.), Crdilo indoeTSi kxajura-
ho (me-11s.), samxreTSi tanjavuri (me-11s.) da sxv.
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan saxelovnebo da reli-
giur tradiciaTa mowmobas.
induizmis konsolidirebaze asketuri ordenis
da filosofiis sferoebSi didi gavlena hqonda
Sankaras(me-8 sk.), romelic aseve ebrZoda budizms.
mexuTe fazas warmoadgens postklasikuri in-
duizmi da bhaktis moZraobebi. indusTa didi di-
nastiebis dacemam da indoeTis didi nawilis mus-
limTa mbrZaneblobaSi(1522-dan 1857-mde) aRmoCenam,
didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia aseve religiur sam-
36
yaroSi. politikuri wnexi iwvevda religiuri
praqtikis gaSinaganebasa da gamartivebas. sityva
<<seqtis>> negatiuri asociaciidan gamomdinare,
Seusabamoa axladwarmoqmnili religiuri moZra-
obebis <<seqtebis induizmis>> saxiT moxsenieba.
saubaria Suasaukuneebis(daaxl. 1100 wlidan me-
19 saukunemde) axal mistikur startze, rac mom-
dinareobs wmindanTagan da poetTagan(Sant), rom-
lebic akritikebdnen brahmanul orTodoqsias,
sanskritis, rogorc sakraluri enis dominanto-
bas da rigidul(mkacr) kastur sistemas da ri-
Tac xels uwyobdnen religiur, aseve socialur
reformaTa ganxorcielebas. islamuri batonoba,
Tavis iZulebaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebiT
indusebs ubiZgebda(aiZulebda) emocionaluri re-
ligiurobisken dabrunebas, Tumca amave dros ad-
gili hqonda ormxriv urTierTgavlenebs bhaktisa
da sufizms Soris, ris sailutraciod SeiZleba
motanil iqnas poet-wmindanis qabiris(daaxl. 1440-
1518 ww.) da lal dedis(lalla Lalla, me-15 saukunis qaSmireli mistikosi qali) magaliTebi.
indoeTis yvela mxaresa da yvela saxalxo ena-
Si erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad iSva mistikuri
moZraobebi da poeturi xelovneba, romlebsac pir-
vel rigSi saerTo hqondaT: bhakti, RvTis uangaro
siyvaruli, rac religiis yvela ritualizirebul
formaTa maRla idga da dgas.
meeqvse faza aris Tanamedrove induizmis
periodi(me-19sk. - me-20 saukunis dasasruli). am
droisTvis, britanuli kolonialuri xelisufleb-
is mier indoeTSi qristeanobis gavlenis gaZliere-
bis paralelurad, induizmis farglebSi aseve war-
moebda reformebi iseTi gamoCenili pirovnebebis
mier, rogorebic iyvnen wmindani ramakriSna(1836-1886),
moazrovne sri aurobindo(1872-1950) da poeti ra-
37
bindranaT Tagori(1861-1941), romlebic mudmivad ax-
dendnen gavlenas induizmze. reformasTan dakav-
Sirebuli moZraobebi, rogoric iyo qristeanuli
gavlenis qveS myofi brahmo samaji(dafuZnebuli
1828 w.), aria samaji(dafuZnebuli svami dai-
ananda sarasvatis[1824-1883] mier, Teosofiuri
sazogadoeba(dafuZnebuli 1875), axdendnen mision-
aruli qristeanobis religiuri da socialuri re-
formebis Sedarebas da qmnidnen induss(indusTa)
renesans. mahatma gandi iyo ara mxolod poli-
tikosi, aramed aseve - religiuri reformatori,
romelic daucxromlad iRwvoda indur subkon-
tinentze gavrcelebul religiaTa Soris har-
moniis misaRwevad. ganaTlebuli saSualo fenis
da inteleqtualuri zeda fenis am personali-
aTa da instituciebis garda aseve arsebobda
adgilobrivi(indigouri, avtoqtonuri) moZraobebi,
romlebic mosaxleobis sxva fenebze axdendnen
gavlenas, rogorc mag., orisas(indoeTis Stati) ma-
hima dharma(dafuZnebuli me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi),
romelic amave dros momterea kasturi wyobis da
romelsac tomTa jgufebidan da xelSeuxebelTa
kastidan mravali mimdevari hyavs. maTi mniSvnelo-
vani warmomadgenelia poeti da filosofosi bhima
bhoi(1850-1895), romelic orisis Statis orias in-
doevropul enaze werda da metyvelebda.(Oriya, ca. 1879-1950). me-19 da me-20 ss. sxva didi wmindanebi,
romlebmac indoeTis spiritualuri landSafti
Camoayalibes, iyvnen: ramana maharSi(1879-1950), anan-
damaii ma(1896-1982), svami lakSman joo (kaSmireli
Sivaizmis ostati), 1907-1991) da a.S. maT surdaT
ara reformireba an axlis Seqmna, aramed piriqiT,
auTenturi tradiciis xelaxla spiritualuri
gamococxleba. tradiciuli induizmis winaaRmdeg
kritikulad iyo ganwyobili didi maswavlebeli
38
jidu kriSnamurti(1895-1986).
rac Seexeba meSvide fazas, is asaxavs Tanamedrove
induizms da mis qmedebebsa da gavlenebs evropasa
da amerikaSi. induizmis aramisionaruli bunebis
miuxedavad (rasac misi warmoSobis qveyanasTan,
anu indoeTTan mWidro kavSiri ganapirobebs), me-20
saukunis bolosa da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi Sesa-
Zlebelia klasikuri induizmisTvis aratipiur or
Taviseburebaze dakvirveba. pirvelia dasavleTis
misioneruli forma, romelic induizmis miRebuli
spiritualuri aRmatebulobidan momdinareobs. in-
duizmis es eqspansiuri forma inicirebuli iqna
svami vivekanandas (1863-1902) mier 1893 wels Cik-
agoSi, <<religiaTa msoflio parlamentSi>>. me-
20 saukunidan vidre Cvens dromde gurus(sulier
maswavlebelTa) (rogorebic arian mahariSi maheS
iogi[<<transcendentaluri meditacia>>], svami
bhaktivedanta prabhupada[ISCON anu <<hare kriSnas moZraoba>>], rajneeS <<oSo>>[neo sanniasis], sai
baba, mata amritanandamai da sxv.) misioneroba far-
Tod iqna gavrcelebuli evropasa da amerikaSi.
Tavad indoeTSi fundamentalisturma induizma
SeiZina politikuri gavlena, romelic uwinaresad
islamisa da qristeanobis winaaRmdeg aris mima-
rTuli. aqve ar unda dagvaviwydes religiis is
tradiciuli formebi, romlebic kvlavac ucvle-
li saxiT arseboben.
dasavleTTan Sexvedris pozitiuri efeqtebi
SesaZloa danaxul iqnes ormxrivi sulieri gamd-
idrebisa da interreligiuri dialogisTvis axa-
li gaxsnilobis kuTxiT.
literatura:
1. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zen-tralen Themen (Hrsg. von Johann Figel), Innsbruck-Wien, 2003.
39
2. Antes Peter, Grundriss der Religionsgeschichte: Von der Prähistorie bis zur Gegenwart., Stuttgart, 2006.
3. Christoph Auffarth, Jutta Bernard, Hubert Mohr(Hrsg.), Re-ligionen der Welt., Stuttgart, 2006.
4. Weber Max, Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen: Hin-duismus und Buddhismus. Schriften 1916-1920, Tübingen, 1998.
5. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haider/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004, gv. 135, Handbuch Reli-gionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen, Johan Figl(Hrsg.), Insbruck 2003.
40
1.2 induizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
induri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi struqtura aris
kasturi sistema, Sesabamisad, - varnasrama dharma
(varnasrama dharma). cnobilia klasikuri induri
moZRvrebis oTxi ZiriTadi kastis saxeli, rogorc
is magaliTad manus samarTlis wignSia aRwerili:
brahmanebi(sasuliero wodeba), kSatriebi(raindebi)
vaiSuebi(vaWrebi, glexebi), Sudrebi (mosamsax-
ureni) [4, gv. 3] da aseve, - pariebi (uufleboni,
anu e.w.<<xelSeuxebelni>>). garda amisa, is aseve
Sedgeba uricxvi profesiuli jgufebisagan da
qvekastebisgan (jati). induizmi icavs socialur sis-
temas, romelic efuZneba varnas, kastebsa da aS-
ramebs. adamianTa keTildReobis xarisxi da maTi
socialuri mdgomareoba damokidebulia sakuTari
kastis dadgenilebebis zust Sesrulebaze.[1, gv.170]
am socialuri sistemis ideali aris ormxrivi dax-
mareba da ara Cagvra. brahmanebis dominantoba ukav-
Sirdeba pirvel rigSi wminda teqstebis codnasa
da sasuliero rols. kasturi sistema ara Tavad
vedebis, aramed mogviano dharmaSastras(Dharmasastra) mier iqna dafuZnebuli da dadgenili, rac bhaktis
(Bhakti) tradiciebis (Sant-Sampradaya) mier mkacrad iqna gakicxuli da ugulvebelyofili. tantrizmis
umetesi skolebi swored brahmanuli dominan-
ti kastebis sistemis da miT ufro, me-19 da me-20
saukunis religiuri reformis (reformatoruli)
moZraobis mowinaaRmdegeni arian.
induizmis, rogorc pluralisturi religiis
warmoudgeneli mravalferovebis miuxedavad, ar-
sebobs ramodenime, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli po-
zicia da safuZveli. erT-erTi maTgania Tavad
es pluralizmi: uTvalav xilul formebsa da
figurebSi, aTasobiT saxelsa Tu uricxv gzaSi
41
RvTaebrivi sinamdvilis manifestaciaTa mrav-
alferovnebis aRiarebiT RvTaebrivis Secnoba.
am mravalferovnebisTvis <<poliTeizmis>> sax-
eldeba calsaxad Seusabamoa imdenad, ramdenadac
indusi(Hindu) Zalzed kargad acnobierebs, rom yve-
la gamovlenis formaTa miRma usaxelo, uformo
da TvisebaTa armqone absoluti (nirguna brahman) imyofeba. swored am pluralizmTan modis funda-
mentalizmi winaaRmdegobaSi, rogorc ara induri,
da monoTeizmisgan daculi (da mofrTxilebuli).
es sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mravalferovneba
flobs garkveul ierarqiul struqturas, rac Ti-
Toeuli tradiciisTvis sxvadasxvagvarad gamoi-
yureba. martivi morwmuneobidan (religiurobidan)
filosofiurad maRalganviTarebul spiritu-
alobade TiToeuli adamianisTvis, Tavisi Sesa-
ZleblobebiT, unarianobiTa Tu midrekilebebiT
arsebobs RvTaebrivis gzis povnis SesaZleblo-
ba. sazogadod, yvela indusis mier aRiarebulia
siwmindis ideali, romelic kastebis, sqesis da re-
ligiur kuTvnilebaTa miRma imyofeba. umaRlesi
idealia sicocxlis xsna da amdenad, daxsnili (ji-vanmukta) is mzad aris sxeulSi gaRmerTebisTvis
da xdeba guru mravalTaTvis. ara misi moZRvreba,
aramed misi gardaqmnili arseboba xdeba modeli.
amitom aris gurus roli centraluri.
religiuri praqtikis ierarqiul wesrigs aseve
ganekuTvneba spiritualuri ganviTarebis safuZv-
elze rTuli ritualebis gamartivebis SesaZle-
bloba. ramdenadac mniSvnelovania ritualebi
garkveul doneze, imdenad asruleben isini gar-
damaval funqcias. saniasma (Sannyasi), romelmac
uaryo yvelaferi, metad aRar aris masTan dakavS-
irebuli, radgan man miaRwia spiritualur Tavisu-
flebas. (religiuri) praqtikisa da Teologiis
42
Semdgomi farTo daxasiaTebisTvis aseve niSan-
doblivia RvTaebrivi Zalis (sakti) rwmena, romelic
sagnebsa Tu adamianebSi mgrZnobiared, SesamCnevad
manifestirebs. taZris momlocveli piligrimi iq
sakuTar ZalTa gansaaxleblad mieSureba. induis-
turi msoflxedva arsebiTad holistikuria da
fokusirdeba brahmaSi. induizmis azrovnebis para-
digma efuZneba erTianobis princips, sadac pri-
mati eniWeba mTels, vidre mis romelime nawils.[1,
gv. 9] filosofiuri mravalferovnebis miuxedavad,
marTebuli iqneba ara-dualisturi ZiriTadi poz-
iciis anu advaita-s induizmsTvis tipiurad miCneva:
RmerTi da adamiani ar SeiZleba <<ori>> iyos.
msgavsia kosmosis kacTagan ganuyoflobis ideac,
radgan Tavad sxeuli Sedgeba xuTi elementisgan
da gardacvalebiT ubrundeba mas. am ara-ideal-
istur pozicias aseve ganekuTvneba gaSinaganebis
tendencia: ipovo RmerTi sakuTar sulSi, sakuTar
cnobierebaSi[2, gv.333].
tradiciaSi mZlavrad fesvgadgmulobis miuxe-
davad, induizmi aris gansakuTrebiT adaptirebadi
da mudmiv gardaqmnasa Tu saxecvlaSi. marTalia,
evropul azrovnebasTan Sexvedram gamoiwvia indu-
renesansi (Hindu-Renaissance), rodesac evoluciuri
azrovneba da humanisturi idealebi daukavSirda
induizms, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes
me-19 - me-20 saukuniis didma moazrovneebma - sri
aurobindom da svami vivekavandam, Tumca mas (e.i. am
adaptacias) ar umoqmedia farTo masebze, romlebic
ar flobdnen dasavlur ganaTlebas. TviTaqtu-
alizaciisTvis induizmi ar saWiroebda evropul
ganmanaTelblobas. upaniSadebidan moyolebuli
arsebobs sakmao midgomebi, romlebic kvlav da kv-
lav akritikeben religiis absolutur formebs da
icaven universaluri Zalis mqone formebs.
43
istoriis msvlelobis procesSi zogierT sfer-
oSi adgili hqonda regress. kerZod, rac Seexeba
qalTa rols sazogadoebaSi. Tumca axal droe-
baSi, romelic sayovelTao feminizmis niSniT xa-
siaTdeba, indoeTSi qalebma, sakuTari damoukide-
blobisa da Zalis dasamtkiceblad gamonaxes gza,
romelic eyrdnoba ara dasavlur models, aramed
dasabuTebas poulobs tradiciul induizmSi. me-
19 da me-20 saukunis reformaciul moZraobebSi,
rogorc mag., aria samaji(Arya Samaj), isini aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sak-
iTxebs da arcTu umniSvnelo rols TamaSobd-
nen indoeTis politikur cxovrebaSi. yvela am
aqtivobebiT indoeTSi adgili aqvs Tavdapirvel
indur ideebTan dabrunebas. dasavluri problema-
tika xSirad emsaxureba mas rogorc stimuli sa-
kuTari resursebis xelaxla aRmosaCenad.
sazogadod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom induizmi sru-
lad SemZlea dRevandeli samyaros winaSe wamoW-
ril problemaTa dasaZlevad ise, rom ar dakargos
sakuTari identoba. adaptaciisa da axali inter-
pretaciis, iseve rogorc axali samyaros Suqze
tradiciuli faseulobebis aRmoCeniT uwyvetad
xdeba tradiciis mudmivi ganaxleba(ix.[2], gv. 334).
induizmi warmoadgens universalur gaazrebs.
aq ekonomikuri saqmianoba dafuZnebulia sulieri
cxovrebis, miwis pativiscemisa da qvelmoqmedebis
principebze. swored es principebi ganapirobebs
mewarmeobisa da komerciis masStabebis zomierebas
da xSirad maT SezRudvebs. induizmis ekonomikaSi
adgili ara aqvs fasis moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-
rias. es aris sistema romelsac safuZvlad udevs
dharma da ara kaami(ix.[1], gv.168).
indoeTis ekonomikam ganicada mravali trans-
formacia qristes Sobamde 7000 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
44
mas Semdeg rac pirveli indoelebi patar-patara
jgufebad saxldebodnen da qmnidnen mcire zomis
saxelmwifoebs antikuri indoeTis CrdiloeTiT.
induri ekonomikis filosofias safuZveli Caeyara
rigvedaTi(Cv.w.aRricxvamde 1700), romelic arsebi-
Tad efuZneba ritualizirebul sameurneo urTi-
erTobebs: miwadmoqmedebasa da mecxoveleobas. am
epoqaSi indoarielebi ukve gvevlinebian miwadmo-
qmed xalxad, romlebic xar-guTniT amuSaveben mi-
was, romlis dakvalvis procesi maTTvis sakraluri
mniSvnelobis mqonea. gavlebuli kvali gaRmerTeb-
is obieqtic ki xdeboda. savaraudod mohyavdaT
qeri. brinjis kultura maTTvis jer kidev ucno-
bia. kidev ufro did rols TamaSobs mesaqonleo-
ba. Zroxa(furi) warmoadgens sakulto obieqts.
himnebSi mudmivad vxvdebiT locvebs msxvilfexa,
rqosani saqonlis (naxiris) wyalobis Taobaze.
RmerTebi da gmirebi Sedarebulni arian xarebTan,
dafioni da wvimis Rrublebi - furebTan(kerZod,
wvimis Rrubeli asocirdeboda mewvel ZroxasTan).
garda amisa, ganviTarebulia xelosnobis iseTi
dargebi, rogoric aris xurooba, mWedloba, meTu-
neoba, meTrimvleoba, feiqroba, kerva da qsova. Tan-
acxovreba mimdinareobs soflad. qalaqis cneba am
droisTvis jer kidev ar arsebobs [3].
mogvianebiT (qristes Sobamde 300 weli), gamoCeni-
li ekonomisti da politikosi maurevis imperiisa
kautilia, anu viSnagupta wers <<artaSastras>>[4],
Zvelindur politikur da ekonomikur traqtats,
indoeTis politikuri azrovnebis STambeWdav do-
kuments. aqcenti keTdeba mefis mier samefos mar-
Tvis xelovnebaze. aq xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli,
rom ekonomika aris materialuri simdidris wyaro
da saxelmwifos Zalaflebis bazisi. gamomdinare
aqedan <<artaSastra>> Zlier fokusirdeba ekono-
45
mikur sakiTxze: wigni II realurad ekonomikuri
xelSekrulebaa da kautilias saxelmwifo arse-
biTad misi ekonomikuri funqciebis mniSvnelobiT
xasiaTdeba. Tavad traqtatis saxelwodebis pir-
veli nawili swored rom misi ekonomikuri mniS-
vnelobis primatze mianiSnebs (<<arta>> SesaZloa
gagebul iqnas rogorc TviT-interesi, mogeba).
kautilias naSromi Tanmimdevrulad aris ori-
entirebuli politikis racionalizaciis kuTx-
iT, iseve rogorc meti da usafrTxo sargeblis
miRebis mimarTulebiT. politekonomiur WrilSi
gaazrebuli amgvari saxelmwifoebrivi xedva Tu
orientacia SeiZleba unikalurad iqnas miCneuli
antikuri periodisaTvis, rac aRniSnul traqtats
ekonomkis eTikis niSniT sZens <<Tanamedrove>>
elfers. <<artaSastraSi>> vxvdebiT samefos kar-
gi mmarTvelobis, saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso vaW-
robis, sagadasaxado da Sromis Teoriis princip-
Ta aspeqtebs.
masTan, komparatiuli upiratesobis principi-
dan gamomdinare, erovnuli ekonomikis zrdis
xelSewyobisTvis importic iseTive mniSvnelova-
nia, rogorc eqsporti. mefisadmi micemul rCeva-
Si kautilia iTxovs importis waxalisebas sax-
elmwifoSi ararsebuli bunebrivi resursisa Tu
saqonlis deficitis aRmosafxvrelad. is aseve
amtkicebs biznes-aqtivobaTa mkacri regulaciebis
aucileblobas monopoliaTa likvidaciis kuTx-
iT da iZleva proteqcionistur rCevebs moqiSpe
samefoTagan Sida ekonomikis dacvis mimarTule-
biT. igi iTxovs maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebas
sazRvargareTidan Semotanil fufunebis sagne-
bze. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, eqsport-importis
diferencirebuli fasebis gverdiT is aseve mxars
uWers saqonlis saqonelze gacvlis barteruli
46
formis arsebobis ideas, ra drosac, misi azriT
orive movaWre samefo msgavsi urTierTobebidan
rCeba mogebuli.
<<artaSastraSi>> kautiliam, pirvelma ganavi-
Tara Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria, Seecada ra
ganesazRvra mSromelTa samarTliani xelfasi.
misi azriT Sromis Rirebuleba damokidebulia
dasaqmebulTa unar-Cvevebze, samuSaos Sesrulebis
drosa da warmoebis moculobaze.
kautilias idealur saxelmwifoSi monar-
qi ori ZiriTadi wyarodan iRebs Semosavals:
wiaRiseulis(madneulis), xe-tyisa da sasoflo-
sameurneo produqtebis gayidviT mefis kuTvnili
miwebidan da moqalaqeTa Semosavlebze, simdidresa
da produqtebze(axla d.R.g.) gadasaxadebis dakis-
rebiT. mas miaCnda, rom samefos stabiluroba da
keTildReoba dafuZnebuli unda yofiliyo kargad
ganviTarebul sagadasaxado sistemaze. misi azriT
idealur sagadasaxado sistemas unda hqonoda Sem-
degi maxasiaTeblebi: is misaRebi unda yofiliyo
ganakveTebis, martivad gaangariSebis, iafi admin-
istrirebis, samarTliani sagadasaxado tvirTis
kuTxiT, rac ar moaxdenda uaryofiT gavlenas sax-
elmwifos ekonomikur zrdasa da ganviTarebaze[5,
gv.48-50].
induizmsa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tan-
amedrove ekonomikur doqtrinas Soris arsebuli
urTierTdamokidebulebis Ziebisa da aRwerisas,
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli rigi princi-
puli da ganmsazRvreli gafrTxileba (faqtori):
1)TeologTa azriT, dRevandelobamde (indoeT-
Sic ki) vervin SeZlo amomwuravad da mkafiod mo-
exaza Tavad induizmis azrobrivi, filosofiuri
da msoflmxedvelobrivi sazRvrebi;
2)religiis tradiciuli koncefcia, damaxasiaTe-
47
beli misi monoTeisturi nairsaxeobisTvis(iudaizmi,
qristeanoba da islami) sruliad usargebloa in-
diuzmis bunebisa da Sesabamisad, misi ekonomikuri
Semadgenlis gansazRvrisaTvis;
3)induizmSi ararsebobs eklesiuri organiza-
cia, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli winamZRoli, saekle-
sio kreba an sxva centralizebuli ierarqiuli
struqtura, - mowodebuli adamianis cxovrebis sx-
vadasxva institucionaluri sakiTxebis gadasawy-
vetad;
4)induizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mis avTen-
tikur pirvelwyaroTa Zalzed farTo polifo-
nia, rac myisierad afarToebs analitikuri Zieb-
is sferos Tanamedrove ekonomikis problemebTan
mimarTebaSi;
5)induizmis arsebuli instalaciebi, komentar-
ebi da ganmartebebi Cveulebriv orientirebulia
misi Teologiuri Sinaarsis gaxsnaze da ekono-
mikuri Semadgeneli, masSi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mis
saerTo konteqstSi da ara rogorc kvlevis da-
moukidebeli komponenti myofobs.
ra ekonomikuri ideebiT aris gajerebuli in-
duizmi rogorc religiuri kultis forma da re-
alobis msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiuri aRqma,
riT gansxvavdeba is sxva msoflio religiebisgan
(Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebis ekonomikuri
mowyobaze misi gavlenis TvalsazrisiT) ?
induizmis saerTo filosofiur konstruq-
ciaSi ekonomikuri Semadgenlis aqtualurobaze
SesaZloa mowmobdes ukve is faqtic, rom indu-
sis cxovrebiseuli miznis fundamentaluri
triada(dxarma, artxa da kama) - trivarga - sru-
lad moicavs Tavis TavSi materialur komponents.
TanamedroveobaSi, globalizebuli msof-
lio ekonomikis pirobebTan da gamowvevebTan
48
induizmis adaptaciis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
warmatebuli forma gaxda e.w. sulieri ekono-
mikis koncepcia, romlis avtoradac miCneulia
e.m. dhaneSvara prabxu(dhaneSvara dasa), da romel-
mac gansxvavebuli induisturi pirvelwyar-
oebis, rogoric aris <<bhagavat gita>>, <<Sri-
mad-phagavatami>>(<<bhagavata-purana>>), <<Sri
iSopaniSadi>> da a.S., da aseve Srili prabxupadis
wignis Rrama analizis safuZvelze Seecada mo-
exdina induizmis suliT gajerebuli, Tanamed-
rove ekonomikis Tvisebrivad axali modelis sin-
Tezireba.
sulieri ekonomikis Semqnelebi xazs usvamen,
rom mis Teologiur pirvelsafuZvelSi - <<bhaga-
vat gitaSi>> aris mravali ekonomiuri katego-
ria, xolo ekonomikas, rogorc adamianuri moR-
vaweobis sferos naklebi yuradReba eTmoba.
Tumca es ekonomikuri kategoriebi, iq ase vTqvaT
<<dauswreblad>> arsebobs, e.i. ara im format-
Si, romelsac Cven miveCvieT Cveni cxovrebisa da
cnobierebis gansazRvrul materialur da kul-
turologiur SepirobebulobaTa gamo. magaliTad,
<<moTxovnilebis>> cneba am konteqstSi ganixile-
ba, rogorc materialur cnobierebasTan dakavSire-
buli Cvens yoveldRiur survilTa gamovlineba.
sulieri ekonomikis modelis konstruqciaSia,
erT-erT yvelaze ufro <<protestul>> kategori-
as sakuTreba warmoadgens. Tuki kerZo sakuTreba da
kerZo interesi kapitalisturi ekonomikisTvis mis
mTavar motivatorad gamodis/gvevlineba, induis-
turi interpretacia Sinaarsobrivad radikalu-
rad gnsxvavdeba misgan. <<bhagavat-gitas>> me-2
TavSi vnaxulobT kriSnas mimarTvas arjunasadmi:
<< Sen gaqvs ufleba Seasrulo Seni valdebuleba,
Tumca nayofi Sens moqmedebaTa Sen ar gekuTvnis.
49
arasdros migaCndes Tavi sakuTar namoqmedarTa
Sedegis mizezad da arasdros aarido Tavi val-
debulebaTa Sesrulebas... dae ar gaRelvebdes
Sen warmateba an warumatebloba... didi brZenebi,
bhaktebi, romlebic erTgulad msaxureben kriS-
nas, Tavisufldebian dabadebisa da gardacvalebis
wrebrunvisagan, ramdenadac uari Tqves moRvaweo-
bis nayofze materialur samyaroSi[6].
induizmi, kultivirebs ra ekonomikur saqmi-
anobas (warmoebas), mTlianobaSi mas miakuTvnebs
valdebulebaTa religiur konteqsts da amave dros
uaryofs kerZo sakuTrebasa da kerZo interess im
azriT, rogoradac maT gansazRvravs tradiciuli,
rogorc mas dxaneSvara dasi uwodebs, - <<aTeis-
turi ekonomika>>. Srila prabxupada, <<bhagavat-
gitas>> me-2 Tavis 47 strofis ganmartebisas
mkafio aqcentebs svams rogorc sakuTrebis prob-
lemasTan, ise movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT: <<ufa-
li urCevs arjunas ar iyos umoqmedo. piriqiT, man
unda misdios movaleobaTa aRsrulebas, sakuTar
namoqmedarTa Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe. sakuTari
Sromis Sedegze mijaWvuli adamianisTvis, Tavad es
Sedegi xdeba moqmedebaTa mizezi. amitom, sakuTar
saqmianobaTa rezultatis mixedviT ganicdis is
tkbobas an tanjvas>>.
ekonomikis <<materialistur>> sabazro da
<<sulier>> indur tipebs Soris gansxvaveba ar
Semoifargleba mxolod zemoT motaniliT. <<wmin-
da>> kapitalizmis ideologebi mTlianobaSi
rTulad aRiqvamen induizmis sulieri ekonomikis
koncepciis mimdevarTa damajerebel argumentebs.
konkurencia, rogorc SejibrebiTi urTierTqme-
debaTa forma, gauazrebeli da zedmeti xarjebis
warmoqmniT asustebs sazogadoebas. ase magliTad,
zogierTi eqspertis azriT 2010 wels globaluri
50
sareklamo xarjebi, romelic konkurenciuli br-
Zolis mravalTagan erT-erT saSualebas warmoad-
gens, gaizarda 10,6%-iT da 503 mlrd. dolari Sead-
gina. aRniSnuli Tanxa SeiZleboda sazogadoebis
sasargeblod daxarjuliyo (mag., mimarTuliyo
masobrivi SimSilobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-
lad, romelic planetarul masStabebs iZens). jer
kidev 2009 wels, dedamiwaze erT miliardze meti
adamiani SimSilobda. maSin rodesac (da esec im-
ave induisturi argumentis nawilia) sareklamo
xarjebis 1/10 ikmarebda Cven planetaze mSier ada-
mianTa ricxovnebis orjer Sesamcireblad! Tumca
egoisturi kerZo interesi, romelic amoZravebs ka-
pitalisturi ekonomikis meqanizms, praqtikaSi ar
iZleva sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis mow-
yobis xarisxobrivad sxvagvar modelze gadasv-
lis SesaZleblobas. bazris adeptebisTvis Cndeba
logikuri da <<uxerxuli>> kiTxva: ra umjobesia
- mkacri kapitalisturi konkurencia principiT
<<TiToeuli TavisTvis>>, Tu sulieri TanamSrom-
loba principiT <<TiToeuli yvelasTvis>>?
resursebis SezRudulobis, iSviaTobisa da
amowurvadobis fundamentur ekonomikur proble-
mas - alternativebis aucileblobis pirvelmizezs
arCevansa da konkurenciaSi, rogorc Tanamedrove
ekonomikis obieqtur gamovlinebas, - induiz-
mi gverds uvlis adamianis asketuri cxovrebis
xarjze. adamianur moTxonilebaTa minimizaciiT
mcirdeba maT dasakmayofileblad saWiro mozid-
uli resursebis raodenoba da Sesabamisad, qreba
konkurenciul urTierTobaTa simwvave mis yvela
monawiles Soris.
miuxedavad imisa, rom simdidre-siRaribisa da
uTanasworobis ZvelisZvel ekonomikur proble-
mebs induizmSi gansazRvruli saerTo social-
51
uri konteqsti gaaCnia, rasac erTi SexedviT unda
uzrunveleyo kidec maTi gadawyvetis saerTo
logikis arseboba, rogori sakvirvelic ar unda
iyos, induizmi axdens simdidris gansjas da amave
dros ufrTxildeba sazogadoebis socialur-kas-
turi diferenciaciis ideas. konstituciiT gar-
antirebuli socialuri Tanasworobis miuxedavad,
aTaswlovani induri tradicia praqtikaSi dRemde
inarCunebs sazogadoebis sakmaod mkacr socialur
struqturas, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
swored rom misi mowyobis(b.g. 4.13) varnul-kastur
principebs (brahmanebi, kSatriebi, vaiSuebi, Sudre-
bi) efuZneba. Tumca, varnul-kasturi sazogadoebis
faqtiuri socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworoba
ar ganisazRvreba rogorc aseTi, aramed mocemulia
socialuri jgufebis Taviseburi <<speciali-
zaciis>> saxiT, romlis safuZvelsac dharma war-
moadgens. religiuri Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom um-
jobesia sakuTar valdebulebaTa ukeT Sesruleba,
vidre sxvaTa - cudad, erTi mxriv afiqsirebs sa-
zogadoebis calkeuli varnuli jgufis speciali-
zacias, xolo meore mxriv - Signidan ketavs maT, da
ekonomikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT mxolod Ti-
Toeuli am kastis farglebSi axdens Tanasworo-
bisa da samarTlianobis ideaTa <<lokalizebas>>.
simdidresTan da fulTan damokidebuleba in-
duizmSi gamomdinareobs kerZomesakuTruli mo-
tivebisa da principebis uaryofidan. adamianis
ekonomikuri mowyobis sakuTari recefti efuZne-
ba ara mxolod induizmis kanonebs, aramed aseve
moicavs dRes dominirebuli ekonomikis modelis
naklovanebaTa kritikul Sefasebasac: <<fuli,
simdidre - ai ra aris mTavari, da yvela Cveni ur-
TierToba misiT ganisazRvreba. Tu Cven SevZeliT
fulis warmatebiT Sovnisa da gankargvis unarebis
52
demonstrireba, Cvens pirad naklovanebaTa miuxeda-
vad vxdebiT pativsacemni. ai rogoria material-
istebis sazogadoeba>>. sulier ekonomikaSi fuli
ar aris mis savaldebulo komponentad aRiarebu-
li, ramdenadac misi warmoSoba-gamoCena SedarebiT
gviandelia, maSin rodesac ekonomika (e.i. saqmiano-
bis saxeoba, romelic mimarTulia utilitaruli
Sedegebis miRebisaken da emsaxureba adamianis
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas) arsebobda masze
ufro adrec, sadac fuli ar gamoiyeneboda am
saqmianobaTa Sedegebis Sesafaseblad. induizmSi
fulTan damokidebulebis filosofia efuZneba mas,
rom aq fuli sulier-sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis
formad ganixileba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxSi
adgili aqvs ekonomikuri Sinaarsis moqmedebebsa
da damokidebulebebs, isini ar ganisazRvreba fu-
liT, ramdenadac ojaxis TiToeuli wevri sakuTar
Tavs winamorbedis gamgrZelebelTan(qali - dedis,
kaci - mamis, Svilebi - mSoblebis) aigivebs. fu-
lis CarTva amgvar urTierTobebSi TandaTanobiT
iwvevs materialuri interesebiT gatacebas, gamor-
Cenisken swrafvas, sakuTrebis miRebisa da gazrdis
survils da Sedegad, - adamianTa urTierTdaSore-
basa da maT pirad urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovan
gauaresebas. materialuri moTxovnilebebi da sur-
vilebi, Sepirobebuli fuliT, rogorc maTi dak-
mayofilebis saSualebiT, agebs adamianis cxovre-
bis imgvar konstruqcias, romelsac induizmSi
<<materialur monobas>> uwodeben. <<bhagavat
gitas>> me-16 TavSi(<<RvTaebrivi da demonuri
buneba>>) weria: <<isini Tvlian, rom grZnobadi
(xorcieli) dakmayofileba - adamianuri civili-
zaciis yvelaze mTavari moTxovnilebaa. amgvarad,
sicocxlis bolomde ganuzomeli zrunviT aRvs-
ilni, ganicdian uamrav SiSsa da Relvas. asobiT
53
da aTasobiT survilTa badeSi gabmulni, avxorco-
bisa da mrisxanebis tyveobaSi, yvela simarTliTa
da sicruiT Souloben fuls grZnobadi (xorcie-
li) dakmayofilebisTvis>>(b.g. 16.11-12).
induizmis ara amgvar kategoriul da negati-
ur damokidebulebas kerZo sakuTrebasa da simd-
idresTan mimarTebiT vxvdebiT bhaktivedanta svami
prabhupadas komentarebSi, romelic ukve uSvebs
<<Tu>>-s gansazRvrebas naxsenebi kategoriebis
Sesaxeb: <<siRaribe - sicocxleze materialuri
warmodgenebiT mcxovrebi adamianisTvis wyevlaa...
cocxali arsebani ar Seqmnilan siRatakisTvis...
yovel cocxal arsebas aqvs xelSeuvali ufleba
datkbes uflis sakuTrebiT... >>[7].
sakuTrebis, ganawilebis, simdidris, fulis,
moTxovnilebis, valdebulebis da sxv. problemebze
koncentrirebiT, induizmi, ZiriTadi kanonikuri pi-
rvelwyaroebis doneze, sxva msoflio religieb-
isgan (qristeanoba, islami, iudaizmi) gansxvave-
biT nawilobriv gverds uvlis an sakmaod mcire
yuradRebas uTmobs iseT mniSvnelovan ekonomikur
kategoriebs, rogoric aris procenti, mogeba da
gadasaxadi.
induizmis sulieri ekonomikis koncefcia war-
moadgens gansxvavebul xedvas, principulad sxva
filosofiuri platformiT. induizmi cdilobs
ara mxolod TviTadaptacias Tanamedrove ekonomi-
kur gamowvevebTan, aramed is ekonomikis kapital-
istur da socialistur doqtrinebs Soris eZiebs
kompromiss.
literatura:
1. v. xizaniSvili, eTikuri ekonomika (saxelmZ-
Rvanelo), gamomcemloba <<loi>>, Tbilisi, 2016.
2. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre
54
zentralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Innsbruck, 2003.3. Ведийская цивилизация., https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Ведийская_цивилизация.4. Kautilya, The Arthashastra, New Delhi, 1992.5. The Hindu Economic System – De Gruyter., A. Gra-
dinaru, M. Iavorschi., https:/www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/hssr.2013.2.issue – 2/…/hssr-2013-0003.xm/by A Grandina-ru-2013 .
6. Bhagavad Gita (A New Translation Stephen Mitchell), New York, 2000.
7. Индуизм и современная экономика.,http://www.all-best.ru/
55
Tavi 2. budizmi
2.1 budizmis arsi
budizmis saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba misive
damfuZneblis budas saxels. buda aris sapatio
wodeba da aRniSnavs <<gamoRviZebuls>>( budh <<gamoRviZeba>>)... [1, gv.155]. misi saxelia sidhar-
ta gautama, romelic iyo Crdilo-aRmosavleT in-
doeTis (dRevandeli nepalis) mcire teritoriaze
mdebare Sakias respublikis rajis, Sudhodanas
Ze. uzrunvelad izrdeboda fufunebaSi. iqor-
wina. Svilis dabadebisTanave malulad datova
sasaxle da iwyo xetiali. legendis Tanaxmad is
xvdeba mogzaur bers, romelic ukiduresi siRa-
takis miuxedavad Cans bednieri. igi uCvenebs mas
tanjvisgan xsnis Ziebis gzas. ufliswuli Svidi
wlis manZilze mogzaurobs. sasurveli Semecneb-
is misaRwevad urTierTobs mravalTan, berTan da
moZRvarTan. bolos mkacri asketizmiT gadawyvets
sakuTari miznis miRwevas. mravalwliani uSedego
mcdelobis Semdeg, is kvlav iwyebs srulfasovnad
kvebas. morigi xetialisas, uruvelasTan (dRevan-
deli bodh-gaia) axlos, leRvis xis qveS mjdomare
amoxsnis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebis amocanas. im
Rames xvdeba sakuTar ganvlil cxovrebas, gon-
ebis Tvals avlebs karmis kanons (e.i. karg da
cud saqmeTa gavlenas), da Seicnobs tanjvis bune-
bas da misi gauqmebis gzas, - oTx WeSmaritebas.
ase aRwevs is <<gamoRviZebas>>(bodhi)(ix.[1], gv.156): <<namdvilad xsnili var, es aris Cemi ukanaskne-
li dabadeba, metad aRar arsebobs ganaxleba !>>[2,
gv.167]. gamoRviZebuli meSvide dRes tovebs Semec-
nebis adgils da benaresTan (dRevandeli sarnaThi)
56
kvlav hpovebs Tavis xuT mimdevars, romelTac au-
wyebs dharmas(kanons). <<benaresis qadagebaSi>>
amcnobs maT imis Sesaxeb, rom arc gadaWarbebuli
asketizmiT da arc siuxveSi cxovrebiT, aramed mx-
olod <<Sualeduri gziT>> aris gadarCena Sesa-
Zlebeli, romelic emyareba oTxi keTilSobili
WeSmaritebisa da keTilSobili rvasafexuriani
gzis SemCnevis codnas. Tavdapirveli skepsisis
Semdeg xuTive rwmundeba budas WeSmaritebaSi da
xdeba sanghas, budisturi ordenis pirveli moxe-
tiale beri(bhikSu). Tavisi cxovrebis Semdegi 45
weli buda mogzaurobs Crdilo-indoeTSi da as-
wavlis dharmas. misi ukanaskneli mogzauroba 80
wlis asakSi aRwerilia <<saboloo gafantvis did
saxelmZRvanelo teqstSi>> (mahaparinirvansutra),
saidanac berTa ZalisxmeviT viTardeba sxva da
sxva budisturi mimarTuleba, romlebic dRemde
erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs.
Tavisi qadagebiT buda isaxvda Semdeg miznebs:
I.brZolas klerikanizmis winaaRmdeg (antikleri-
kanizmi):
vedur dros arsebobda oTxi wodeba. umaR-
les safexurze idgnen kSatriebi(meomrebi). Semdeg
modiodnen brahmanebi(qurumebi), vaiSebi(vaWrebi) da
bolos - Sudrebi(msaxurni). daaxloebiT qristes
Sobamde pirveli saukunis SuaSi es wodebrivi
sistema TandaTanobiT icvleba induistur kastur
sistemad, romelSic ZiriTadad fiqtiur sazoga-
doebriv wesrigSi brahmanebi aRmoCndnen saTaveSi,
xolo kSatriebi meore adgilze CamoqveiTdnen.
brahmanebis upiratesoba gviandel vedur sazoga-
doebaSi vlindeba maTi rogorc erTaderTi msx-
verplSemwirveli qurumebis xsnis saritualo
privilegiasa da umaRlesi wodebis arsebobaSi.
budizmi ewinaaRmdegeboda amgvari ierarqiul-
57
wodebriv models Semdegi argumentiT: wodebrivi
kuTvnilebis miuxedavad xsna SesaZlebeli iyo
yvela adamianisTvis.
II.brZolas ritualizmis winaaRmdeg (antiritu-
alizmi):
vedur dros msxverpli imyofeboda religiuri
praqtikis centrSi. xSirad samsxverplo ceremo-
niis Semadgenel nawils pirutyvis xocva warmoad-
genda, rac budistur eTikasTan TanxmobaSi ver
modioda. Tumca maT Tavidanve ar uaryviaT brah-
manuli msxverplSewirvis praqtika, aramed masSi
Seitanes garkveuli cvlilebebi. isini samsxver-
plod cxovelis magivrad urCevdnen cxovelur
produqts, mag., rZes furis nacvlad, ase vTqvaT pars pro toto (laT. nawili mTelis nacvlad), riTac Sesa-
Zlebeli xdeboda pirutyvis mokvdinebis Tavidan
acileba. amasTan isini sTavazobdnen alterna-
tivebs, rac met samsaxurs(punia) pirdeboda, vidre
veduri msxverpli. es iyo mowyalebis gaReba, monas-
trebis Seneba, budizmSi gadasvla, xuTi saero mc-
nebis dacva da rogorc umaRlesi, ordenSi Sesvla.
III.brZolas Teizmis winaaRmdeg (antiTeizmi):
budizmi iSva poliTeizmis religiur garemo-
Si. induizmisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac veduri sam-
sxverplo rituali warmoadgenda ara mxolod
ceremoniaTa zust Sesrulebas, aramed aseve im
RvTaebaTa mxardaWerasac, romelTac msxverpls
swiravdnen, da romlebic ierarqiulad ganwesrige-
bul RmerTebis saufloSi rezidirebdnen, budizm-
Si maT metad aRar hqondaT raime funqcia, radgan
isini daxsnisTvis umweoni iyvnen. miuxedavad amisa
isini rodi iyvnen srulad uaryofilni, aramed -
budas Semwe sulebamde degradirebulni. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki Riad gaqirdulnic. mravali ambavi
iuwyeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor midis brahma, diadi
58
veduri RmerTi budasTan rCevis misaRebad.
IV.brZolas metafizikis winaaRmdeg (anti-
metafizika):
RmerTebis, rogorc xsnis SemweTa uaryofa
aseve moicavda yvela mistikuri warmodgenisa
da saswaulebrivi movlenis uaryofas. pirvel
rigSi es exeba upaniSadebSi(igive vedanta) war-
modgenili atmanis(individualuri suli) da
brahmanis(universaluri suli) erTobas, romel-
ic rogorc mistikuri gancda, yvela sxva zegr-
Znobad aRqmasTan erTad adreuli budizmis mier
iqna gauqmebuli/ugulvebelyofili. Tu induizmSi
uproblemod Tanaarsebobs saswaulis rwmena da
kritika, budasTan piriqiT, calsaxad xdeba am sas-
waulebriv praqtikaTa uaryofa, radgan erTader-
Ti saswauli rasac is aRiarebs, aris moZRvrebis
gamocxadeba.
V.brZolas asketizmis winaaRmdeg (antiasketiz-
mi):
budas dros asketizmisa da TviTgvemis mraval-
gvari praqtika farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. arse-
bobda uaris Tqmis, samosis tarebis, Tmis kreWisa
Tu sakvebis miuReblobis radikaluri formebi.
budas, romelsac Tavad hqonda msgavsi cxovreba
gamovlili, ukuagdo is, rogorc xsnis saSualeba.
mkacri asketizmis amocana, - tanjvaTagan daxsnis
migneba, misTvis <<Sualeduri gziT>> gaxda Sesa-
Zlebeli. amitom uaryo man asketizmis yvela for-
ma, radgan isini mxolod tanjvaTa momatebas da
ara maT dasrulebas msaxurebdnen.
VI.brZolas hedonizmis winaaRmdeg (antihe-
donizmi):
rogorc <<Sualeduri gzis>> warmomadgeneli
buda aseve qadagebda TviTgvemiT tkbobis uaryo-
fas, radgan Tvlida, rom yoveli sixaruli ima-
59
vdroulad ukve axali tanjvis matarebelia da
amdenad Tavidan unda iqnas aridebuli.
sami aqsioma qmnis budisturi swavlebis safuZ-
vels: tanjvisgan gaTavisufleba, karmidan gasvla
da xsnis Tanabari ufleba(ix.[1], gv. 159).
oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis Semecneba da
keTilSobili rvasafexuriani bilikis miyola
ayalibebs xsnis gzas budisti berisTvis. Tumca
budizmSi saerosac ZaluZs xsnasTan miaxleba.
zneoba da goneba, orive es siqvele, romlebic mniS-
niSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, uerTmaneTod war-
moudgenelia. zneoba Sedgeba xuTi akrZalvisgan:
1.ar kla; 2. ar moityuo; 3. ar iparo; 4. ar imruSo;
5. ar daTvre. goneba akontrolebs da ,,wmends’’ am
zneobas, iseve rogorc goneba xdeba zneobriv qce-
vaTagan ganwmendili. budisturi moZRvrebis cod-
nisgan gansxvavebiT, am mcnebaTa daufleba saero
mimdevarTagan savaldebuloa. am xuTi akrZalvis
gverdiT arsebobs siqvele, kerZod gulmowyale-
ba, raSi gawafvac marTebT maT, raTa Semwirvelma
moipovos religiuri gasamrjelo.
budas gardacvalebis Semdeg misi mimdevre-
bi ecdebian moZRvrebis dacvas da iReben kanons,
rac Cvenamde mravaljer gadamuSavebuli da gan-
vrcobili saxiT movida. sam krebaze moxda bu-
das mTeli swavlebis Tavmoyra, sistematizireba
da kanonizireba. pirveli kreba(sanskr. sanghiti,
<<erToblivi kiTxva>>) weliwadis wvimian dros,
budas bolo nirvanas(sanskr. parinirvana) Sem-
deg unda Catarebuliyo. rajagrihaSi wakiTxul
iqna ordenis wesi(pali,sanskr. vinaia, disciplina,
wesi) upalis(sanskt. upali, beri) da moZRvrebis
sityva(sanskr. sutra, Zafi) anandas, budas sayvare-
li mowafis mier. meore kreba Catarda vaiSal-
Si, ra drosac disputi warmoebda ordenis wes-
60
Ta ganmartebis sakiTxis irgvliv. dasasruls,
pataliputras mesame kreba, romelic imperator
aSokas(daaxl. 268-233) dros Catarda, dasrulda bud-
istTa erTobis daSliT. budisti wmindanis(sanskr.
arhat, Rirseuli) mier swavlebis darigebis gziT
gadacema iqca kamaTis sagnad, ramac budistTa
Soris ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia. erToba daiSala
<<uxucesebad>>(sanskr. stxavira, uxucesebi) da
<<did Tems mikuTvnebulTa>>(sanskr. mahasanghi-
ka, didi kreba) saxiT. azrTa sxvadasxvaobam sab-
olood gayo is da mis nacvlad mogvianebiT Camoy-
alibda ori budisturi mimarTuleba: CrdiloeTis,
- hinaiana(sanskr. <<patara etli - xsnis gza>>) da
samxreTis, - mahaiana(sanskr.<<didi etli - xsnis
gza>>).
budizmi aris religia da filosofia, romelic
moicavs gansxvavebul tradiciebs rwmenebsa da
gamocdilebebs. igi efuZneba sidxarta gautamas
swavlebas[3]. farTo gansazRvraSi, religia SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc transcendentuli gamocdileb-
is dinamiuri SeRwevadoba(inkulturacia) sazoga-
doebis istoriaSi, eTikasa da wesebSi. transcen-
detul RmerTTan pirdapiri damokidebulebis
gareSe, magaram ara adamianTa radikaluri damok-
idebulebis gareSe cnobierebasTan. budizmi xs-
nis realobas, rogorc Ria urTierTobebis marad
cvalebad bades da aqedan formirebul maT damok-
idebulebas samyarosadmi. misi eTika pirvel rig-
Si aRniSnavs anTropologiur Semobrunebasa da
religiur aRsrulebaTa racionalur safuZvlebs;
is religias gaiazrebs Tavis hermenevtikul da
kulturis mdgenel funqciaSi; misTvis yoveldRi-
uri cxovreba warmoadgens WeSmaritebis Semecneb-
is usasrulo formirebis process da Sesabamisad,
amiT is cdilobs samoqalaqo(civilizatoruli)
61
infrastruqturaTa maT sakuTar funqcionalur
mniSvnelobaSi aRiarebas, magram budizmi amave
dros avlens mis arsebiT umniSvnelobas da mz-
eras mimarTavs sulierebisken.
budas(daaxl. 563-483 ww. qristes Sobamde)
Tavdapirveli qadagebis ZaliT nasazrdoebi da
budisturi istoriis gansxvavebul istoriul
da geografiul konkretizaciebSi uwinaresad
<<marTebul qcevaTa>> da <<keTilSobil adami-
anTa>> orive es aspeqti ekonomikis eTikisTvis
Zalzed didi mniSvnelobis matarebelia. Tumca
budizmis mravalricxovani nakadebis, romelTac
budad gamoRviZebuli ufliswul siTharta gau-
tamas pirveli qadagebidan moyolebuli moicves
faqtobrivad mTeli azia da amaJamad emzadebian
gaxdnen mniSvnelovani sulieri faqtori samya-
ros dasavleT nawilisTvis, erTian eTikaSi Tav-
moyra da asaxva SeuZlebelia, miuxedavad amisa
mainc SesaZlebelia, rom moxdes sami umniSvnelo-
vanesi aspeqtis gamorCeva, romlebic budisturi
moZRvrebis(dharmas) intenciebs gamoxataven: <<pir-
vel rigSi es aris gaTavisuflebis miRweva(vimuti),
rac individTan mimarTebiT aRniSnavs pirovnebis
tanjvisa da ukmayofilebis mdgomareobidan gaTa-
visuflebas. meore es aris gagebisa da Semecnebis
gzis migneba, rac TavisTavad eTikuri Rirebuleb-
is mqonea. mesame es aris moraluri srulyofileb-
is miRweva, pirovnulobis zneobrivi gardaqmna[4,
gv. 144]. samive am aspeqtis realizebis mcdelobas
wiTel xazad gasdvs <<oTxi keTilSobili
WeSmaritebis>>(tanjva, tanjvis warmoSoba, tanjvis
acileba, tanjvis acilebisken mimavali gza) da
<<keTilSobili rvamxrivi bilikis>>(marTebuli
Semecneba, swori gadawyvetileba, marTebuli
mtyveleba, swori qmedeba, cxovrebis swori wesi,
62
swori Zalisxmeva, marTebuli yuradReba da swori
koncentracia) spiritualuri praqtika da kul-
minacias nirvanas, bednieri gaTavisuflebis aRu-
werel gamocdilebaSi aRwevs, romelSic yvela
usargeblo midrekileba wyvets arsebobas. yofi-
erebis, sicocxlis wrebrunvis arsebiTad pirvel-
ma WeSmaritebam, rogoric aris <<tanjva>>(dukha),
socialuri problematikis dRevandel globalur
dimensiasTan mimarTebiT kidev ufro meti simw-
vave SeiZina: umuSevroba, Cagvra, usamarTlo damok-
idebuleba simdidresa da siRaribes Soris, ukmari
cnobiereba sicocxlis uflebisa da adamianuri
RirsebisTvis, garemos ganadgureba, narkomaniisa
da Sidsis problematika gvixmobs maT gamomwvev
faqtorTa dakvirvebuli analizisken, romlebic
Tavad adamianebSi unda iqnas moZiebuli.
dRes albaT ukve unda dadges kiTxvis niSnis
qveS maqs veberis[5] mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
individualuri egzistenciis iluziis budisturi
gadawyveta, wuTisoflisgan monastrul-asketuri
gandgomileba da induri moZRvreba karmasTan
dakavSirebiT (ara sakuTari braleulobiT namem-
kvidrali cxovrebis pirobebi) SeuZlebels xdis
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone eTikis arse-
bobas. individis damokidebulebis swored marTe-
buli respeqti saerTo realobis mimarT imyofeba
budisturi yuradRebis centrSi da afuZnebs enga-
Jirebul praqtikas.
budizmis mSobel qveyanaSi, politikosma da ukas-
toTa liderma bimrao ramji ambedkarma(1891-1956),
budizmis socialuri ganTavisuflebidan Tavisi
gzavniliT kvlav Seqmna masebis moZraoba. misi
moZraobis konteqstidan SesaZlebelia budasad-
mi, rogorc CagrulTa mxsnelisa da ganmaTavisu-
fleblisadmi miZRvnili erTi leqsis citireba,
63
romelSic, globaluri usamarTlobis Secvlisak-
en mimarTuli religiuri engaJementiT, TiTqosda
tripitakas kanonTa axali gverdia inspirirebuli:
<<sidharta, me verasdros gxedav Sen jetavanaSi
lotosSi mjdomares... me gxedav Sen mosaubres
da moxetiales damcirebulTa da uZlurTa So-
ris, sanaTiT xelSi mosiarules qoxidan qoxSi.
Sen dRes wer tripitakas axal gverds>>[6, gv.185].
literatura:
1. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haid-er/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004
2. Theachings of the Budda, the midlle length, Discours-es of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya.,26 I, Somerville(USA), 2015
3. Buddhist economics – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.,en.wikipedia.org./Wiki/Buddhist/economics
4. P.D. Premasiri, Enciclopaedya of Buddhismus, Vol. 5, W.G.Weeraratna(Editor), Colombo, 1990
5. M. Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziolo-gie, Band 2, Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen: Hinduismus und Buddhismus, Tübingen, 1921
6. A. Pieris, Love Meets Wisdom: A Christian Experience of Buddhismus (Faith Meets Faith Series), Published by Orbis Books, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A. 1988
64
2.2 budizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
budizmi upiratesad exeba ara arsebuli ekono-
mikuri sistemis gardaqmnas, aramed socialuri da
religiuri moralis identifikaciis gziT mis gae-
Tikurebas, meore mxriv kanonikuri werilebi ar
Seicavs specifikur eTikur traqtats; eTikuri
cxovrebis wesis principebs ufro metad ayalibebs
budas erTiani moZRvrebis safuZveli(sakvanZo wer-
tili): << adamiani, vinc aRvsilia sixarbiT..., siZul-
viliT..., da sibrmaviT, Zleuli sixarbiT, siZulvil-
iTa da sibrmaviT, fiqrobs sakuTar naklovanebaze,
sxvis naklovanebaze da orives naklovanebaze, da
ganicdis sulier tkivilsa da mwuxarebas. cxovre-
bis mdare wesiT xelmZRvanelobs is aseve saqmeSi,
sityvasa da fiqrSi da ver Seicnobs rogorc Tavis
sakuTar namdvil sidiades, ise sxvis da orives
sidiades. magram, rodesac sixarbe, siZulvili da
sibrmave datevebulia, is ar fiqrobs rogorc sa-
kuTar naklovanebaze, ise sxvis da orives naklo-
vanebaze. am azriT moZRvreba aris xiluli aq da
axla, gaaCnia uSualo Sedegebi, gviwvevs misvlad
da saxilvelad, migviZRvis miznisken da is Tavad
masSia sibrZniT Secnobadi>> [1,gv.69].
moZRvrebas sicxades sZens misi personaluri
gaTaviseba; budisturi socialuri eTika aris in-
dividualuri transformaciis uSualo Sedegi.
koncentrul wreebSi gansxvavebul politikur
erTobaTa pozitiuri cvlilebebidan aRmocende-
ba msoflio mSvidobis dacvis Tu konstruqciu-
li saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, romlebic Tavis
mxriv calkeulTa mSvidobismyofel emanaciaTa
krebuls warmoadgens. sakuTar TemSi arsebuli
misia berTa da eriskacTaTvis ar izRudeba mx-
olod sulieri sikeTiT, aramed is aseve moicavs
65
socialuri pasuxismgeblobiT gansazRvrul er-
iskacTa marTebuli cxovrebis unarebs. prof. r.h.
robinsoni samyarosTan am praqtikul damokide-
bulebaSi xedavs budisturi gavrcelebis war-
matebis saidumlos: <<budizmis istoriul war-
matebas ganapirobebs misi wvdomva ganurCevlad
rasebis, kastebis, klasebisa Tu sqesis. sibraluli
aris ara mxolod sxvisi tanjvis SegrZneba, aramed
sargebloba mis Sesamsubuqeblad, da keTilSobi-
luri saqmianoba aris >dharmas saCuqri<. ... budisti
misionerebi eswrafvian sakuTari moZRvrebis ara
mxolod qadagebas, aramed mis gadacemas>>[2,gv.31].
ara adamianuri Zalidan, aramed realobis marTe-
buli azris maZiebeli Widilidan Cndeba mSvido-
ba. <<mefis>> pasuxismgebloba saerTo sikeTisT-
vis TavisTavad ganimarteba rogorc mxolod da
mxolod misi spiritualuri Sromis funqcia.
Sepirobebul aRmocenebaTa(pratitia-samutpada
pratitya-samutpada) usasrulo jaWvis centraluri
budisturi varaudis Tanaxmad mefis moraluri da-
mokidebuleba pirdapir gavlenas axdens saxelmwi-
fos funqcionirebaze, maT Soris moqalaqeTa jan-
mrTelobis mdgomareobaze, iseve rogorc zeciur
sxeulTa harmoniasa da aqedan gamomdinare, klima-
tur faqtorebze. kanonikur teqstebSi xSirad aris
am principTa namdvilobis Sesaxeb saubari: << im
dros, rodesac mefeni gulmowyaleni arian maTi
berebis mimarT, aseve gulmowyaleni arian saxelm-
wifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebic. arian ra
saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebi gul-
mowyaleni, aseve gulmowyaleni arian mRvdelni
da moqalaqeni. arian ra mRvdelni da moqalaqeni
gulmowyaleni, aseve gulmowyaleni arian qalaqisa
da soflis mcxovrebni. arian ra qalaqisa da sof-
lis mcxovrebni gulmowyaleni, amitom moZraobs
66
sakuTari swori svliT mze da mTvare. moZraobs
ra mze da mTvare sakuTari swori svliT, amitom
moZraoben aseve planetebi da varskvlvebi Tavisi
swori svliT. moZraoben ra planetebi da varskv-
lavebi Tavisi swori svliT, amitom aris dRe-Ramis
swori monacvleoba. monacvleobs ra dRe da Rame
sworad, amitom monacvleoben mTeli da naxevari
Tveebi sworad. monacvleoben ra mTeli da nax-
evari Tveebi sworad, amitom monacvleoben weli-
wadis droebi da weliwadebi sworad. monacvleo-
ben ra weliwadis droebi da weliwadebi sworad,
amitom qrian aseve qarebi swori mimarTulebiT.
qrian ra qarebi swori mimarTulebiT, amitom ar
risxdebian RmerTebi. ar risxdebian ra RmerTe-
bi, amitom arsebobs aseve Tavisdrouli wvimebi.
arsebobs ra Tavisdrouli wvimebi, amitom aRwevs
marcvleuli srul mwifobas. iReben ra sazrdod
adamianebi mwife marcvleuls, amitom aRweven isini
xangrZliv wlovanebas, silamazes, Zalasa da janm-
rTelobas>>[3, 1984,gv.75; 1956,gv.306].
rodesac sixarbe, siZulvili da sibrmave gaana-
lizebulia rogorc arajansaR qmedebaTa mTavari
mizezebi politikur sferoSi maTive politikuri
SedegebiT, rogoric aris Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyeneba, zewola da sicruis propaganda, aqve
maTi daZleva ganixileba eTikur qmedebaTa mamoZ-
ravebel Zalad da mis mTavar motivatorad. ara
mxolod sicocxlis egzistencialuri tanjvis
xasiaTi, aramed aseve siocialuri usamarTlobis
personaluri gamocdileba mniSvnelovnad axasi-
aTebs budas moZRvrebas. <<Zaladoba badebs SiSs:
brZolis dros gamoCndeba kacTa buneba! SeZrwun-
ebulma msurs vTqva, rogor aRviqvi me isini. vnaxe
es xalxi, rogorc Tevzebi, romelTac wyali ar
hyofniT. erTurTs mimwydarni vixile isini, - ramac
67
Tavzari damca>>[4,gv.935].
ekonomikis eTikis farTo diskusia moiZie-
ba <<samyaros mbrZanebeli - lomis Rrialis>>-
sutraSi[5,gv.174], sadac mosaxleobis siduxWire
ara individualuri karmis gamoxatulebad, ara-
med usamarTlo struqturebisa da mefis naklu-
li samarTlianobis arsebobiT miRebul Sedegad
miiCneva. simdidris samarTliani, gawonaswore-
buli ganawilebiT monarqi zrunavs socialuri
samarTlianobis misaRwevad; meore mxriv msgav-
si mdgomareoba aris ara ekonomikuri zrunvis
(ekonomikur valdebulebaTa) gansakuTrebuli Se-
degi, aramed mosaxleobis moraluri progresidan
gamomdinare. simdidre, mxolod egoistur zraxvebs
damonebuli xdeba avis msaxuri. am kanonikuri pasa-
Jidan SesaZloa garkveulwilad gamoikveTos bud-
isturi midrekileba marqsistuli Teoriis mima-
rT, romelic <<dharma-socializmis>> moTxovnis
saxiT formulirebulia tailandeli beris buda-
dazas (1909-1993) reformatorul programaSi, ro-
gorc yvelaze arsebiTi punqti.
simdidris legitimuri mopoveba da moraluri
cxovreba ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs. mdidar va-
War anatpapindikas buda xotbas asxams da bed-
nierad racxavs oTxi saxis miwieri sixarulis
gamo: flobis sixaruli, tkbobis sixaruli, valis
arqonis sixaruli, umwikloebis sixaruli. <<ai,
flobs simdidres Svili kargi ojaxidan, rac man
Tavdauzogavi SromiT, xelTa sibejiTiT, saxeze
ofliT, kanonieri da patiosani gziT SeiZina. da
is SeigrZnobs sixarulasa da bednierebas...>>(ix.
[3], Nyanaponika 1984, 69). qonebis flobis kanoniereba
mdgomareobs sakuTari sargeblis saerTo sikeTi-
sadmi daqvemdebarebaSi; mxolod piradi sargeblis
miRebis Zieba Seuwyobda xels xsnis uarmyofeli
68
karmis arsebobas da iwodeboda <<dauokebeli
survilis sferos simdidris mxardamWer Zalad>>.
saxelmwifo eTikasTan mimarTebiT
b.g.gokxale[6,gv69] aRwers samsafexurian ganvi-
Tarebas budistur azrovnebaSi. sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis modelis mixedviT, rogorc is
magaliTad agana sutaSi[7] xalxis mandatiT mef-
eSi gvirgvindeba, despoturi batonobis modelSi
adgili aqvs temporalur(droebiT) da spiritu-
alur sikeTeTa or nawilad dayofas dharmasa da
avtoritetis sferoebis saxiT. am orive sferos
ar SeuZlia uerTmaneTod arseboba da budis-
turi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, kulminaciur moments
warmoadgens harmoniuli socialuri struqtura
moraluri da spiritualuri srulyofilebiT am
cxovrebaSi. << zRvargadasuli altruizmiT ar
SeiZleba uaris Tqma sakuTar keTildReobaze.
Seicnoba ra sakuTari bedniereba, Tavi unda mieZ-
Rvnas WeSmarit bednierebas>>[8,gv.166]. pirvel
rigSi pirad sferoSi Cndeba advilad anarqiis
mdgomareoba, rodesac sakuTar keTildReobasa da
socialur valdebulebebs Soris wonasworoba ar
aris daculi; aseT dros SesaZlebelia, rom sax-
elmwifos ZaliT saWiro gaxdes misi dacva.
mesame batonobis modelSi saxelmwifo xdeba
dharmis instrumenti, rogorc Tavisi avtorite-
tis garanti da samarTlis wyaro. sadac dhar-
ma saxelmwifos politikuri cneba da moraluri
safuZveli xdeba, urTierTvaldebulebaTa konte-
qstSi idealuri suvereni unda gaxdes <<dharmas
samarTliani mefis>> Sinagani fundamentiT. umaR-
les sulier avtoritets Sedarebuli es normati-
uli idealuri mefe xdeba rogorc universaluri
monarqi(yovlis mpyrobeli) (Cakravartinichakravar-tin), romelic dharmas wesrigs Zalis gamouyene-
69
bad ganavrcobs ukideganod. misi mTavari amocana
aris samarTlis pozitiuri qmna, raTa idealuri
cxovrebis pirobebiT Tavidan iqnas acilebuli
usamarTloba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
dacvisa da pativiscemis cxovrebis wesi dharmas
pirvelsaxis(prototipi, arqetipi) mixedviT Sesa-
Zlebelia Tavis srulyofilebaSi ganviTardes.
adreul budistur politikur Teorias surda
samarTliani mbrZaneblis idealuri warmodgeniT
Seeqmna saWiro koreqtivi Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebisTvis da safuZvlebi saerTo samarT-
lis (Tanaswor uflebaTa) pativiscemisTvis. ze-
moT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom dharma racionalur safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT
xdeba adamianis universalur uflebaTa garanti.
maradcvalebad faqtorTa istoriul procesSi
myofi wuTisofelTan budisturi damokidebuleba,
kargi gagebiT SeiZleboda situaciis eTikad daxa-
siaTebuliyo, romelic sayoveTao sikeTis konte-
qstSi sakuTari keTildReobis ganxorcielebas
isaxavs miznad im azriT, rom es ufro metad Se-
exeba aq da axla marTebul urTierTobaTa Se-
qmnis valdebulebas, vidre moTxovnil samarT-
lebriv pretenziebs. swored, zogadi adamianuri
naturis safuZvelze moiTxovs harmoniuli sazog-
adoebis vizioni calkeulTa engaJirebul Sromas
saerTo sikeTisTvis. universaluri samarTliano-
bis prereligiuri postulatis sapirispirod, es
ganxorcieleba aris erTmniSvnelovnad religi-
uri, ramdenadac, budisturi rwmenis Tanaxmad is
sakuTari gulis radikaluri konversiiT unda
daiwyos. keTilSobili pirovnuloba, gacilebiT
Tavisufali, mSvidad da harmoniulad dakavSire-
70
buli realobasTan aris xsnis mizani, da rogorc
oqros wesi mis xorcSesxmas emsaxureba ormxrivi
zrunvis valdebuleba (dana), romelic cxovrebis
gansxvavebul adgilebs Soris pasuxismgeblobis
bades qsovs: <<wuTisoflis sixaruli aris de-
daze zrunva, wuTisoflis sixaruli aris mamaze
zrunva, wuTisoflis sixaruli aris berad yofna,
wuTisoflis sixaruli aseve aris siwminde (ix. [8],
Dhammapada, gv. 332). pirvel rigSi sigalovada suta(ix.[7], Sigalovada Sutta, Digha-nikaya III 180 ff.) dharmas eTikur
principebs iyenebs ojaxuri da samuSao cxovrebis
kerZo sferosTan mimarTebiT. brahmanuli msxver-
plis eqvsi mimarTulebis gamocalkevebis mixed-
viT adamianebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian
mSoblebis(aRmosavleTi), maswavleblebis(samxreTi),
qalebisa da bavSvebis(dasavleTi), amxanagebi-
sa da megobrebis(CrdiloeTi), qveSevrdomTa da
muSakTa(miwa), religiur maswavlebelTa/moZRvar-
Ta da berTa(zeca) zrunviT. Svilebze dedobrivi
zrunvis darad, sustTa da upovarTa dacva tran-
sponirebs sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi, yoveli
cxovrebis winaSe mowiwebis gamosaxatad, da re-
fleqtirebs dharmas universalur wesrigs.
budas misionerul brZanebasTan dakavSire-
biT, <<gaswiT berebo arsebaTa sakeTildReod,
arsebaTa sabednierod, samyaros TanagrZno-
biT, RmerTTa da kacTa sasikeTod, salocad da
sasixarulod>>(Mahavagga IV, 28)[9], ceilonelma re-
ligiis filosofosma k. n. jaiatilekem(K.N.Jayatilleke, 1920 – 1970) (citirebulia: Rothermund 1979, 97-112)
[10] mniSvnelovani axali interpretaciis saxiT
ganaviTara socialur-eTikuri programa, romlis
ganTavisuflebis([da]xsnis) mzera nirvanaSi mipy-
robilia kacobriobis materialuri keTilReo-
bisadmi. <<erTdroulad egoizmisa da altru-
71
izmis>> eTikuri universalizmis Tamam vizionSi,
romelic karma-principiT aris dakavaSirebuli, is
vinc sxvaTa socialuri keTildReobisTvis zru-
navs, imave dros sakuTari srulyofilebisken mi-
maval gzas miuyveba. berobis sazogadoebrivi da-
mokidebuleba mdgomareobs swored mis asketur
alternativaSi, romelSic sazogadoebis miRma
myof Tanamegobrobas SeuZlia am ZiriTadi sax-
elmZRvanelo iniciativebis(ideebis) SeTavazeba.
theravada(Theravada)-berobis tradiciuli prin-
cipi, rom TiToeuli jer sakuTar Tavs unda daex-
maros, vidre is sxvaTa daxmarebas SeZlebs, jaia-
tilekesTan Sevsebulia xsnis qmnadi Sedegebis
gansakuTrebuli gamoyofiT, romlebic SeiZleba
uangaro(Tavdadebul) moqmedebebs axldes Tan ro-
gorc calkeulTaTvis (<<egoizmi>>, rogorc up-
irovno xsnis miReba), ise sazogadoebisTvis (<<al-
truizmi>>, rogorc TanagrZnobis gamoxatuleba).
sakuTari keTildReobis sxvaTa keTildReobasTan
koincidenturobidan aRmocendeba Tanamedrove so-
cialuri filosofia, romelic sakuTari xsnis aR-
srulebas, principSi sxvaTaTvis upirovno samsax-
uriT axorcielebs.
jaiatilekesTvis budisturi eTikis univer-
saluri aspeqti aRmocendeba yvela adamianisa da
arsebis fundamenturi Tanasworobidan. brahmanu-
li sazogadoebis religiurad legitimirebuli
kasturi struqturis sapirispirod, kacobrioba
budas emadliereba Tanasworobis mniSvnelovan
princips (kanonamde) adamianis modgmis biologi-
uri erTobis safuZvelze: <<rodesac budizmi Cven
mogviwodebs yvela adamians, ganurCevlad maTi
rasisa Tu kastisa, movepyrad rogrc Cven mamebs,
dedebs, Zmebsa da debs, anu rogorc ojaxs, rogorc
Cans am gancxadebaSi ufro metad Rrma WeSmarite-
72
baa, vidre mxolod eTikuri rekomendaciebi>>(ix.
[10],citirebulia: Rothermund 1979, 107). es origi-
naluri adamianis Rirseba, romelic yovel re-
ligiurad motivirebul sazogadoebriv struq-
turas uswrebs win, sanghas(Sangha) sulier
mdgomareobaSi(konstituciaSi) jaiatileke axor-
cielbs models samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis.
amitom, religiis saxeliT yvela adamians, maTi ni-
Wisa da interseTa ganviTarebisTvis unda mieces
Tanabari Sansebi, rac kvlav adamianTa samsaxurSi
aRwevs kulminaciur wertils.
dasavluri kolonializmis dros, me-19 sauku-
nis bolodan sxvadasxva aziur qveynebSi, budis-
tur sazogadoebaTa Rrma da STambeWdavi trans-
formaciis procesebiT mimdinareobda axali
identobis Ziebani, romelTac rogorc aTaswlo-
van ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, ise dasavlur
ideebTan konfliqtsa da antagonizmSi hpoves
gamoxatuleba. tailandeli reformatori beri-
sa da mogvianebiT mefe mongkutis(Mongkut) (1851-
1868) gverdiT, pirvel rigSi SeiZleba anagarika
dharmapalas(Singhalese Anagarika Dharmapala) (1864-1933) dasaxeleba, romelic skolebis daarsebiTa da so-
cialur aqtivobaTa progresuli, mowinave saero
eTikiT mxarSi edga da xels uwyobda axladwarmo-
qmnil samoqalaqo-sazogadoebriv fenas. amasTan, is
asimilirebda protestantul da dasavlur nor-
mebs, swored kapitalisturi ekonomokuri marT-
vis formis gaTvaliswinebiT. gaganat obeiesekere
(G.Obeyesekere ) am modernizirebis process aRniS-navs rogorc <<protestantul budizms>>, misi
viqtorianul-protestantul faseulobaTa gamo,
magram aseve - <<misi radikaluri protestis gamo
tradicionaluri budizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic
Sri lankaSi arsebiTad glexuri sazogadoeb-
73
isa da ekonomikis, da glexuri moraluri kod-
eqsis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli>>[11,gv.120]. amis
safuZvelze, universalur tanjvaTagan daxsnis
religiuri ltolva socialuri da ekonomi-
kuri paternalizmisgan(mzrunveloba, meurveoba)
ganTavisuflebis gamoyenebiTi azriT aixsneba.
mianmarSi(yofili birma) radikalurma berma u
otamam(U Ottama) Tavisi warmodgenebiT <<nirvana
am samyaroSi>>[12] moiTxova ekonomikuri reforme-
bi da kolonialur ZalTagan politikuri gaTa-
visufleba, da riTac safuZveli Cauyara u nus(U Nu) socialistur politikasa da miwis refor-
mas: <<aq ar unda xdebodes sakuTrebis SenarCu-
neba, mas ar unda mohqondes mogeba. is, nirvanasken
mimaval gzaze adamianTa saWiroebebis dakmayo-
filebas unda msaxurebdes. Tu Cven eqspluatacias,
Cagvrasa da ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas klasebs
Soris gavaanalizebT, SevicnobT, rom isini sa-
kuTrebis Sesaxeb arsebul faseulobaTa iluzias
emyareba>>[13,gv168].
anglikanuri ekonomikuri eTikis gavleniT, amave
dros tomas mertonsis(Thomas Mertons) kontempla-
tiuri spiritualitetiT, alternatiuli nobelis
premiis laureatis sulak sivarsakas(Sulak Sivaraksa) (dab. 1933) mier tailandSi dafuZnebul iqna anga-
Jirebul budistTa moZraoba, romelic mogebisaken
usazRvro ltolvasa da sixarbes, rogorc kapital-
izmis eTikur safuZvlebs, romlis Teoriuli bazisi
ewinaaRmdegeba spiritual interesebsa da araZal-
adobas, mwvaved akritikebs. amgvarad dafuZnebul
<<angaJirebul budistTa saerTaSoriso qselis>>
mizani (romelsac sxvaTa Soris aseve warmoadgens
sarvodaia(Sarvodaya)-moZraobis damfuZnebeli Sri
lankaSi a. t. ariarante(A.T.Ariyarante) (dab. 1931) da mSvidobis moZraobis damaarsebeli vietnamSi tiC
74
naT hani(Thich Nhat Hahn (dab. 1926) ) gaxldaT Ca-
grulTa gacnobiereba, ramdenadac gandis modelis
mixedviT, soflis avtokratia axali ekonomikuri
wesrigis centri unda gamxdariyo. aqtualuria
instituciebis, CveulebaTa(ritualebi) da poli-
tikuri Sovinizmis konvencionaluri budizmis
nacvlad, praqtikaSi swored iseTis, rogoric re-
alurad unda iyos, WeSmariti budizmis arseboba,
romlis moZRvrebis ZiriTad arss, yvela msoflio
religiebTan Tanxvedrasa da erTsulovnebaSi
uangaroba(Tavdadeba/Tavganwirva) warmoadgens: <<
ar unda miejaWvo erT konkretul rwmenas, budas
sce Tayvani, Tu daicva Cveulebani. mniSvnelova-
nia zrda cnobierebasa da yuradRebaSi. rodesac
adamiani cdilobs aq Tavisi cnobierebis Secvlas
didi Tavganwirvisa da unarebisTvis, sxva adami-
anebTan Segnebuli Sexvedra SesaZlebels gaxdis
megobrobas da gamoricxavs Cagvras, rac CemTvis
warmoadgens kidec budizmis arss>>[14,gv.216].
s. sivaraskas mier daarsebuli araZaladobrivi
balaxis fesvis moZraobebi axal interpretaciaSi
iyenebs xuT budistur mcnebas, romlebic Sedge-
nili iqna aziis ganviTarebadi qveynebis specifi-
kuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gaTvaliswine-
biT. <<ar waarTva sicocxle>> niSnavs ufro mets,
vidre sxva adamianTa mokvdinebasa, Tu samxedro
samsaxurze uaris Tqmas; is gulisxmobs akrZalvas
nebismieri saxeobis iaraRis warmoebaze, iseve ro-
gorc tyis masivebis totalur gaCexvasa Tu qimiuri
sasuqebisa da pesticidebis gamoyenebis Taobaze,
romlebic anadgureben bunebriv mikroorganizmebs.
TavSeukavebel luqsusSi cxovreba, maSin rodesac
adamianTa mniSvnelovani nawili SimSilobs, vege-
tarianizmis moTxovniT eqvemdebareba aseve pirvel
mcnebas, riTac aRar iarsebebs cxovelTa daxocvis
75
saWiroeba da maT warmoebaze gasaxarji marcv-
lovani kulturebis mimarTva/gadacema gausaZlis
gaWirvebaSi myof adamianTa gamosakvebad gaxdeba
SesaZlebeli. meore mcneba <<Sen ar unda moip-
aro>>, sivaraskas mixedviT exeba saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis erTian meqanizms, romelic xSirad eweva
usamarTlo eqspluatacias da aRZravs usargeblo,
zedmet saWiroebaTa moTxovnilebebs, romlebic
bunebrivi resursebis xarjebsa Tu Tanaswor San-
sebs exeba. nebayoflobiT TviTkmarobaSi (TavdaW-
erilobaSi) cxovrebiT ki piriqiT, SesaZlebelia
samarTlianobis msaxureba da saboloo jamSi,
iZulebiTi siRatakis struqturebis Zlevac. mesame
mcneba, saqorwino erTgulebis darRvevisa(mruSoba)
da seqsualuri araswori saqcielis(gadacdomebi)
Taobaze, moicavs brZolis farTo vels qalTa
Cagvrisa da eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg, mosaxleo-
bis kontrolis saxelmwifo gegemebis winaaRmdeg,
abortis winaaRmdeg, bavSvTa prostituciasa da sa-
zogadod, patriarqaluri struqturebis struqtu-
rul codvaTa (karma) winaaRmdeg. simarTlis me-
oTxe mcneba pirvel rigSi unda ganxorcieldes
reklamis, masmediisa da aRzrdis sferoebSi ada-
mianTa Rirsebis sruli dacvisTvis. mexuTe mc-
neba exeba gamabruebeli(gamayuCebeli) saSualeb-
is armoxmarebas da mimarTulia narkomaniisa da
alkoholizmis gamomwvev mizezTa winaaRmdeg.
aRniSnuli socialuri movlenebisa da maTze da-
mokidebulobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samxedro
kampaniebi ver aRmofxvris am warmoudgenlad didi
safrTxis Semcvel borotebas, Tu saxelmwifos
mxridan ar gatarda qmediTi RonisZiebebi umuSev-
robis, Rirsebis Semlaxavi SromiTi pirobebisa Tu
jandacvis sferoSi arsebuli ukmari aqtivobeb-
is ganmapirobebel faqtorTa koreqciisa da amave
76
dros, narkobaronebis mier danaSaulebrivi gziT
miRebuli uzarmazari Semosavlebis konfiskacia/
likvidaciis mimarTulebiT.
am tradiciul budistur wesTa es Semdgomi
srulyofa oTxi mTavari qvelmoqmedebiT(siqveliT)
aris dagvirgvinebuli, romlebic xazgas-
miT gamoyofen yvela arsebis urTierTkavSirs.
siyvaruli(meta metta), TanagrZnoba(karuna karu-na), sixarulis Tanaziaroba(mudita mudita) da
gulgriloba(upeka upekkha) mxolod spiritualu-
rad ganaTlebul adamianTa mier SeiZleba iqnes
gancdili. gamabruebel saSualebebaTa moxmare-
bis mentalitetis mqone pirebs ki, romlebic ver
aRiqvaven farTo ufskruls privilegirebulTa da
uqonelTa Soris, arc WeSmariti TanagrZnobisa Tu
sixarulis Tanaziarobis gancda ZaluZT, da arc
cxovrebis SemTxvevebTan sulieri ZaliT mSvidad
Sexvedra.
niCirenze(Nichiren (1222- 1282 )) da lotosis
sutraze dayrdnobiT, modernizmis gavlenis qveS
ganviTarda saero budizmis axali formebi. up-
irveles yovlisa, aq naxsenebi unda iqnas Zlier
sakamaTo soka gakai(Soka Gakkai (<<sazogadoe-
ba RirebulebaTa SeqmnisaTvis>>, dafuZnebuli
1937/1946), romelic, misi yofili prezidentis dai-
saku ikedas(Daisaky Ikeda (dab. 1928) mier religi-
uri partiis dafuZnebiT masiurad monawileobda
iaponiis politikur cxovrebaSi da aqtiur zemoq-
medebas axdenda masze, da meore mxriv, Tavisi kul-
turuli instituciebis saSualebebiT cdilobda
budistur ideaTa gavrcelebas mTel msoflioSi.
<<mesame civilizaciaSi>> budisturi idealizmi
da socialuri qmedebani mWidrod unda daukav-
Sirdes axal humanizms. <<angaJirebuli mSvido-
bis aRzrda>> am adamianuri socializmis iseTive
77
nawilia, rogorc budisturi demokratiis Seqmna,
ris Semdegac saxelmwifos amocanas, moqalaqeTa
maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli demokratiuli Tavisu-
flebis pirobebSi, sayovelTao sikeTisa da keTil-
dReobis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens.
lotosis sutras gansxvavebul ganmartebaSi
risSo kosei kais(Rissho Koseikai <<sazogadoeba Tan-
amegobrobis zrunvisTvis>> dafuZ. 1938) mier Tan-
agrZnobiT savse bodhisatvas magaliTze Seiswav-
leba praqtikuli budizmi saeroTaTvis[15]. Tuki
mwuxarebiT aRvsil am samyaros maradiuli buda is-
toriuli bodhisatvas saxiT moevlina, maSin kaco-
briobis tanjvaTa Semsubuqeba gadarCenis(daxsnis)
gziT miiRweva. aqtiur samezoblo jgufebSi ada-
mianebisadmi mowodebad rCeba budisturi spir-
itualobis Suqze maTi cxovrebis araZaladobisa
da daZmuri prinicipebis mixedviT warmarTava. am
lokaluri jgufebis eTikuri Zlierebidan amoiz-
arda risSo kosei kais(Rissho Koseikai) mniSvnelo-
vani saerTaSoriso engaJementi interreligiuri
urTierTTanamSromlobisTvis, ganviTarebis dax-
marebisa da mSvidobis ZalisxmevisTvis[16].
budisturi ekonomika warmoadgens ekonomikur
principTa krebuls, nawilobriv STagonebuls bud-
isturi rwmeniT, romelic mouwodebs adamianebs
keTil saqmeTa keTebisaken humanuri potencialis
saTanado ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. un-
greli akademikosis l. zolnais Tanaxmad, budistu-
ri ekonomika koncentrirebulia survilis uaryo-
fasa da adamianuri bunebis ganwmendaze. is cvlis
dasavluri ekonomikis fuZemdeblur principebs -
mogebis maqsimizacias, survilTa kultivirebas, ar-
sebul bazrebs, samyaros instrumentalur gamoy-
enebas da kerZo interesebze dafuZnebul eTikas.
78
nacvlad amisa, budisturi ekonomika axdens iseTi
alternatiuli pricipebis SemoTavazebas, rogore-
bicaa: tanjvis minimizacia, survilTa gaubraloeba,
Zaladobaze uaris Tqma, namdvili mzrunveloba da
guluxvoba. budizmSi materialuri keTildReoba
miCneulia bunebriv jildod wminda cxovrebisT-
vis. imavdroulad mxardaWerilia TavSekavebuli-
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba vaWarsa da mewarmes-
Tan mimarTebaSi. es ki iwvevs sameurneo sistemis
formirebis SeuZeblobas, romelic orintirebu-
li iqneboda materialuri sikeTis warmoebasa da
realizaciaze[17,gv.170-172].
ekonimikur da politikur ZalTa Tanamedrove
globalizaciis procesSi budizmi sakuTar Tavs
gaiazrebs usindiso mogebaze orientaciis eTosis
alternatiul, zneobrivad pasuxismgeblian for-
mad da adamianTa yofiTi garemos yovlismomcve-
li ganviTarebis/progresis gulSematkivrad da
damcvelad(humanuri habitatis holistikuri ganvi-
Tarebis advokati).
literatura
1. Die Wurzeln von Gut und Böse: Buddhistische Texste., Nyanaponika (Hrsg.), Verlag Christiani, 1981.
2. R. H. Robinson, The Buddhist Religion, ( 3 Edition), Belmont, 1982.
3. Die Lehrreden des Buddha aus der Angereihten Sammlung, Band 2, (3 Auflage), Nyanaponika (Hrsg), Freiburg/Breisgau, 1984; U. N. Ghoshal, Principle of the King’s Right-eousness., Indian Historical Quarterly 32, 1956.
4. Sutta Nipata, übersetzt von Nyanaponika, 2 Auflage, Konstanz, 1977.
5. P. Dahlke, Buddha. Die Lehre des Erhabenen., München, 1966.
6. B.G. Gokhale, The Early Buddhist View of the State.,
79
Journal of the American Oriental Society 98, 1969.7. Aganna Sutta, Digha Nikaya (Collection of Long Dis-
courses of the Buddha) III ff 80, Somerville, Massachusetts, 2012.
8. The Dhammapada, The Buddha’s Path to Freedom, (1 Edition), Translated from Pali by Acharya Buddharakkhita, In-troduction Bhikkhu Bodhi, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1985.
9. M. Meghaprasara, Neu Guide To The Tipitaka (A Com-plete Reference to the Pali Buddhist Canon), (1 Edition),U.S.A. 1965.
10. G. Rothermund, Buddhismus für die moderne Welt: Die Religionphilosophie K.N. Jayatillekes, Stuttgart, 1979.
11. G. Obeyesekere, Buddhismus: Die Begegnung einer Ach-senzeitreligion mit dem Modernismus., S. N. Eisenstadt(Hrsg.): Kulturen der Achsenzeit II, Teil 3, Frankfurt/Main, 1992.
12. E. Sarkisyanz, Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution, Den Haag, 1965.
13. M. Tworuschka, Denkerinnen und Denker der Weltreli-gionen im 20 Jahrhundert, Gütersloh, 1994.
14. D. K. Swearer, Sulak Sivaraksa’s Buddhist Vision for Renewing Society.[C. S. Queen, S. B. King (Editors)]: Engaged Buddhism, Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia, Albany.
15. N. Niwano, A Buddhist Approach to Peace, Tokyo, 197716. A. Nehring, Rissho Kosei-kai. Eine neubuddhistische
Religion in Japan, Erlangen, 1992.17. v. xizaniSvili, eTikuri ekonomika (saxelmZ-
Rvanelo), gamomcemloba <<loi>>, Tbilisi, 2016.
80
Tavi 3 konfucianizmi da Cinuri religia
3.1 konfucianizmis/daoizmis arsi
konfucianizmi viwro gagebiT (amasTan es cne-
ba Tavad CineTSi arasdros arsebobda) gacile-
biT naklebad aris religia, metad - sekularuli
cxovrebis moZRvreba, romelmac CineTis imperia-
Si religiuri xasiaTis saxelmwifo kultis saxe
miiRo, Tumca mosaxleobis farTo fenebs Soris
Tavisi dRevandeli naTeli gamoxatuleba sxvebT-
an urTierTqmedebiT, WeSmariti, Tavdapirveli re-
ligiuri skolebiTa da ideologiiT hpova. misi
kodifikacia warmoadgenda erT aTaswlovanze xan-
grZliv process, romelSic Tavad personaliebis
damkvidreba (rogoricaa <<konfuci>>(kong ciKong Zi) an <<menci>>(meng ciMeng Zi) batonobis sakiTxiT
gamoxatul diskursSi mxatvrulad iqna konstru-
irebuli - da ra Tqma unda aseve uwyveti diskus-
iebisa da axal interpretaciaTa sagani gaxda.
konfucianizmis cneba aRniSnavs Cinuri az-
rovnebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebas, romlebic
<<konfucis swavlebas>> efuZneba. aRniSnuli kon-
cepti, rac zogjer (iezuitTa) <<dasavlur pro-
eqciad>> miiCneva, TavisTavad mravalmniSvnelobi-
ania, vinaidan Cinur enaze <<swavlebasa>>(Ziao jiao) da <<religias>>(aseve Ziao jiao) Soris gansxaveba Zalzed rTulia. konfucianizmi Seicavs religiur
elementebs, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi religiad ar
miCneva; ufro ki piriqiT, is metad <<msoflxed-
va>>, Sesabamisad eTikur-socialuri moZRvrebaa.
e.w. konfucianuri filosofiis mTeli speqtris, e.i.
konfucis swavlebis, aseve gviandel <<konfucia-
81
nur>> mimarTulebaTa aRsawerad, dRevandeli sin-
ologia iyenebs <<ruizmis>> cnebas[1.gv.298]. Tumca
konfuci ar saubrobs religiaze, misi filoso-
fia da eTika efuZneba religiurobas, romlis cen-
trSi zeca(tian tian) imyofeba. is darwmunebulia,
rom zeca yvela siqveleTa Tavdapirvel mizezs,
umaRles moralur da sulier Zalas, yofierebis
wyaros warmoadgens.
konfucianizmis mamad miCneuli konfucis sax-
eli nawarmoebi iqna kong cius laTinizire-
buli formidan, romelic aseve iwodeboda ro-
gorc kongci, Sesabamisad, kongfuci(ostati kongi).
is qristes Sobamde 551/552 wlebSi, savaraudod
lus(dRevandeli Sandongi) mxareSi, qufus siax-
loves unda dabadebuliyo. misi Camomavlobisa
da ojaxis Sesaxeb bevris Tqma Zelia, Tumca misi
pirovnebis Sesaxeb arsebobs mravali legenda.
konfucis zogjer Sangis samefo dinastiasac(1766?
– 1123 qristes Sobamde)ki miakuTvneben. mis Sesaxeb
informciis saukeTeso wyaroa e.w. <<saubrebi>>
(Cin. luniu, 3/2 ss. qristes Sobamde), rac ostatis
sakuTar SegirdebTan saubrebis Canawers warmoad-
gens. aseve mravalricxovan biografiul elements
vxvdebiT men-czisTan da sima cianTan. konfucisgan
vigebT, rom man 15 wlis asakSi miiRo codnis SeZenis
gadawyvetileba. iyo daojaxebuli da hyavda qal-
vaJi. muSaobda sxva da sxva dabal Tanamdebobaze,
maT Soris sawyobis gamged (sadac samsxverplo
ZRveni inaxeboda). 27 wlis muSaobda Cinovnikad
lus mxareSi, xolo Semdeg, garkevuli droiT - ar-
qivariusad da magistratad. 30 Tu 40 wlis asakSi
xvdeba daoizmis savaraudo fuZemdebels lao Zis,
romelTanac msjelobs ritualebis(religiur wes-
CveulebaTa) Taobaze. gardaicvala 73 wlis (479
w. qristes Sobamde). misi cxovrebis daTariReba
82
dRemde kvlevis sagania.
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze konfuci
amaod eZebda iseT samTavros, sadac SeZlebda sa-
kuTari eTikur-socialuri warmodgenebis ganxor-
cielebas. mis politikur ambiciebs aRsruleba ar
ewera, Tumca misi, rogorc maswavleblisa da osta-
tis damsaxureba eWvgareSea: is rCeba did zneobriv
avtoritetad rogorc CineTSi, ise aRmosavleT
aziaSi. konfucis ar dautovia naSromi, sadac er-
Tiani Sejerebuli saxiT mocemuli iqneboda misi
swavleba(ix.[1], gv. 298-299). miuxedavad amisa, konfu-
cianuri tradicia mas mainc miawers klasikuri
Cinuri literaturis kanonikuri xuTwigneulis(Cin.
vujini Wujing) cvlilebaTa(Yijing ijini), simReraTa(
SiZini Shijing ), sigel-gujarTa( SuZini Shujing ), rit-ualebis( liZi Liji ), gazafxulisa da Semodgomis
analebis( Cunqiu Chungqiu ) wignTa avtorobas, rom-
lebic qmnian konfucianizmis klasikur kanons
da romelTagan mxolod ukanaskneli miiCneva
konfucis mier Sesrulebulad, xolo danarCeni
oTxi xangrZlivi drois manZilze aRmocenebul/
formirebul kompilaciebs asaxavs[2].
konfucis moZRvrebis sakvanZo sakiTxs adamianis
TviTkultivirebisa( Su xiu Sesabamisad, Su iani xiuyang ) da kacTaSoris urTierTobaTa formirebis
zrunva warmoadgens. TiToeuli, romelic am sfer-
oSi seriozul Zalisxmevas swevs keTilSobil
kacad( Cin., junci junzi keTilSobili, jentlmeni,
aseve: avtoritetuli pirovneba) miiCneva. konfucis
rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT adamianobis(Cin. ren ren hu-manuroba, adamianuri gulkeTiloba) siqvelis kul-
tivirebiT unda momxdariyo axali swavlulTa(Cin.
ru ru swavluli, ganswavluli, mecnieri) klasis
formireba, romlebic swavlebiTa da saxelmwifo
samsaxuriT dakavdebodnen. amitom, swored aqedan
83
momdinareobs konfucianuri skolis(rujia rujia), Sesabamisad misi doqtrinis(rujiao rujiao, moZRvre-ba renis ren Taobaze) saxelwodebac(ix. [1], gv. 299).
konfucianuri humanizmi koncentrirdeba
juncis(junzi), keTilSobili da srulqmnili adami-
anis idealze, romelic didwilad renis(ren) siqve-les flobs. reni(Ren) ayalibebs kacTaSoris ur-
TierTobebs, romelTagan gamoiyofa xuTi: batonsa
da xelqveiTs, mamasa da Svils, ufros da umcros
Zmebs, qmarsa da cols, megobarsa da megobars So-
ris urTierToba. aRniSnuli urTierTobani ierar-
qiulad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis vertikalur
wesrigs da romlebic dRemde asrulebs Cinuri
mentalobis mdgenelis funqcias.
konfucianuri humanizmi aseve ayalibebs CineTis
politikur doqtrinas, romelic znekeTili mbr-
Zaneblis, cis vaJis(Cin. tianci tianzi ), rogorc same-fos centris(Cin. tianSa tianxia, mTeli cisqveSeTi,
Sesabamisad oikumene) irgvliv koncentrirdeba.
mogvianebiT am doqtrinam ganapiroba autokratiis
warmoSoba. znekeTili konfucianeli mbrZaneblisT-
vis gadamwyveti iyo <<saxelTa(saxelwodebaTa)
dazustebis (gamosworebis)>>(Zenminis zhengming) koncefcia, e.i. sazogadoebis idealsa(rac ierar-
qiulad da ritualurad formalizebuli iyo) da
sinamdviles, Sesabamisad movaleobebs Soris ar-
sebuli Sesabamisobis Semowmebadoba. konfucian-
izmis politikuri doqtrinis farglebSi didi
mniSvnelobis iyo <<zecis mandatis>> idea(tianmini
tianming), rac TiTqmis sakraluri samefo Zalau-
flebis legitimacias axdenda. Tumca is aseve
uSvebda nebismier dros araznekeTili mbrZaneb-
lisTvis am mandatis CamorTmevis SesaZleblobas.
es gaxldaT jeminis(geming) aRmniSvneli procesi,
rac Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda <<(zecis) mandatis
84
gamocvlas>>, da ramac mogvianebiT <<revoluci-
is>> konotacia SeiZina(ix. [1], gv. 302).
me-20-e saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT komunistebis
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, 1949 wlidan dgeba
konfucianizmis, rogorc saxelmwifo ideologiis
daisi. iyo konfucianuri azrovnebis totalurad
amoZirkvis mcdelobac, gansakuTrebiT e.w. kultu-
ruli revoluciis(1966-1976) dros; aseve aqtiurad
msjelobdnen konfucianizmis rolze CineTis is-
toriaSi da mis kavSirze feodalizmTan da impe-
rializmTan. mxolod me-20-e saukunis oTxmocian
wlebSi iwyes xelaxla konfucianizmisTvis poz-
itiuri rolis miwera - mag., CineTis moderniza-
ciaSi. arsebuli komunisturi xelisufleba kar-
gad acnobierebda konfucianizmis totalitarul,
ierarqiul-biurokratiul potencials da marq-
sistul-komunistur faseulobaTa rRvevis Sede-
gad, ara ukanasknelad cdilobda konfucianizmisa
da misi faseulobebis(qvelobani, daode), TiTqmis
rogorc <<saTadarigo religiis>> intensiur
propagandas(ix. [1], gv. 303).
konfucianuri azrovnebis sxva mniSvnelovani
kategoria aris e. w. oqros Sualedis(Cin. Zoni
zhong) doqtrina, romelic gansakuTrebiT Txzule-
ba Zonion <<Zhongyong>>-Si( rac konfucis SviliS-
vils miewereba) artikulirdeba(ix.[1], gv. 302).
daoizmi, konfucianizmTan da indoeTidan da
centraluri aziidan pirvel saukuneSi( Cv.w.aR.)
Semosul budizmTan erTad warmoadgens CineTis
mesame did sulier tradicias. Tumca amave dros
is miiCneva erTaderT adgilobriv Cinur religia-
dac. Cinuri kulturis mravalricxovani elemen-
85
tebi iwarmoa daoizmidan. aseve daoizmSi moxda
uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebis miReba da Sem-
deg misiT ganvrcoba.
daoizmis evropuli aRniSvna momdinareobs
daos(aseve Tao taos) cnebidan, rac Semdeg Ziri-Tad mniSvnelobebs flobs: 1) metafora, romelic
Cveni yofisTvis axlobelia da Sesabamisad bib-
liasTan msgavsebiT xasiaTdeba: dao, rogorc ,,gza“,
(eTikuri, religiuri Tu sxva) WeSmariteba, rogorc
cxovrebis warmarTvis norma, standarti. 2) kidev
ufro mniSvnelovani, Tumca daoisturi tradiciis
konteqstSi daos cnebis mniSvneloba warmoadgens
movlenaTa kanonzomierebas samyaroSi. aq dao
gaigeba rogorc WeSmariteba, ukanaskneli realoba
Tu sinamdvile(ix. [1], gv, 307). daoizmis klasikuri
qmnilebis, <<daodeZinis>> dasawyisSi dao Semdeg-
nairad aris aRwerili: <<dao, romelic SeiZleba
ase iwodebodes, ar aris maradiuli dao. saxeli,
romelic SeiZleba ewodos, ar aris maradiuli
saxeli. usaxeloa cisa da miwis dasabami, aTiaTasi
arsebis dedad saxeldebuli[...] saidumlo saidum-
loSi da kari yvela saocrebaTa>>[3.gv.1].
CineTSi, Cv.w.aR.-mde mesame saukunis dasawyisSi
viTardeba literaturis kategoria, saxelwodebiT
daoZia(daojia daos moZRvreba), romelSic daos
cnebas(ideas), Zvel (konfucianur) TxzulebaTa
msgavsad Rrma mistikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda. aq,
dao Seicavs axal konotaciebs: ar arsebobs daos
arsis aRmniSvneli zusti saxeli - is usaxeloa;
dao aris saTave da mizezi yvela saganTa(<<dao
qmnis erTs; erTi qmnis ors; ori qmnis sams; sami
qmnis yvela sagans>>); dao aris kosmosis imanen-
turi ukanaskneli wesrigi.
daos es moZRvreba umTavresad or TxzulebaSia
gadmocemuli: daoizmis fuZemdeblis lao Zis(Cv.
86
w. aR.-mde 6 sauk.) <<dao de ZinSi>> da filosofos
juan Zis(Cv. w. aR.-mde 4 sauk.) <<juan ZiSi>>[4].
mimarTuleba, romelic daos Rrma koncepcias
propagndirebda, dauzavda politikurad gavle-
nian huan-dis(Huangdi) swavlebis tradicias da
iwoda huan-laos skolad. maTi Tayvaniscema lao
Zisadmi, rac religiuri ritualebiT sruldebo-
da, iyo lao Zis(laoZuni Laojun, ufali lao Lao) gaRmerTebis amosavali wertili da amgvarad, dao-
izmis sawyisi periodi ara mxolod filosofi-
uri skolis(daoZia daojia), aramed aseve Cinuri
adgilobrivi religiis(daoZiao daojiao) dafuZne-
biT aRiniSna. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dRes
religiur da filosofiur daoizms Soris gansx-
vaveba wminda meToduri bunebisaa da Cveulebriv,
rodesac saubaria daoistur tradiciaze, masSi
orive es mimarTuleba igulisxmeba.
gviandel daoizmSi aRniSnuli dao ufali
laoTi udiades RvTaebad iqna samyaroSi gacxade-
buli. amgvarad, daoizmSi uzenaesi ufali laos
(taiSan laoZuni Taishang Laojun) Tayvaniscema xde-
ba rogorc uzenaesi ufali daos(taiSan dao-
Zuni Taishang Daojun) manifestacia; is aris <<sami siwmindis>>(sanqini sanqing), daos trinitaruli
manifestacia(gamovlineba). es sameba warmogenilia
Semdegnairad: pirveli - juanSi tiancuni(Yuanshi tianzun), daos uwmindesi da uidumalesi manifes-
tacia; meore - ufali dao, daojuni(Daojun), pirv-elmizezsa da RmerTebs Soris Suamavali; mesame
- ufali lao, laojuni(Laojun), miuwvdomeli daos
gamcxadebeli. warmodgenil RvTaebaTa arsebobam
xeli Seuwyo mdidari liturgiuli ritualebis
formirebas.
lao Zis gaRmerTebasa da daos liturgiaTa
kodifikacias mosdevs daoisturi tradiciebis
87
institucionalizacia Cv. w. aR.-iT me-2-dan me-5
saukunemde. daos liturgiuli Tayvaniscema Tavis
sxva da sxva hipostazebSi daodeZinis kanonizire-
biT, laoZis gaRmerTebiTa da gansxvavebuli, uZve-
lesi saxalxo- religiuri, maT Soris lokaluri
elementebis miRebiT, xdeba daoizmis arsebiTi
nawili. Tumca misi ganviTareba ar xasiaTdeba
sistemurobiT - daoistur religiaSi Tavdapir-
velad sacnobia Zalzed gansxvavebuli gavlenebi(
gandegiloba, Samanizmi, jadoqroba, literatura,
filosofia, miTologia, lokaluri religiuri
tradiciebi, budizmi da a.S.). magaliTad, daoizmma
aseve miiRo Sensianis(dRegrZelobisa da ukvdav-
ebis Sensiani shenxian) uZvelesi Cinuri koncep-
cia, SeiTavsa alqimia da imgvari mravalricxo-
vani tradiciuli cnebebi, rogoric aris mag., ini
da iani(ori bipolaruli Zala iniani yinyang), usini(xuTi elementi, Sesabamisad, gardaqmnis faze-
bi u-sini wuxing), tiani(zeca tian) Seni(sulebi shen) gui(demonebi gui), da TiToeul maTgans axali kono-
tacia mianiWa. saeklesio struqturis msgavsebis
da kanonikur werilTa krebulis(daoZani daozang 1464 teqstiT[wignebiT], romlis Sekreba saukuneze
meti xnis manZilze mimdinareobda da romelic pi-
rvelad me-12 saukuneSi iqna gamocemuli) arsebo-
bis miuxedavad, daoizms arasdros ganuviTarebia
dogmaturi sistema(ix [1], gv. 308-309).
daoizmSi liturgiuli praqtika
samRvdeloTa(daoshi daosi) mier xorcieldeba,
saxeldobr Zveli liturgiis mixedviT, romlis
tradiciac araerTma Taobam Semoinaxa. ritu-
alebis umetesoba, romlebic taZarSi sruldeba,
nacvlad msxverplSewirvisa, RmerTebTan <<audien-
ciebs>> anu eqstazur mogzaurobebs(meditaciebi)
gulisxmobs, xolo maT saboloo mizans <<daosTan
88
dabruneba>> warmoadgens. daoisturi gagebiT, da-
osken mimavali gza moraluri cxovrebiT xasiaT-
deba. amitom mis umTavres wanamZRvars me-7 sauku-
nis daoisturi teqstis Tanaxmad xuTi mcneba da
aTi saTno qmedeba Seadgens:
xuTi mcneba
1) ar SeiZleba cocxali arsebis mokvla, 2) ar
SeiZleba sixarbis gamovlena Rvinis smis dros,
3) dauSvebelia sityviT <<xos>> Tqma da saqmiT
<<aras>> keTeba, 4) ar SeiZleba arc qurdoba da
arc yaCaRoba, 5) ar SeiZleba mruSoba.
aTi saTno qmedeba
1) krZaluleba da morCileba mamis da dedis
mimarT, 2) erTguleba da msaxureba batonisa da
ostatis mimarT, 3) TanagrZnoba da keTilganwyoba
aTi aTasi nivTis(arsebis) mimarT, 4) sulmdablo-
bis daTmena, 5) borotebis acileba mowodebiTa da
SepasuxebiT, 6) TviTuaryofa da RaribTa xsna, 7)
cocxal arsebaTa gaTavisufleba, nivTebis movla,
xexilis dargva, 8) Webis amoReba, xidebis ageba, 9)
xelSewyoba, rasac sargebloba moaqvs sxvebisTvis;
acileba, rasac ziani moaqvs maTTvis; da ganswavla
maTi, romelTac jer kidev ar uwyian daos Sesaxeb,
10) sanbaos[<<sami Zvirfaseulobis>> (daoisturi
kanonis sanbao sami Zvirfaseulobis)] wignebisa da
debulebebis recitireba, gamudmebiT sakmevlis
kmeva da msxverplis Sewirva.
saero mimdevrebs daoizmSi ar gaaCniaT raime
valdebuleba personaluri kultis mimarT, magram
marTebT mcnebebis dacva, sakmevlis kmeva, locva,
marxuloba, meditaciasa da qvelmoqmedebaze zrun-
va.
daoizmi pirvel rigSi aris Cinuri religiuri
89
tradicia, <<organizirebuli umaRlesi religia,
romelic biurokratiuli saxelmwifo aparatisa-
gan damoukideblad, .... ori aTaswleulis ganma-
vlobaSi ayalibebda rogorc elitis, ise xalxis
mentalitets>>[5,gv.419]. is upiratesad afuZnebs
rwmenas umaRlesi instanciis, daos mimarT, rom-
lis Tayvaniscemac xdeba liturgiulad. dao
flobs gansxvavebul manifestaciebs (upiratesad
<<sami siwminde>> - sanqvini sanquing); daois-turi cxovrebis mizans daoSi dRegrZeloba da
ukvdavebis(xsnis) miRweva warmoadgens. <<daoizmi
aris (individualuri da koleqtiuri) xsnis re-
ligia. individualuri xsna aris xangrZlivi, jan-
mrTeli da bednieri cxovreba ukvdavi sxeulis
idealiT. koleqtiuri xsna aris imanenturi samya-
ros kosmiuri harmonia, romelSic RmerTebi, ada-
mianebi da gardacvlilTa sulebi sami kosmiuri
sferoTi(zeca, zeskneli da qveskneli) mWidrod
dakavSirebulni Tanaarseboben>>(ix.[5,gv.431]. am sax-
iT daoizmi aseve aris warmodgenebis, Semecnebeb-
is, swavlebebisa da varjiSTa sinTezi, romelic
aseve dRevandel CineTSi, uwinaresad rogorc Sina-
gani ganwyoba(mdgomareoba) vrceldeba cxovrebis
yvela sferoze da romelSic <<Cinuri xasiaTi>>,
ase mkveTrad da mkafiod Cinuri religiurobis
arcerT sxva formaSi ar vlindeba. rogorc Se-
mecnebis meTodi daoizmi asazrdoebs xelovnebasa
da mecnierebas, xolo rogorc religiuri qceva, is
TviToeuli CinelisTvis imanenturia.
90
literatura:
1. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zen-tralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Innsbruck, 2003.
2. Fünf Klassiker., wikipedia.org/wiki/Fünf_Klassiker.3. Lao-Tzu, Tao Te Ching, (Translated by Stephen Addiss and
Stanley Lombardo), Boston-London, 2007.4. Dschuang Dsi [Zhuang-zi]., Das wahre Buch vom südlichen
Blütenland., Düsseldorf, 1976.5. Anna K. Seidel., Buying One’s Way to Heaven: The Ce-
lestial Treasury in Chinese Religions., History of Religions 17, 1978.
91
3.2 konfucianizmis/daoizmis socialur-
ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
<<konfucianizmis>> cneba sajaro diskusieb-
Si gamoiyeneba <<aRmosavleT aziis ekonomikuri
saswaulis>> aRsaniSnavad, ganurCevlad geo-
grafiulad, istoriulad da Sinaarsobrivad gan-
sxvavebuli Temebisa. amas garda, <<konfucianuri
kulturebis>>, rogorc aRmosavleTaziuri ekono-
mikuri dinamikis savaraudo matareblis dasav-
luri percefcia srulebiT ar emTxveva konfu-
cianizmis, rogorc nacionaluri da kulturuli
identurobis elements, romelic Cinuri tradic-
iebis rekonstruqciis mcdelobiT Tavad iqna Se-
Wrili Cinur kulturul sivrceSi.
Cven unda SevZloT minimaluri gansxvaveba: 1)
CineTSi konfucianuri moZRvrebis warmoSobasa
da aziur-wynari okeanis sivrcis sxvadasxva mxa-
reebsa da qveynebSi mis gavlenas, Sesabamisad mis
gavrcelebas Soris; 2)CineTSi arsebuli religi-
uri da filosofiuri azrovnebis mravalgvarobis
konteqstSi konfuciuri gavlenis mqone ideaTa
gansxvavebul istoriul mkveTr gamoxatulebebs
Soris; 3)viwro gagebiT konfucianizmis, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi elitis msoflxedvelobasa da
rogorc saimperatoro CineTSi imperiuli batono-
bis ideologias Soris; 4)iseve rogorc konfucia-
nuri eTikis istoriul da dRevandel, faqtobrivad
kvlav qmedebaTa relevantur mkveTr gamoxatule-
bebs Soris Cinuri cxovrebis samyaros elementis
azriT.
konfucianizmi xSirad gaTanabrebulia CineTis
kulturul substratTan. gansakuTrebiT mravali
saxalxo-religiurad da ekonomikur-eTikurad
92
(<<little tradition>>-is azriT) relevanturi normebi
jer kidev ubrundeba imgvar gansxvavebul sulier
gavlenebs Soris arsebul mravalSrovan urTier-
Tobebs, rogoric aris budizmi.
amgvarad kodificirebuli da Sinaarsobrivad
Ria konfucianizmi aqedan asaxavs ekonomikur war-
modgenaTa arsebiT elements mxolod Cinur kul-
turul sivrceSi. Cinuri kulturuli sivrce ki
moicavs Tavad Cinur materiks, taivans, honkongs,
makaos, singapursa da msoflioSi arsebul Cinur
saTvistomoebs, kerZod, pirvel rigSi - samxre-
TaRmosavleT aziasa da amerikaSi. ukve sakmao
xania, rac SeiniSneba Cinuri kulturuli da na-
cionaluri identurobis gaZlierebis tendencia
da aqedan, Sesabamisad aseve didi interesi konfu-
cianizmis, rogorc SeZlebisdagvarad konstituti-
uri elementis mimarT. konfucianuri faseulobe-
bi, praqtikul-ekonomikurad relevanturi pirvel
rigSi sawarmoo marTvis, socialur-ekonomikuri
TviTorganizaciisa da ekonomikuri politikis
sferoebSi xdeba[1].
am batonobis ideologiis pirvelma warmo-
madgenelma, rac mogvianebiT imperiuli konfu-
cianizmis saxiT unda kodificirebuliyo, kong
cim (551-479 qristemde) sakuTari warmodgenebi
samarTliani batonobis Sesaxeb ganaviTara ro-
gorc Tavisi drois cxovrebis pirobaTa anarekli
da gamoxatuleba, romelic xasiaTdeboda kvazi-
feodaluri batonobis sistemis TandaTanobiTi
likvidaciiTa da fuladi meurneobis gaaqtiure-
biT. ekonomikis eTikis kuTxiT Zalzed mniSvnelo-
vani iyo misi moTxovna samarTliani batonobis
Sesaxeb, rac xalxis keTildReobisTvis zrunviT
gamoixateboda. aq, ekonomikur politikaSi Zevs
saxelmwifo paternalizmis sulieri fesvi, romel-
93
ic mag., singapursa da taivanSi dRemde cocxlobs:
maT batonobas legitimurobas sZens is, rom el-
ementaruli cxovrebis(yofiTi) saWiroebebis uz-
runvelyofis Semdeg, isini xalxs <<anaTleben>>
da <<amdidreben>>. Tumca, amave dros kongi axdens
mkacr diferencirebas am batonobis funqcieb-
isa da simdidrisaken individualur ltolvaTa
Soris: rogorc batonTaTvis, aseve msaxurTaT-
vis iTvleba, rom simdidre mxolod maSin aris
moralurad gasakicxi, rodesac samarTalTan da
ritualTan(wes-CveulebebTan) Sesabamis qcevis
normebTan ar aris TanxvedraSi. metic, moraluri
ideali mdgomareobs masSi, rom siRatakeSi myofi
mxiarulad mihyve samarTlian gzas: umaRlesi
moraluri moTxovnebis (Tumca ara yvelasgan gar-
dauvlad Sesasrulebel) sferoSi siRatakis el-
ementebsac ki vnaxulobT, romlebic mogvianebiT
CineTSi arsebuli aseve sxva religiuri nakadeb-
isa Tu mimdinareobebisTvis gaxda Zlier niSan-
doblivi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba motanil iqnes
budizmi (moxetiale Txovara berebi) da daoizmi
sazogadoebis egalitaruli vizionebiT.
konfucianur tradiciaSi Cven kvlav vxvdebiT
fulad urTierTobaTa da moralis sferoTa am
diferencirebas, romelsac safuZveli rasakvirve-
lia jer kidev meng cim (372-289 qristemde) Cauyara,
romelmac SeZlo naTeli diferencirebis moxdena
erTi mxriv, sazogadoebrivi elitisken mimarTul
da meore mxriv, wesieri adamianis mier savalde-
bulod da SesaZleblad misaCnev am eTikur val-
debulebaTa Soris. mravaljer citirebuli, saim-
perio, kaizerul CineTSi arsebuli vaWarTa fenis
normatiuli ukmari Sefaseba xSirad yofila
mcdarad aRqmuli da gagebuli: tradiciul moZ-
RvrebaSi batonoba legitimirdeba batonTa qariz-
94
matuli moraluri xarisxiT, da am azriT wminda
mogebisken ltolvis normatiuli diferencireba
warmoadgens separirebis instruments Zalaufleb-
is mqone elitasa da Zalauflebis qveS myof sa-
zogadoebas Soris. is rom CineTis ukanaskneli
dinastiis ganmavlobaSi ramodenime imperatoris
mier iqna ediqti gamocemuli, romelTa Tanaxmadac
sazogadoebrivi ranJirebis kibeze vaWarTa fenis
gamweseba mudam udables safexurze xdeboda,
winaaRmdegobaSi modioda sazogadoebriv sinamd-
vileSi arsebul vaWarTa fenis did avtoritetTan
da gavlenasTan.
meore mxriv aris mcneba, romelic iTxovs xalx-
is <<gamdidrebas>>, rac mogebisa da keTildReo-
bisaken ltolvis sivrciTi mocemulobiT aixsneba.
eTikuri SefasebisTvis gadamwyveti aris mxolod
is , Tu ramdenad aris es ltolva moralurad da
ritualurad swor qcevebTan dakavSirebuli. es
magaliTad niSnavs imas, rom Sesabisi moxmarebis
garkveuli formebi gaTvaliswinebulia, anu sta-
tusis Sesabamisi qceva aris gamovlenili, Tumca
imavdroulad ekonomiuroba aris SenarCunebuli.
dRemde bevri ucxoeli (biznesis mrewvelobis
magnati)<<business tycoons>> xelmZRvanelobs gamo-
zomili simdidriT, momWirne da mokrZalebuli
cxovrebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxTan erTad
uaRresad mdidrul garemoSi uwevT yofna. person-
aluri simdidre zneobri maxasiaTeblis, mis mor-
alur niSan-TvisebaTa gareSe aris gasakicxi: Tum-
ca amave dros, konfucianuri azrovnebis pirveli
formulirebidan moyolebuli, misi sxva saazrovno
mimarTulebaTagan (mag., rogoricaa sxva adamianebis
mimarT erTnairi yuradRebisa da siyvarulis gam-
ovlenis mo-cziseuli Mo Zi moZRvreba) gamijvnis
gadamwyveti kriteriumia is, rom swori mopyro-
95
bisa da damokidebulebis diferencireba nacnob
da ucnob, axlobel da Soreul adamianebs Soris
ara Tu sasurveli, aramed savaldebuloc ki aris.
maSasadame, umTavresi aqcentis ojaxze gakeTeba da
misi interesebis win dayeneba, ukve naTalad mianiS-
nebs Tavad moralur qmedebaze. aqedan gamomdinare,
nepotizmsa da morals Soris daZabuloba cxovre-
biseul praqtikaSi mudam iyo konfucianuri eTikis
ZiriTadi problema, da es <<axlobel>> adamianTa
mimarT gansakuTrebuli mopyrobis principuli
moraluri legitimacia, dasavluri sazogadoebis
qristeanobiT aRbeWdili eTikur diskursTan mima-
rTebiT, usaTuod warmoadgens maT Soris arsebul
fundamentur gansxvavebas.
konfucianur tradiciaSi xalxis keTildReob-
isTvis saxelmwifo zrunvis arsebiTi elemen-
ti mdgomareobs masSi, rom qonebis (sawarmoo/
produqciis SesaZleblobaTa, magram ara dasav-
luri gagebis absoluturi kerZo sakuTrebis
uflebis azriT) Tanabrad ganawilebis normebsa
da sagadsaxado tvirTis minimizacias eqceva didi
yuradReba. men-czisTan(Meng Zi) es mimarTuli iyo
im ideisken, rom TiToeul ojaxs mieRo <<mudam
samyofi qoneba>>, rasac mogvianebiT praqtikul
politikaSi kvlavac eqneba adgili miwis Tana-
brad ganawilebis saxelmwifo RonisZiebaTa saxiT
(gansakuTrebiT, dinastiaTa axladdafuZnebisa da
misi Tanamdevi mosaxleobis dasaxleba/gansaxleb-
is politikis warmarTvis procesSi).
ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb mimdinare Cinuri
diskusiebis or aTaswleulze meti xnis cocxal
Cveulebebs swored aq aqvs Tavisi fesvi: es aris
erTi mxriv winaaRmdegoba miwis akumulaciis
realur safrTxeTa irgvliv, xolo meore mxriv
dro da dro ganaxlebuli kritika mosaxleobis
96
wesebsmiRma, stiqiur sagadasaxado dabegvrasTan
dakavSirebiT lokalur doneze. am azriT, uka-
naskneli Cingis(Quing)(1644-1911) dinastiis ucxoto-muri batonoba sinamdvileSi asaxavs konfucianur
idealur saxelmwifosTan daaxloebas imdenad,
ramdenadac e.w. <<Suasaukunobrivi ekonomikuri
revoluciidan>> moyolebuli didi mamuli(kar-mi-
damo), (Tumca, samxreT CineTSi ara msxvili miwaTm-
flobelobis saxiT), rogorc msxvili ekonomikuri
erTeuli Cinuri sazogadoebidan iqna gamqrali;
me-17 saukunis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis droidan
dawyebuli saxelmwifom uari Tqva sagadasaxado
registris aqtualizebiT mis gamoyenebaze, rasac
drodadro mosdevda fiskaluri konfliqtebi
mqonebelTa fenebTan, romlebic gadasaxadebis
gadaxdisagan Tavis aridebas cdilobdnen. me-19
saukunis meore naxevarSi rogorc ki SemoRebul
iqna Sida gadasaxadebi(Likin-gadasaxadi) dasavlur
imperializmTan dakavSirebuli finansuri tvir-
Tis Sesamsubuqeblad, mas myis mohyva intensiuri
konfucianuri diskusiebi msgavsi fiskaluri nabi-
jis kanonierebis Sesaxeb.
maSasadame, konfucianizmi rogorc batonobis
moZRvreba xazs usvams saxelmwifo paternalizm-
sa da TviTkmayofilebas. rasakvirvelia, is Tavisi
ganviTarebis gariJraJze konkurenciul pirobebSi
warmoCinda imgvari xedvebiTa da warmodgenebiT,
romlebic saxelmwifos aseve ekonomikur cxovre-
baSi aniWebda dominantur pozicias. legizmi -
pirvel rigSi, CineTis pirveli imperatoris cin
Siuanis(Qin Shihuang) politikis sulieri safuZvle-
biT da Sesabamisad, qristes Sobamde 221 wels Cine-
Tis imperiis dafuZnebiT warmoadgenda mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo (jer kidev imperiis
dafuZnebamde sxva samTavroebTan konkurenciaSi)
97
ekonomikas (rac maSin jer kidev soflis meur-
neobasTan igivdeboda da misi Tanabari mniSvnelo-
bis mqone cnebas aRniSnavda) masStaburad unda
aregulirebdes, raTa warmoebisa da mosaxleobis
maqsimaluri zrdis miRweva SeZlos. es saxelmwi-
fo intervencionizmi efuZneboda eTikurad konfu-
cianizmis sapirispiro adamianis xatebas. vinaidan
konfucianelTa umetesobas miaCnda, rom adamianis
natura principuladaa sikeTisken midrekili an
sul mcire - keTilad aRzrdisaken. legizmis
ZiriTadi varaudi emyareba mas, rom dasjis SiSiT
cudis mzraxveli adamianic ki kargad iqceva.
orive principi asaxavs kaizeris imperiis droin-
deli ekonomikuri politikis praqtikas, da garda
amisa: saxelmwifo monopolias, bazrebis adminis-
traciasa Tu iZulebiT Sromas fesvi legistur
warmodgenebSi uZevs. songis (Song (960-1129) dinas-tiis mmarTvelobis pirvel periodSi iyo ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis uzarmazari dinamika, romelmac
saxelmwifo intervencionizmis msgavsi formebi
saboloo jamSi praqtikul sazRvrebSi aCvena.
Tvals Tu mivadevnebT xangrZliv istoriul
procesebs, aqamde skicirebuli mudmivebis yuradRe-
biT dakvirvebisas aucileblad SevniSnavT, rom: me-
oce saukunis msoflio politikuri speqtris uT-
valsaCinoesi warmomadgenlis den siaopinis(Deng Xioapings) ekonomikur reformaTa ideologia cal-
saxad aris saxelmwifo paternalizmis, interven-
cionalizmisa da Tmenis nazavi, keTildReobisken
miswrafebis xelSewyobiTa da ganviTarebiT. imave
dros(izoqronulad) yvela Cinur sazogadoebaSi
korufcia aris mudmivad virulenturi Tema, sa-
dac saxelwifos mmarTvelobiTi elitis warmo-
madgenlebi toveben moralurad legitimur gzas
da mogebisken miswrafebasa da nepotizmSi iZire-
98
bian. mxolod politikur-moralur indokrinacias
ZaluZs msgavs codvaddacemaTa Tavidan acileba,
saidanac kvlav, meoce saukuneSi mkveTrad gamoxat-
uli da aqamde arsebuli komunisturi ideologi-
is (relatiuri) mniSvnelobis Seqmnis uwyveti pro-
cesi mimdinarebs: cdiloben maoizmis(Maoismus), rogorc mogebisaken swrafvasa da morals Soris
arsebuli daZabulobis eqstremaluri versiis in-
terpretirebas. Tumca, usaTuod mniSvnelovani da
sayuradReboa, rom Tavad CineTis komunisturma
partiam moaxdina konfucianuri renesansis aqtu-
alizacia da mzardi konfucianuri tradiciis, ro-
gorc Cinuri kulturuli monapovris SenarCuneba,
riTac aseve uzrunvelyo sakuTari hegemoniis le-
gitimacia.
konfucianuri paternalizmi moicavs xalxis
swavla-darigebas. pirvelad, Tumca Zalis gamoy-
enebiT, saxelmwifos es aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia
iwyeba songis drois neokonfucianizmiT, mas Sem-
deg rac qristesSemdgomi pirveli aTaswleuli
xasiaTdeboda indoeTidan budizmis gavrcelebiTa
da daoizmTan urTierTqmedebiT: saxelmwifo da
misi elita aqtiurad cdilobda saxalxo kul-
turis mravali sferos konfucianur normebTan
srul TanxvedraSi moyvanas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
ramdenadme aseve dgeba sakiTxi yoveldRiur qce-
vaTa eTikuri Sefasebis Sesaxeb. aq, konfucianuri
kanoni, anu ZiriTadi debuleba rCeba srulebiT
ambivalenturi, iZleva ra mcire SeniSvnebsa Tu mi-
TiTebebs <<sargebelisa>> da <<kanonierebis>> da
<<ritualis>> realur urTierTobebze calkeul
SemTxvevaSi.
Cinur konteqstSi, did hanis dinastiis droin-
del istorikos sima cianTan(Sima Qian), romelic
99
rasakvirvelia miekuTvneboda ara konfucianur
skolas, aramed is mxars uWerda <<ara qmedebis>>,
rogorc batonobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis daoistur
pozicias (145-95 qristes Sobamde), vecnobiT mis
pirad mosazrebas ekonomikur interesTa Tavisu-
fali mxardaWeris sasargeblod. sima ganwyobili
iyo imperator vus (Keiser Wu) mier eqspansiurad warmoebuli ekonomikis mzardad moTvinierebis
winaaRmdeg da avrcelebda ganmanTavisuflebel
ekonomikur moZRvrebas, rac mdgomareobda Semdeg-
Si: keTildReobisken miswrafeba, rogorc condition humana, wodebrivi sazRvrebis gareSe: keTildReo-
ba aris ceremoniis(saeklesio wesrigis, ritualeb-
is ) da kanonierebis safuZveli, da ara piriqiT -
(TiTqos) warmateba individualur damsaxurebaTa
Sedegia.
aq, uwinaresad gaismis is ZiriTadi xma, rac Sem-
deg kvlav da kvlav konfucianur tradiciebSi
poulobs gamoZaxils, ramac swored legizmTan
winaaRmdegobiT(antagonizmiT) sxva saazrovno
mimarTulebaTa mravali elementi SeiZina. song-
is dinastiis dros, samxreTis provinciaTa mom-
ravlebul -kvalificiur diskursebSi gamoC-
nda amgvari topoi(berZ. mx. Topos adgili, mr.
Topoi ), romlebic CineTis ekonomikuri simZimis
centrad(arsad) iqcnen. im droidan kvlav iwyes
formireba ganaTlebis(azrovnebis) skolebma, rom-
lebic adamianis sakuTari sxeulze zrunvidan
ayalibebdnen pragmatuli cxovrebis normebsa Tu
standartebs, da romlebic rasakvirvelia sistema-
turad metafizikur Sexedulebebs efuZnebodnen.
magaliTad, minis(Ming) epoqaSi(1368-1644) konfuci-
aneli intuicionistebi van ianmini(Wan Yangming) da van geni(Wang Gen) amtkicebdnen, rom swored is gza SeiZleboda yofiliyo swori, sadac adamianis
100
fizikuri egzistencia daculi da xelSewyobili
iqneboda. am mosazrebas eyrdnoboda magaliTad,
sakuTari Tavis siyvarulidan momdinare sayovel-
Tao kacTmoyvareobis idea urTierTobaTa Sesa-
Zleblobebis Sesaxeb. msgavs SexedulebaTa war-
momadgenlebs gaaCndaT eqsplicituri gaazreba
imis, rom ekonomikuri aqtivoba warmoadgens eTi-
kurad ara mxolod legitimur, aramed pozitiurad
moTxovnil saqmianobas. saxalxo-religiuri Tval-
sazrisiT aq aseve arsebobs mWidro urTierTqmede-
ba daoizmTan, romlis warmodgenebi yvela arsebis
mCqefare sicocxlis Zalaze profanul formaSi
niSnavda, rom individi koncentrirdeba sakuTari
sxeulis keTildReobaze (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
imgvar eqstremalur survilzec ki, rogoric aris
ukvdavebis Zieba), amitom, gamomdinare aqedan, swori
qmedebac aseve amqveniuria.
CineTis gansxvavebul religiur Tu filosofi-
ur nakadTa urTierTSeRwevadobis produqts war-
moadgens imperator iun cenis(Yongzheng(1722-1736) formulireba: << budizmi gankargavs suls, daoiz-
mi gankargavs sxeuls da konfucianizmi gankargavs
samyaros>>. am Sexedulebebis formaTa simravle
sazogadoebaSi, eTikur normebSi gaxda sicocxlis
sworad warmarTvis pragmatuli moZRvreba.
pragmatuli cxovrebis sibrZnis msgavsi
metafizikuri mistifikaciebisgan damoukideblad,
romlebic songis(Song) droidan Tan sdevs so-
cialur-ekonomikur kataklizmebs, sxva ganaTleb-
is (azrovnebis) skolebis warmomadgenlebic aseve
zrunavdnen, rom yoveldRiur qcevebze eTikuri
normebis propagandiT moexdinaT gavlena. konfu-
cianuri <<ceremonia>> aq xdeba qcevis normeb-
is katalogi, rac aRmzrdelobiTi literaturis,
istoriuli magaliTebisa Tu memorialuri ste-
101
lis xangrZlivi TanmimdevrulobiT gadaecema
mosaxleobas. aq kvlav vxvdebiT Cven im mravlad
citirebul faseulobebs, rogoric aris mcire-
did kmayofileba, TviTkontroli Tu momWirneoba,
romlebic dRemde xSirad aris Cinur ekonomikur
kulturasTan dakavSirebuli. CineTis imperiis
gviandel periodSi[2], sajaro moxsenebebiT so-
flebsa Tu saxelmwifoebrivad inicirebul Tvi-
TorganizaciebSi marTebul qcevaTa normebis qvey-
nis masStabiT saerTo-saxalxo gatanis mcdeloba
arsebobda, da Cven Tanamedrove Cinur soflebSi
aseve vxvdebiT e.w. <<soflis xelSekrulebebs>>,
romlebSic mosaxleobisadmi wayenebuli mor-
aluri moTxovnebi werilobiTaa dafiqsirebuli(
mag., rogoric aris soflis Rarib mcxovrebTa ara-
diskriminacia).
fufunebiT pirad cxovrebaze uaryofis moTxov-
na SeiZleba nawilobriv dRemde vrceldebodes im-
denad, ramdenadac bavSvTa aRzrdis sferoSi kvla-
vac gamoiyeneba Zveli teqstebi, romlebic anbanis
wignis funqcias asrulebs, da romlebic nawilo-
briv gamoCenil konfucianel swavlulTa mier
iyo Tavis droze SeTxzuli. msgavsi damokide-
bulebaa mudmivi samuSao adgilis Sesaxeb arse-
bul gamowvevebTan dakavSirebiTac: konfucianur
faseulobaTa sistemis mixedviT, araferia maszed
ufro saSiSi, vidre es aris usaqmod moxetiale,
romelsac sazogadoebaSi ar gaaCnia myari adg-
ili da saqme. aq Zevs aseve konfucianuri sub-
sidiarulobis principis fesvi, rac individisa
da misi ojaxis bedis Tu ubedobisTvis, sixaru-
lis Tu mwuxarebisTvis nakisr pasuxismgebloba-
Si poulobs gamoxatulebas da kacTmoyvareobis
araviTar sistematur adgils cnobs upirobod.
Cinuri kulturuli sivrcidan wlebis ganmavlob-
102
Si xSirad ismoda kritika evropuli socialuri
saxelwifos misamarTiT, eqspliciduri sayvedure-
biT piradi pasuxismgeblobisa da subsidiarulo-
bis Taobaze Tanamedrove CineTis socialisturi
saxalxo respublikis minimalisturi socialuri
politikis pirobebSi. sabolood aRsaniSnavia
warmatebis norma, Sinagani siwmindis Zveli kon-
fucianuri da siRatakis eTikis warmodgenebi ba-
tonis samsaxurSi (wminda mefis idealuri saxiT)
ewinaaRmdegeba arguments, rom pirovnebis individ-
ualuri srulyofa aseve unda iqnas asaxuli da
gamovleni garegan warmatebebSi.
Tumca Cinur sazogadoebaSi konfucianizmis
gavrcelebis politikam Tavisi intensiuri
gamoxatuleba eWvgareSea, rom ojaxis institut-
Tan hpova. is xelixelCakidebuli midioda ojaxis
ayvavebasTan erTad, rac warmoadgenda ekonomi-
kuri organizaciebis centralur erTobas CineT-
Si: ojaxis cxovrebaSi konfucianuri normebis
gavrcelebiT aseve fuZndeboda ojaxis TviTor-
ganizaciis garkveuli formebi sawarmoTa saxiT.
maSin, rodesac konfucianizmi ojaxs ganixilavda
rogorc sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa ZiriTad
models, iseTi principebi, rogoric aris ierar-
qiuli diferencireba, paternalizmi, jgufuri ori-
entacia, Tu adamianTa <<Sinaurad>> da <<ucxod>>
dayofa gaxda eTikurad universalizirebuli da
aqedan, aseve cxovrebis sxva sferoebze gadamdebi.
amasTan, konfucianizmi mWidrod urTierTqmedebebs
saxalxo-religiur warmodgenebTan ojaxisa da yo-
veldRiurobis mimarTulebiT, romlebic aSkarad
gansxvavebul faseulobaTa sistemebs gadascemen.
ekonomikuri cxovrebis aseve centralur normas
warmoadgens ojaxis xazis dacva. Cinuri winapar-
Ta kulti da ojaxisa da ojaxis xazis religiuri
103
Tayvaniscema - jer kidev uadres <<wina-konfucia-
nuri>> droidanaa cnobili, rac arqeologiurad
sabuTdeba. igi gankuTvnilia gabatonebuli, mbr-
Zanebeli elitisTvis da iTvaliswinebs winapreb-
is mimarT movaleobaTa qonas da STamomavlobaze
zrunvas. amave dros, winaparTa kulti ganekuTvne-
boda im instituciebs, romlebic adreuli kon-
fucianelebis mier iqna mzis Suqze gamotanili
da gavrcelebuli, rogorc cxovrebis warmarTvis
ideali Zvel droSi: ramdenadme, swored am adgi-
las moxda konfucianizmisa da saxalxo religiis
mWidrod SeerTeba-Serwyma. calkeulma msgavsma
garemoebam patriarqaluri xazis ojaxSi gaaCina
Sorsmimavali Sedegebi. iseTi, rogoric aris mag.,
sakuTrebis instutuciasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac
realur samarTal-subieqts ara individi, aramed
ojaxis xazi warmoadgens. magaliTad, valis gas-
tumrebisaTvis, miwa idealur SemTxvevaSi SesaZle-
beli iyo vrcel sanaTesao garemocvaSi gasxvise-
buliyo gamosyidvis uflebiT, raTa ar momxdariyo
uZravi qonebis samudamod ucxo xelSi gadasv-
la da misi sabolood dakargva. songis drois
neokonfucianizma ojaxis es centraluri roli
metafizikurad srulyo, moaxdina ra misi amgvarad
sublimireba, vinaidan wesrigi ojaxSi, rogorc
gasaRebi aRzrdis gziT calkeulis TviTsrulyo-
filebisTvis da sazogadoebis wesrigisTvis ga-
nixileboda rogorc mTlianoba. aq sazogadoebis
wesrigi kvlav imyofeba mWidro urTierTqmedebaSi
kosmosis wesrigTan: aqedan, morali flobs ara
mxolod eTikur, aramed kosmologiur dimensias.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cinuri ojaxi warmodgeba
ara mxolod ekonomikuri safuZvlebidan, aramed
is aseve religiur konteqstSi centralur sazog-
adoebriv formaciad gvevlineba. ojaxis SigniT
104
arsebobs urTierTsolidaruli valdebuleba-
movaleobani, rac gansakuTrebiT Zveli Taobisadmi
axali Taobis mxridan gverdSi dgomasa da Sewev-
naSi gamoixateba. xolo, vinaidan Cinuri ojaxi na-
Tesavebis Ria, farTo ganStoebaTa patriarqaluri
xazis(patrilinear) organizaciul bades SeiZleba
rom warmoadgendes, urTierTobisa da solidaro-
bis normebi sanaTesao kavSirebis (gvareulobaTa
(Lineages)) dayofiT relativirdeba, risi bunebrivi
Tanmdevic aris sxva da sxva Stos mxridan sazoga-
doebrivi gavlenebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli gansxvavebul poziciaTa aqceptirebisa
da Sesabamisad, gare politikuri koaliciebis Se-
qmnis SesaZleblobebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo konfucian-
izmi didi energiiT uwevda propagandas Tavis
ojaxis normebs, saxalxo religiaSic aseve ar-
sebobda idealuri sazogadoebis sruliad sxva
warmodgenebi. budisturi moZRvrebani da said-
umlo sazogadobrivi ritualebi avrcelebdnen
yvela adamianis Tanasworobisa da solidarul
sazogadoebebSi Tavisufali asociaciebis ideebs,
romlebic ar iyo da dResac ar aris naTesao-
baze dafuZnebuli. aq gadanawilebis eTika Sin-
auruli, saojaxo konteqstidan gamoiricxeba da
gamoiyeneba did jgufebSi. garda amisa, budizma
aseve mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa konfucianuri
ideologiis individualuri xsnis interesebTan
dabalansebis sakiTxSi. zustad asevea daoistu-
ri xsnis moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebiTac, romelic
win wamoswevs iseT faseulobebs, rogoric aris
mag., sxeulis potenciuri ukvdaveba da budizmis
sawinaaRmdegod, aqcents arsebiTad mtkice sxeu-
lebriv bednierebaze akeTebs. daoizmi aseve ufro
did yuradRebas aqcevs egalitarul faseulobaTa
105
warmodgenebs, vidre ierarqiulad moazrovne kon-
fucianizmi, magram amave dros, moTxovnaTa gver-
diT, - rom ojaxi da sazogadoeba unda monawile-
obdes calkeuli adamianis keTildReobaSi, dgas
materialuri bednierebisaken individualuri mis-
wrafebis pozitiuri Sefaseba[3]. aq Cans gviandeli
konficianizmis sazogadoebrivi fesvebi, romlebic
zemoT ukve iyo skicirebuli.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis aris budistu-
ri warmodgenebis kompleqsuri transformacia
bedisweris meqanikisTvis (karmis moZRvreba) <<ga-
dasaxdelebis>> ubiqvitetis, anu yvelganmyofobis
da bedisweris kalkulatoruli gansazRvris war-
modgenebSi. songis droidan moyolebuli CineTSi
fuls gaaCnia centraluri religiuri mniSvnelo-
ba da xdeba adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis reg-
ulirebis universaluri mediumi, iseve rogorc, -
komunikacia amqveyniur da imqveyniur cxovrebas
Soris. magaliTad, gaCnda warmodgena, rom adamiani
dabadebamde iRebs vals, SeZlebisdagvarad mSven-
ieri sxeulis mosapoveblad; ris Semdegac am va-
lis gadaxda mTeli misi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
da sikvdilis Semdeg STamomavlebis mier (maT
Soris gadanawilebuli) warmoebs. amitom aris
akumulacia da kalkulatoruli urTierToba yo-
veldRiuri qcevebisTvis maregulirebel princi-
pad qceuli. ara mxolod sakuTari ojaxis, ara-
med aseve sakuTari sulis xsnis samsaxurSi aris
mniSvnelovani qonebis dagroveba <<pirveladi va-
lis>> ukan dabrunebis SesaZleblobisTvis. kac-
TaSoris urTierTobebSi aseve umniSvnelovanes
rols TamaSobs fulis gacema da miReba: social-
uri siaxlove da siSore, da ormxrivi urTierTkav-
Sirebi valTan damokidebulebiTa da saCuqrebis
(upiratesad fuli) nakadTa moculobiTa da in-
106
tensivobiT ganizomeba da xSirad garkveuli saxis
buRaltrul angariSgebasac ki moicavs. urTier-
TobaTa principebi aseve iqna sakuTari bedisweris
angariSianobis(gamoTvlis) ideaze dafuZnebuli:
erT mxares sxva adamianebTan damokidebulebaSi
urTierTobebi mudam <<buRaltrulad>> unda war-
moebdes, meore mxriv ki, - Tavdapirveli budistu-
ri karmis moZRvrebisagan gansxvavebiT - sakuTar
keTildReobaze SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes im
garemoebas, rom awmyoSi mudam aris cud saqmeebTan
SedarebiT karg saqmeTa gadametebisa da siWarbis
miRwevis mcdeloba. daoistur warmodgenebSi ar-
seboben sulebi, romlebic Tvals adeveneben msgavs
qmedebebs da zrunaven valis gadaxdaze.
maSasadame, aq naTeli xdeba, rom [mravaljer
citirebuli], Cinuri kulturis ekonomikurad ori-
entirebuli <<pragmatizmi>> namdvilad flobs
religiur safuZvels, romelsac naklebi konfu-
cianuri da gacilebiT meti daoisturi Ziri(fesvi)
aqvs, rac kvlavac budistur gavlenebTan aris
mWidro kavSirSi. im dros, rodesac konfucian-
izmi, rogorc batonobis moZRvreba aranair eqs-
plicitur simdidris eTikas flobs, saxalxo
religiaSi moipoveba qonebis usasrulo akumu-
laciis motivi: erTi mxriv qoneba Tavad flobs
eTikur Tvisebas da meore mxriv is nawarmoebia
subsituciuri, moralurad swori moqmedebebidan.
amdenad arsebobs warmodgenebi, rom dRevandeli
qoneba dafuZnebulia winaparTa swor moqmedebebze,
xolo cud moqmedebaTa materialuri gamosyidva
ki SesaZlebelia ukve imqveynad moxdes. radgan
qoneba kvlavac mxolod SromiT SeiZleba iqnas
SeZenili, aqedan gamomdinare saqme gvaqvs Cinuri
Sromis eTikis amgvar warmodgenebTan. vinc siR-
aribeSi cxovrobs, is ar unda dakmayofildes am
107
arsebuli mdgomareobiT, aramed bevri Sroma da
Zalisxmeva unda gaswios qonebis dasagroveblad.
vinc simdidreSi cxovrobs, man unda daicvas da
gazardos es simdidre, raTa amiT SeZlos sakuTar
karg bed-iRbalze(bediswera) zrunva. amasTan, aseve
unda aRiniSnos filanTropiac, romelic miekuT-
vneba karg saqmeTa mxares da qonebis RaribTaTvis
ganawilebiT aCens karg qmedebaTa akumulirebis
SesaZleblobas.
radgan mosaxleobis materialurad uzrunvely-
ofili fenebi aseve aRmoCndnen klasikuri saganm-
anaTleblo konceftis gavlenis qveS, aq arsebobda
mWidro damokidebuleba swor qmedebaTa konfucia-
nur warmodgenebTan. amasTan, filanTropia aseve
gaxda socialuri stratifikaciis gamoxatuleba,
vinaidan sazogadoebis elitis TviTvaldebulebas
warmoadgenda lokaluri Temebis samsaxurSi ekis-
raT garkveuli pasuxismgebloba sajaro amocaneb-
is Sesrulebis kuTxiT (mag., rogoric aris hos-
pitalis organizacia). <<sajaro>> da <<kerZo>>
interseTa Soris moraluri daZabuloba soflad
namdvilad ar TamaSobda ukanasknel did rols
wyalTan dakavSirebiT, radgan kompleqsuri hi-
droteqnikur nagebobaTa sistemebis arseboba iT-
valiswinebda sazogadoebis yvela Semadgeneli
jgufis mier miznis morCilebas, sairigacio da
sadrenaJo da wyalsacavi lokaluri Tu global-
uri sistemebis funqcionirebis potencialis
dacvasa da mofrTxilebas. CineTis sazogadoeba-
Si TvalSisacemi ekologiur problemaTa simwire
Sepirobebuli iyo swored <<ZlierTa>> aucilebe-
li moraluri TviTSezRudviT, raTa mag., ar daeS-
vaT mtknari wylis rezervuarebis samelioracio
mizniT gamoyeneba da sxv.
aqedan, Cinur kulturul sivrceSi religiur
108
qcevebs gaaCnia farTo socialur-organizaciuli
da amasTan aseve ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. gansakuTre-
buli aRniSvnis Rirsia taZris mSeneblobis roli
adgilobriv sazogadoebriv erTobaTa organizaci-
isTvis, sadac koleqtiur qmedebaTa organizatore-
bad Tavad lokaluri elitebi Cndebian. taZreb-
is saxiT lokalurma sazogadoebrivma jgufebma
miiRes identurobis damfuZnebeli centrebi, rac
SesaZlebelia, rom Semdgom aseve sxva aqtivobaTa
adgilad iqcnen (mag., iseTi, rogoric aris taZris
bazrobebi da sxv.). vinaidan xSirad daoisturi
ceremoniebi religiur aqtivobaTa centrSi dgas,
arsebobs uSualo samyaroseuli xedvis xidi dao-
istur ritualsa da ekonomikur aqtivobas Soris.
taZari xdeba lokaluri keTildReobis religi-
uri simbolo, radgan is mosaxleobidan Semowiru-
lobiT finansdeba: Tumca imavdroulad status-
Soris arsebuli gansxavavebuloba simbolurad
mainc aqcentirdeba. ase iyo taivanSi, rodesac
omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri ganviTareba ara mzardi
sekularizebiT, aramed piriqiT, taZris mSeneblo-
bis mzardi aqtivobebiT mimdinareobda. CineTis
saxalxo demokratiul respublikaSi religiuri
dResaswaulebi soflad sul ufro metad xdeba
rogorc biznes-ekonomikuri cxovrebis RirsSesan-
iSnavi movlena.
maSasadame, mniSvnelovania konfucianizmsa da
saxalxo religias Soris diferencirebis moxdena,
da swori ar aris, rodesac saxalxo religias, ro-
gorc <<vulgarul konfucianizms>>, mxolod cne-
biTi sistemurobis doneze anTavseben. garkveul-
wilad arsebobs calsaxa uTanxmoeba, rogorc
pirvel rigSi fulis, qonebisa da mogebisaken
ltolvis eTikur valentobas Soris. piriqiT, Cven
SegviZlia visaubroT ufro Cinuri kulturuli
109
sivrcis kompleqsur, Ria da araformalizirebul
religiur sistemaze, romelSic konfucianizms
mainc gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs da udidesi mniS-
vnelobis mqone elements warmoadgens. dabolos,
arsebobda safrTxe, rom am sistemis Sida difer-
encirebas saboloo jamSi SeiZleboda gamoewvia
Ria konfliqtebi, rodesac seqtebi da saidumlo
sazogadoebebi arsebuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg
iyvnen mimarTulni, romlebic imavdroulad aseve
flobdnen swor qcevaTa gansxvavebul warmodgen-
ebs, vidre maT, romlebic Seesabameboda konfucia-
nur normebs.
Cinur ekonomikur qcevTa dRevandel saero
cxovrebis praqtikaSi mraval faseulobaTa da
normaTa aRmoCena Tavidan xdeba, romelTac pir-
velad aRweril religiur tradiciebSi gaidges
fesvi, magram jer kidev mxolod sekularizebul
formaSi Cndebian. am adgilas <<konfucianizmi>>,
rogorc ganmartebis nimuSi xSirad aris moxmo-
bili da win wamoweuli. ase rom SeuZlebelia
SeumCneveli darCes is, rom Cinuri sazogadoeba
cinis(Qing) droidan moyolebuli pirvel rigSi
mzardi mobilobiTa da amis kvaldakval, Semdegi
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi krizisuli mdgomare-
obiT xasiaTdeboda. amitom, aqedan mravali faseu-
loba da norma SeiZleba aseve miCneul iqnas ro-
gorc cxovrebis sarke daZabul, socialurad da
geografiulad mobilur sazogadoebaSi, nawilo-
briv aseve Sida kolonizaciis <<Frontier society>>-is[4] azriTac (mag., siCuanisa da taivanis axalSeni
me-18 da me-19 saukuneSi, Tu taipinis(Taiping) ambox-ebis Semdeg gaudaburebuli mxareebis axlad aT-
viseba me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. amas daerTo
isic, rom dasavlur imperializmTan Sejaxebis
(koliziis) Semdeg saxelmwifom, rogorc wesri-
110
gis Zalam, swrafad dakarga mniSvneloba. isedac
myife samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa kidev ufro
Semcirda da saWiroeba araformalur TviTorgani-
zaciaze kidev ufro gaizarda.
Cinur ekonomikur qcevebSi arsebos zogierTi
centraluri faseuloba, romelic am fonze, reli-
giur determinantebTan (msazRvrel faqtorebTan)
urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia, rom gagebul
iqnas. es pirvel rigSi exeba ndobis simbolikasa
da piradi urTierTobisa da loialurobis did
mniSvnelobas. kompaniis farglebSi mkacrad xdeba
diferencireba naTesavebs, ndobiT aRWurvil pireb-
sa da Cveulebriv dasaqmebulebs (<<axlobeli>>
da <<Soreuli>>) Soris. sando pirebi Rrma loi-
alurobiT arian mesakuTresTan dakavSirebulni,
rac Semdgom garemoebaTa mixedviT TandaTanobiT,
damoukideblobis SeZeniT gadadis grZelvadian
biznes-kooperaciaSi. ndoba es aris qcevis katego-
ria, romelic <<adamianur grZnobaTa>> urTierTo-
biTa da zrunviT aRwevs konkretul gamoxatule-
bas. radgan kompaniis SigniT qcevebi mudam flobs
gansazRvrul ierarqiul dimensias, es sxvaTaSoris
niSnavs mas, rom kompaniis mesakuTre paternalis-
turi aqtebiT (mag., rogoric aris saCuqari Svilis
dabadebis aRsaniSnavad, Tu personaluri krediti
avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi) uzrunvelyofs Tavisi
ndobiT aRWurvili adamianebis loialurobas.
eqstremalur SemTxvevaSi Tavad kompania gvev-
lineba, rogorc moraluri institucia: mesakuTre
pasuxismgebeli xdeba sakuTari TanamSromleb-
is swor qcevebze da warmarTavs aRmzrdelobiT
saqmianobas, Tumca pirvel rigSi Tavad moeTxoveba,
rom swori qcevebiT maTTvis iyos misabaZi. san-
acvlod loialoba aris kompaniis kulturis
umaRlesi faseuloba da Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
111
Crdilavs kompetenciasa da pasuxismgeblobas.
kompaniis yovlismomcvel instituciad gadaqce-
vis tendenciam, gansakuTrebiT socialisturi Cine-
Tis saxalxo respublikaSi didi simwvave SeiZina,
vinaidan e. w. <<erTianoba>> (mag., didi saxelmwifo
sawarmoebi) arsebobis farTo socialuri garan-
tiebisTvis gaxda marTebuli da mis egzistencias
daeqvemdebara; rasakvirvelia, rigi amgvar fenomen-
ebisa, aseve dRevandel sabazro ekonomikis mqone
CineTSic garkveulwilad arsworad aris aRqmuli.
es Seexeba mag., industrializebul soflebs, rom-
lebic momavalSi rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri
korporaciebi, aseve maTi macxovreblebis swor
qcevaTa moralur instanciebad gadaiqcevian.
bazris farglebSi ndoba intensiuri social-
uri interaqciiT iwarmoeba da stabilurdeba (mag.,
es SeiZleba iyos qcevis imgvari forma, rogoricaa
erToblivi banketebi). aqedan, sabazro transaqcie-
bi xSirad CarTulia grZelvadian mtkice social-
ur qselebSi da ara mxolod anonimurad, aramed
fasis meqanizmiT aris struqturirebuli. aq Sei-
Zleba movaxdinoT Semdegi Tezis formulireba:
ekonomikaTa erTianobas(da mis safuZvels) CineT-
Si ara ojaxi, aramed saojaxo kompaniaTa qselebi
qmnis, romelTa Sorisac xangrZlivi drois gan-
mavlobaSi ndobis kavSirebi mtkiced da piruT-
vnelad narCundeba. msgavsi ndoba kvlavac mniS-
vnelovan socialur kapitals warmoadgens sxva
urTierTobebSic: magaliTad, xSirad adgili aqvs
kreditunarianobis Sefasebas daxmarebis potenci-
is gaTvaliswinebiT, rac TiToeuli mewarmisTvis
sakuTari urTierTobebis irgvliv damatebiT mobi-
lizacias niSnavs. swored amiT xdeba ndobis, aseve
rogorc sajaro kategoriis <<saxis>>(imijis) kon-
ceftTan mWidro dakavSireba: calkeuli imyofeba
112
mudmivi wnexis qveS, raTa daicvas da moufrTxldes
sakuTar sazogadoebriv reputacias, rac pirovneb-
is Sesaxeb mimdinare Ria diskusiebis msjelobis
sagans warmoadgens. Cinur socialur-kulturul
sivrceSi Zalzed saintereso aspeqts warmoadgens
<<saxis>> diferencireba ori dimensiis mixedviT.
kerZod, esenia: <<mianci>>(mianzi) da <<lian>>(lian) (sadac es orive sityva qarTulad, iseve rogorc
sxva evropul enebze <<saxed>> iTargneba). maSin
rodesac aq motanili pirveli cneba exeba sa-
zogadoebriv statuss, meoresTan mimarTebiT wina
planze iwevs moraluri da pirovnuli xarisxi,
da saboloo jamSi orive Seicavs ritualisa da
swori qmedebis konfucianur kategoriaTa sedi-
mentebs.
Cinuri ekonomikuri qcevebis dasavlur kolpor-
taJeSi ( frng. kolportage gavrceleba[gadaumowmebeli
ambebis, xmebis da a.S]) did rols TamaSobs war-
modgena, rom Zlier gabatonebulia jgufuri ori-
entacia da rom es aseve motivirebulia konfucia-
nuri normebiT, - rasac emyareba kidec. msgavsi
xedvebi moipoveba aseve faseulobaTa cvilebebT-
an dakavSirebul Cinur samecniero literaturis
zogierT, modernizaciis mimarTulebis Teoriul
narkvevSi, romelic magaliTad <<koleqtivizmi-
dan>> <<individualizmisken>> gardamavali pe-
riodis mdgomareobas konstatirebs. ramdenadac
es cnebebi sakontaqto jgufis naTeli identi-
fikaciiT ar konkretdeba, maT ar SeuZliaT didi
daxmarebis gaweva. magaliTad, ojaxSi(gvarSi), ro-
gorc sakontaqto jgufis mWidro kavSiri pirvel
rigSi ar niSnavs mas, rom nebismieri kompania an
sxva organizacia SeiZleba aseve warmoadgendes
sakontaqto jgufs. piriqiT, Tu kargad davakvird-
ebiT davinaxavT, rom organizaciaTa individua-
113
luri kavSiri ufro sustia da Cndeba kompleqsur
sawarmoTa marTvis Sesabamisi problemebi, rom-
lebic, metad SeuZlebelia saojaxo kompaniebis
saxiT iqnen konstruirebulni. Cinur da iaponur
kompaniebs Soris pirdapiri Sedarebisas es gan-
sxvaveba dRemde rCeba: maSin rodesac idealuri
tipis iaponuri sawarmos, rogorc organizaciis
centrSi dgas TanamSromlis loialoba, Cinuri
kompania mxolod saburvelia namdvil, dominantur
pirad loialobasTan dakavSirebul urTierToba-
Ta Sesaxeb Tavis wevrebs Soris.
jgufuri orientacia rogorc eTikuri kat-
egoria, xSirad mWidrod ukavSirdeba <<bavSvuri
mokrZalebis>> klasikuri konfucianizmis kon-
cepts, rac maSasadame gulisxmobs umcrosis
ufrosze daqvemdebarebis normasa da adamian-
TaSorisi urTierTobebis regulirebas eqsplici-
turi, Zlier diferencirebul statusTa ierarqiiT.
magram am azriT, ara Tu jgufia(gundi) moraluri
kavSiris namdvili mowmoba Tu gamoZaxili, ara-
med - pirovneba maRali statusiT. amitom, aqedan
gamomdinare Cinuri jgufebi xSirad Cndebodnen
individulaur interesTa namdvilad arastabilur
da xSirad mkacri formis davebSi. es gaxlavT is
faqtori, romelic xsnis Tu ratom warmoadgens
Cinur kulturul sivrceSi mcire saojaxo kom-
paniebi ekonomikuri TviTorganizaciis aSkarad
Zlier stabilur formas. dasasruls, aRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ekonomikur-
eTikur normaTa saTanado adaptaciamde Cinuri
sazogadoebis Semdgomi modernizaciisTvis Tvi-
Torganizaciis es forma (taivanisa da singapuris
saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikisgan gansxvave-
biT) kidev didxans rCeboda inovaciuri Zalebisa
da kompaniebis zrdis dabrkolebad.
114
rogorc cnobilia, dRes mTeli msoflios
masStabiT SeiniSneba konfucianizmis renesansi,
radgan Cinuri elitis gansazRvruli jgufebi
konfucianizms Cinuri identobis safuZvlad da
arsad ganixilaven. magaliTad, arc Tu mravali
wlis win es ukve gamoCnda singapurSi saskolo
wignebis Sesabamisi gamocemebisa da socialuri
kanonmdeblobis saxiT, romelic bavSvuri mokr-
Zalebis azriT, axal Taobas avaldebulebs Zveli
Taobis gverdSi dgomasa da daxmarebas. saxalxo
religiurma da ara savaldebulo konfucianur-
ma warmodgenebma bunebriv materikze kidev ufro
didi mniSvneloba SeiZina, radgan kacma rom Tqvas
swored amiT daiwyo kidec CineTis vrcel sasof-
lo-agrarul sivrceSi avTenturi modernizaciis
procesi, risi garantic, ekonomikur-eTikurad rel-
evaturi, zemoT Cvens mier naxsenebi sfecifikuri
Cinuri regulireba gaxldaT.
literatura
1. F. Fukuyama, Konfuzius und Marktwirtschaft, München, 1995
2. D. Jonson etc.(Editor), Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, Berkeley, 1985
3. Overmeyer, D. L. etc., Chinese Religions. The State of the Field, Part 2: Living Religious Traditions: Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Islam and Popular Religion., Journal of Asian Studies 54, 1995
4. Frontier Society – Wikipedia., https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Society
115
Tavi 4. iudaizmi
4.1 iudaizmis arsi
iudaizmi ebraelTa religiaa. sityva <<iudaiz-
mi>> momdinareobs berZnuli sityvisgan ioudaismos, romelic Cvens eramde daaxloebiT 100 wliT adre
metyvelebaSi damkvidrebul iqna berZnulenovani
ebraelebis mier sakuTari religiis berZnulis-
agan gansasxvaveblad. iudaizmis saxelwodeba
dakavSirebulia iakobis meoTxe vaJis, iudas sax-
elTan, romlis STamomavlebma, beniaminis STamomav-
lebTan erTad daafuZnes samxreTis iudeas samefo,
dedaqalaqiT ierusalemi. CrdiloeTis israelis
samefos dacemisa da iq mcxovrebi misi tomebis
gabnevis Semdeg, iudeas xalxi (cnobilni rogorc
<<iexudi>>, <<iudevelebi>> an <<ebraelebi>>)
gaxda ebrauli kulturis ZiriTadi matarebeli
da amadve darCa sakuTari samefos ganadgurebis
Semdegac. iudaizmi rogorc religia warmoadgens
ebrauli civilizaciis umniSvnelovanes elements.
is gulisxmobs erTi RmerTis rwmenas da am rw-
menis realur zemoqmedebas cxovrebaze. iudaizmi
aris eTikuri sistemac, romelic moicavs reli-
giur, istoriul, wes-CveulebaTa da nacionalur
elementebs[1].
<<iudaizmis>> cneba TanamedroveobaSi aRniS-
navs or gansxvavebul mniSnvnelobas. erTi mxriv
iudevelur religias da meore mxriv maszed
dafuZnebul, magram religiurad metad aRar
definirebad kulturul-sazogadoebriv fenom-
ens, iudeveli eris Rrma gaazrebiT. sainteresoa
aRiniSnos, rom me-18 saukunemde am gansxvavebas
jer kidev ar hqonda raime realuri mniSvneloba,
116
radgan bibliuri religiis kavSiri xalxTan ara-
nair principul dayofas civilur da sakralur
sazogadoebebad ar iTvaliswinebda[2,gv.395]. iude-
veluri religiis safuZveli aris ebrauli biblia,
Tanaxi(Tanach) da pirvel rigSi Tora(ix. [1],gv.395).
iudaizmi aris yvelaze mcirericxovani msof-
lio religia, romlis mniSvnelobisTvis gadamwy-
vet rols TamaSobs ara am religiis mimdevarTa
ricxovneba, aramed RvTisa da kacs Soris arse-
buli universaluri, intimuri, tribaluri(ingl.
tribalism < tribe tomi, gvari; gvarovnul-tomobri-
vi) da nacionaluri sazRvrebis damangreveli
koncefcia[3,gv.127].
iudaizmSi erT-erT ZiriTad kanonikur wignad
aRiarebulia Tanaxi(bibliis Zveli aRTqma), rom-
lis mniSvnelovan nawils Tora da moses(moSe)
xuTwigneuli warmoadgens. Cv.w.aR. me-3 saukuneSi
iudevel RvTismetyvelTa mier daweril iqna To-
ras komentarebi, romelmac miSnas(kanonis gameo-
reba) saxelwodeba SeiZina. Semdeg Sedgenil iqna
kidev erTi wigni - hemara, romlis daniSnuleba
miSnas Rrmad da safuZvlianad komentireba iyo.
miSna da hemara erTad Seadgens Talmuds. Tora
da Talmudi reglamentireben religiuri ebrael-
ebis yovelmxriv cxovrebas, maT Soris masac, rac
sxva religiebSi Cveulebriv eTikis, moralis, samo-
qalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis sferod miiCneva.
TalmudSi ganasxvaveben galaxas da agadas, rom-
lebic erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. galaxa - es aris
kanoni, romelic exeba religiur, ojaxur, samo-
qalaqo cxovrebas. agada gansazRvravs iudaizmis
sulier sferoebs.
II-VI saukuneebSi, ebraelTa gabnevis Semdeg
mimdinareobs Talmudizmis formireba, rac xa-
siaTdeba iudeuri kultis detaluri sistemati-
117
zaciiTa da normatiuli ritualizaciiT. amave
dros iudaizmSi yalibdeba iseTi moZRvreba, ro-
goric aris kabala, romelSic gverdi evleba ma-
giasa da okultizms. VI-VIII saukuneebSi izrdeba
rabinebis(Zvelebraulidan <<rabi>> - Cemi maswav-
lebeli), rogorc kanonTa ganmmarteblebisa da
iudeuri Temebis xelmZRvanelTa roli. ebraelTa
gabnevam jer Zvel(evropa, azia, afrika), xolo Sem-
deg axal samyaroSi(Crd. amerika), Sedegad moitana
is, rom didi raodenobiT Camoyalibda ebrauli
nacionalur-religiuri Temi. gabnevis(diaspora)
pirobebSi iudaizmma mTavari roli iTamaSa
ebraelobis, rogorc eTnosis TviTgadarCenaSi.
morwmune iudevelis sulSi TanxvedraSi imyofe-
boda nacionaluri da religiuri sawyisebi, xolo
iudaizmidan gasvla niSnavda ebraelobidan gasv-
las, rac mravalsaukunovani korporatiuli yofiT
aRzrdil ebraelTaTvis sikvdils udrida. amitom,
sinagogidan da ebraelobidan gankveTa miiCneoda
yvelaze saSinel sasjelad.
ebraelobisa da iudaizmis istoriaSi axali pe-
riodi dgeba XVIII saukunis bolos. is xasiaTdeba
evropel ebraelTa politikuri gaTavisuflebiT,
rac gamowveuli iyo safrangeTis revoluciiT
(1789) da rasac Tan mohyva iudeur TemTa Suasauku-
nebrivi izolaciis ngreva. mozes mendelsonis da
mis TanamozreTa ZalisxmeviT germaniaSi iSva moZ-
raoba <<haskala>>, romelic iTvaliswinebda mTeli
ebrauli mosaxleobisaTvis axali samarTlebrivi
statusis mopovebas, e.i. maT emansipacias. aRniSul-
ma revoluciam axali sazogadoebrivi situaciis
pirobebSi SesaZlebeli gaxada am miznis miRweva.
aqedanve iwyeba metad araupiratesad, religiurad
gansazRvruli ebrauli cnobierebis aRmocenebac.
maSasadame, es aris dro, rodesac ebraelma erma me-
118
sias mosvlis pasiuri molodinis nacvlad, Tavad
iwyo sakuTar bed-iRbalze zrunva, risi erT-erTi
TvalsaCino magaliTia ebraelobis axal inglisSi
emigracia, sadac ar arsebobda raime SezRudvebi
iudevelTa koloniebisTvis.
amave dros, kerZod XVIII saukuneSi, polo-
neTisa da dasavleT ukrainis ebraelebs So-
ris aRmocenda axali religiuri mimdinareoba
<<xasidizmi>>(Zvelebrauli sityvidan <<xas-
id>> - RvTismosavi). xasidizmi iSva rogorc
opoziciuri moZraoba orTodoqsaluri iu-
daizmis, kerZod rabinatis winaaRmdeg [da ritu-
aluri ganawesisa da akrZalvebis sistemaTa
Sesasusteblad, aseve - iudeuri RvTismsaxurebis
protestantul(<<reformirebul>>) iudaizmTan
dasaaxloeblad]. xasidur TemebSi rabinebis nacv-
lad umaRlesi avtoritetiT cadikebi(<<cadik>>
Zvelebraulad aRniSnavs wmindans), TiTqosda zeb-
unebrivi Zalis mqoneni sargebloben. xasidizmisT-
vis damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi misticizmi da
religiuri egzaltacia.
XIX-is meore naxevris dasawyisSi, Sidaebraul
reformaciul moZraobaTa Sedegad, reformaciul
da konservatiul iudaizmTagan gansxvavebiT vi-
Tardeba iudaizmis araxasiduri, <<neoorTodo-
qsaluri>> forma, romelic 1851 wels mainis frank-
furtSi, rafael hirSis TavkacobiT fuZndeba. am
jgufis Zalzed did gavlenas ganapirobebs misi
xedva rogorc tradiciulad religiur pirad
yofnis, ise amave dros srulad aRiarebuli mo-
qalaqis statusis miRwevis(maT Soris dasavluri
kulturis gaTavisebis) Taobaze. aRniSnuli xed-
vis gadamwyvet faqtors religiasa da kulturas
Soris gamijvna warmoadgens(ix. [2], gv. 407).
XIX saukunis bolodan dasavleT evropis, xolo
119
Semdeg a.S.S.-is ebraeloba moicva (mesianuri id-
eis) sekularizaciisa da (politikuri) emansipaci-
is procesebma. adgili aqvs ebraelTa nacionalur
TviTidentifikacias religiur farglebs miRma[4],
ramac asaxva politikur moZraoba <<sionizmSi>>
hpova da romlis mizansac ara iudaizmis saxecv-
lis qmnadoba, aramed Sidaebrauli didi samoqme-
do Zalebis sxva simaRleze asayvanad, ebraelTa-
gan, politikuri instrumentebiT, damoukidebeli
saarsebo sivrcis Seqna warmoadgenda, romelic
1948 wels israelis saxelmwifos SeqmniT das-
rulda.
dasavleTis xalxebi sul ufro Sordebian
qristeanobas, xolo iudaizmi, am dromde ganride-
buli evropuli civilizaciis sulieri cxovre-
bidan, sulierebasa da kulturaze iwyebs gavlenis
moxdenas (ix. [4], кратко об иудаизме).iudaizms, ufro zustad rabinul iudaizms
gaaCnia ori Tanabari rangis wyaro: werilobi-
Ti moZRvreba(Tora ScheBichtaw) da zepirsityvieri
swavleba(Tora ScheBeAlpe). zepiri swavlebis qveS
gaigeba werilobiTi moZRvrebisagan damoukide-
beli gamocxadeba, romelic sinais mTaze gawy-
vetil jaWvSi mosedan rabi iehuda ha-nasamde(Rabbi Jehuda HaNassi) miSnaSi(Mischna swavleba WeSmariti
<<ganaxlebis>> Sesaxeb) kodificirda. werilo-
biTi kanonis ganmartebebi da Sevsebebi iZlevian
wesebs cxovrebis (TiTqmis) yvela sferosTvis. es-
enia: (1)miwaTmoqmedeba(ebr. <<seraim>>, Seraim), (2)
dResaswauli(ebr. <<moed>>, Moed), (3)qalebi(ebr.
<<naSim>>, Naschim) (4)ziani(qonebrivi)(ebr.
<<nezikin>>, Nesikin), (5)msxverpli(ebr. <<kodaSim>>,
Kodaschim), (6)siwminde(ebr. <<ToharaT>>,Toharat) (ix. [3]. gv. 129), sadac gamoxatulia garkveuli damok-
120
idebuleba zemoT aRniSnul aspeqtebTan dakavS-
irebiT.
literatura
1. Иудаизм.,www.marsiada.ru/360/609/1646.2. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zen-
tralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Innsbruck, 2003.3. Christoph Auffarth, Jutta Bernard, Hubert Mohr(Hrsg.), Re-
ligionen der Welt., Stuttgart, 2006.4. Кратко об иудаизме.,https://azbyka.ru>Чем отличаются
религии>Иудаизм.
121
4.2 iudaizmis socialur-ekonomikuri as-
peqtebi
SeiZleba gamoiyos faqtorTa ori jgufi, rom-
lebic ganapirobebdnen (da ganapirobeben) iu-
daizmis (aseve sxva religiaTa) gavlenas ekonomi-
kur qcevebze: struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi.
struqturul faqtorebs miekuTvneba eTno-
sis organizacia, romelic didwilad religiuri
faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba. ebraelTa, rogorc eT-
no-konfesiuri jgufis magaliTze gansakuTrebiT
cxadad Cans, Tu ramdenad efeqturi SeiZleba iyos
eTnosis mezostruqturis funqcionireba cvale-
badi socialuri garemos adaptaciis pirobebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, iudevelTa Tavdapirveli
ekonomikuri kultura yalibdeboda aRmosavle-
Tis bazrebis TiTqmis imave pirobebSi, rac maTi
mezoblebisa da enobrivad <<monaTesave>>, moma-
vali islamis mimdevari arabebisa. Tumca Semdeg,
2-2,5 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, am eTno-konfesiuri
jgufebis gzebi gaiyara, ramac gavlena iqonia maTi
ekonomikuri kulturis Tanamedrove gansxvavebaze.
mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomareobda masSi, rom ar-
abebma, romlebmac me-7 saukuneSi miiRes islami,
Seqmnes mZlavri civilizacia, romlis fargleb-
Si isini Tavad karnaxobdnen ekonomikuri qcevis
wesebs, (sabazro gacvlis CaTvliT). iudaizmis
mimdevrebi mravali asi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxov-
robdnen diasporebis saxiT, rogorc evropaSi, ise
axlo aRmosavleTSi. inarCunebdnen ra sakuTar
kulturul identobas, sakmaod moqnilad adap-
tirdebodnen Zlier gansxvavebul, erTmaneTisgan
zogjer sakmaod daSorebul bazris wesebTan. es
ki iudevelebs ayenebda arCevanis winaSe sami Sesa-
Zleblobidan: Seucvleli saxiT SeenarCunebinaT
122
ToraSi Cadebuli yvela reglamentacia; daekar-
gaT sakuTari kulturuli identoba da Serwymod-
nen irgvliv myof mosaxleobas; SeenarCunebinaT
identoba da daekavaT gansazRvruli socialur-
kulturuli niSa[1].
pirveli variantis arCeva miiyvanda maT srul
disadaptaciamde evropul sazogadoebaSi. amitom
realizebuli iqna mesame varianti. misi realizaci-
isTvis aucilebeli iyo pirvel rigSi ebraelTa
kompaqturi dasaxlebebi damoukidebel, sakmaod
mozrdil Temebad evropisa Tu aziis qalaqebSi,
rac iudaizmSi wamoyenebuli mravalricxovani
mkacri saritualo moTxovnebiT aixsneboda, da
romelTa darRveva kategoriulad iyo akrZaluli.
sxva xalxebisgan izolacia TavisTavad jer kidev
ver uwyobda xels efeqtur ekonomikur adaptacias.
ekonomikuri warmatebis mniSvnelovan pirobas war-
moadgenda samewarmeo gamocdilebis dagroveba da
ganzogadeba, mis bazaze qcevis saerTo principebis
SemuSaveba da am principebis translacia Temidan
TemSi. es funqcia Tavis Tavze aiRo rabinatma -
Toras da Talmudis mravalma profesionalma in-
terpretatorma. erT-erTi funqcia mdgomareobda
SemdegSi: pasuxi gaecaT morwmuneTa kiTxvebze, Tu
rogor moqceuliyvnen isini gansxvavebul situa-
ciebSi, ise rom SesabamisobaSi yofiliyvnen wminda
wignis daniSnulebebTan(miTiTebebTan). ramdenadac
mravali sakiTxi exeboda sameurneo saqmianobas,
xolo situaciebi, romlebSic vardebodnen Sua
saukuneebis ebraelebi Zlier gansxavdeboda Zvel
dokumentebSi aRwerilTagan, rabinebs uwevdaT
qcevis saerTo wesebis SemuSaveba. am wesebs unda
daekmayofilebina sami moTxovna: pirveli, Sesabam-
isobaSi unda yofiliyo wminda wignis sulTan; me-
ore, moeca (maT Soris ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT)
123
qcevis optimaluri varianti; mesame, aRiarebuli
yofiliyo ara mxolod erT TemSi, aramed yvela
iudevelis, an maTi umravlesobis mier. rabinebi
SuasaukuneebSic ki mxars uWerdnen TemTa Soris
kavSirebs, rac maT Sesabamis kanonTa SemuSaveb-
is miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevdaT. swored
aseT qcevis kanonTa erT-erT umTavres krebuls
warmoadgenda maimonidis naSromi - miSne-Tora.
ekonomikur situaciaTa cvalebadobis kvaldakval,
vaWrebisa da xelosnebis winaSe Cndeboda axal-
axali problemebi. rabinati iZleoda axal komen-
tarebs, Tumca imowmebda(uTiTebda) amasTan gac-
ilebiT Zvel dokumentebs, Toramde, miSne-Toramde
da Talmudamde. amdenad, swored ebraulma eTnosma
SeZlo Seesrulebina sami piroba, rac uzrunvely-
ofda mis stabilurobasa da efeqtur adaptacias.
esenia: --- stabiluri lokaluri subkulture-
bisa da Sesabamisi mezostruqturebis arseboba;
--- efeqturi sainformacio kavSirebi am subkul-
turebs Soris; --- zelokalur sakomunikacio wre-
Ta funqcionireba(rabinati), romelic ayalibebda
kulturul faseulobebs da Semdeg axdenda maT
translirebas eTnosis <<qveda sarTulze>>. amg-
vari meqanizmi iZleoda erTi mxriv kulturuli
identobisa da mezostruqturis SenarCunebis
SesaZleblobas; meore mxriv, ar uSvebda kul-
turis <<gaZvalebas>>, romelic aranakleb saSiSi
iyo mdgradobisTvis, vidre kulturul normaTa
warecxva da aramdgradoba. swored am faqtorebis
SeTavseba(Sexameba) aZlevda (da aZlevs) iudaizmis
normebze dayrdnobil/mindobil saqmian wreebs ga-
darCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas
yvela socialur pirobaSi. Cveulebriv yofiT
enaze es niSnavs, rom jer kidev Suasaukuneebis ev-
ropaSi TiToeuli iudeveli vaWari flobda zust
124
<<instruqcias>>, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo is
TiTqmis nebismier situaciaSi. Sesabamisad, is dar-
wmunebuli iyo, rom sxva iudeur Tems mikuTvnebul
mis vizavs masaviT esmis TamaSis wesebi da ar
daarRvevs maT. wesebis darRveva niSnavda Temisgan
gakicxvas, rac biznesisTvis usafrTxo namdvilad
ar iyo.
Cven droSi ebraelTa mxolod umniSvnelo
nawili(orTodoqsebi) cxovrobs religiuri Temis
pirobebSi. miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi mniS-
vnelovani Zalisxmeva tardeba lokaluri jgufeb-
is kvlav SeqmnisTvis rogorc israelSi, ise
ebraelTa masobrivi gansaxlebis qveynebSi(a.S.S.,
germania). garda amisa, tradiciuli cxovrebis we-
sis elementebi, kerZod ritualebi, sul ufro far-
To gavrcelebas poulobs maT Soris, romelTac
ar ZaluZT orTodoqsaluri iudaizmisgan dakis-
rebul yvela mkacr SezRudvaTa dacva.
Sinaarsobriv faqtorebs SeiZleba miekuTvnos
religiisgan mocemuli normebi da faseulobe-
bi. wminda sameurneo TvalsazrisiT mTeli am
xangrZlivi epoqisTvis rogorc Cans iudaizmSi
dominirebda meurneobis agraruli forma da mx-
olod qristes Sobidan orasi wlis Semdeg Tanda-
TanobiT iwyeba miwadmoqmedebidan aReb-micemobis
formaze totaluri orientireba. ebraeli eris
momavlisTvis es sakvanZo transformaciis pro-
cesi fokusirdeba maqs veberTan, rodesac is ex-
eba am fenomens <<elinizmis>> TavSi, romelSic
saubaria <<agrarul urTierTobebze>> Talmud-
ur iudaizmSi da <<xalxis uflebaze, romelic
(is-is aris) mxolod axla iwyebs gaxdes movaWre
xalxi>>[2,gv.329]. Tumca es rasakvirvelia ar uary-
ofs im faqts, rom vaWroba da gacvliTi saqmi-
anoba didi xnidan iqca ebraelTa ZiriTad so-
125
cialur niSad, rac mTeli rigi arqeologiuri
da sxva istoriuli wyaroebiT mtkicdeba. kerZod,
jer kidev iudeisa da israelis samefos ebraeli
vaWrebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen xmelT-
aSua zRvis auzis arealis aReb-micemobaSi. es
mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda babilonis
tyveobis Semdeg, xolo mogvianebiT, qristes aqeT
pirveli saukunis devnilobisas. rasakvirvelia es
srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom mTeli ebraeloba mx-
olod vaWrobiT iyo dakavebuli (rasac cxadyofs
zemoT motanili CamonaTvali da rac xazs usvams
im garemoebas, rom ToraSi vaWrobis reglament-
aciis sakiTxebs SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba
eTmoboda), Tumca Temis ekonomikurad/qonebrivad
dawinaurebuli zeda fena, romelic didwilad gan-
sazRvravda eTnosis kulturis formirebis pro-
cess, ar aris sadavo, rom iyo upiratesad movaWre.
eWvgareSea, rom religiam mravalgvari gavlena
iqonia ebraelTa ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedege-
bze; amasTan, es exeba ara mxolod orTodoqs an
konservat iudevelebs, aramed maTac, vinc daSord-
nen kanonis mkacr Tanmimdevrulobas. religiasTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli garkveuli principebi
Rrmad Sevida ebrauli eTnosis kulturis qso-
vilSi, Tumca isini religiurad dRemde ar aRiqme-
ba. ai zogierTi maTgani:
(1)pirad simdidresTan damokidebuleba.
qristeanobisa da islamisgan gasxvavebiT, iu-
daizmSi simdidre warmoadgens cxovrebis ZiriTad
mizans. amitom iudaizmis wminda wignebSi piradi
gamdidrebisaken miswrafeba ara Tu ar ganisje-
ba, aramed adamianuri naturis erT-erT bunebriv
Tvisebadac ki miiCneva.
(2)ebrauli eTnosis identobis kvlavwarmoeba
diasporaSi.
126
ebrauli mosaxleobis mravalricxovani asim-
ilaciis mcdelobis miuxedavad, rasac aTas-
wleulebis manZilze hqonda adgili, ebraelTa
umetesobam SeZlo identobis SenarCuneba. myari
identobis sapirispiro mxares warmoadgenda is,
rom Sua saukuneebSi da axal droebaSic ki, rabi-
natis mier formulirebuli ekonomikuri qcevis
mravali wesi pirvel rigSi exeboda iudevelTa
Sida religiur sazogadoebas(alia). Sesabamisad,
ar xdeboda yvela am wesis dacva araiudevelebTan
anu goimebTan(ebr. mx. Goi, mrv. Gojim) mimarTebiT.
uaxloes droebaSi, roca iudeuri Temis Caketilo-
ba did wilad warsuls Cabarda, ebraul kultur-
aSi organulad damkvidrebuli ekonomikur ur-
TierTobaTa zogierTi tradiciuli norma, ufro
farTo saqmian wreebSic ki aris dRes daculi da
gaTvaliswinebuli.
ebraelobis ekonomikuri kulturisadmi miZ-
Rvnil veberisa da sombratis Sromebis kiTxvisas,
arcTu iSviaTad Cndeba imis STabeWdileba, rom
am kulturis safuZvels warmoadgenda sabazro-
liberaluri faseulobebi, e.i. mewarmis piradi
Tavisufleba maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis mizniT.
es sarwmunoa mxolod nawilobriv da iq, rac ex-
eba mxolod gare wreebTan urTierTobas. <<ram-
denadac Tora eswrafvis ara mxolod ucodveli
individebis formirebas, aramed wminda eris saman-
Ta dadgenasac, swored Temi warmoadgenda yvela
(lokalur, nacionalur da saerTaSoriso) doneze
normatiuli gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis Zir-
iTad saSualebas(wyaros)>>. <<iudaizmi aris re-
ligia, romelic orientirebulia sazogadoebaze
(communally orientated) da mowodebulia Seqmnas ufro
metad <<qurumTa nacia>> vidre Rrmadmorwmune
individebi. amitom, Temis keTildReoba mis yvela
127
formaSi gacilebiT maRali xarisxiT warmoadgens
religiur da sulier interess, vidre ubralod
kargi moqalaqeoba(good citizenship). iudaizmSi Temis
ekonomikuri interesebi prevalirebs misi calkeu-
li wevris interesebze. kerZod, ganikicxeba klien-
tis motyueba da misTvis usargeblo saqonlisa
Tu momsaxurebis Tavs moxveva (<<aiZulo adamiani
gayidos viri da iyidos mindori, maSin rodesac
mas sWirdeba viris yidva da mindvris gayidva>>.)
mxolod erTmorwmuneTa farglebSi. amgvari wes-
rigi eWvgareSea xels uwyobda Temis identobis
SenarCunebas mudmivad cvalebad pirobebSi, da Se-
sabamisad - ekonomikur adaptacias;
(3)sakuTrebis urTierTobis maregulirebeli
wesi.
igi umetesad aseve ganisazRvreba religiis
<<diskriminaciuli>> xasiaTiT. iudaizmi ar uar-
yofs sazogadoebriv sakuTrebas, Tumca islamis-
gan gansxvavebiT masSi ar arsebobs wesi, romlis
Tanaxmadac bunebrivi resursebi aucileblad sa-
zogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi unda imyofebodes. sain-
teresoa, rom bibliur dros(epoqaSi) iudeasa da
israelSi ar SeiZleboda miwis samudamod gay-
idva. gaicemoda mxolod misi sameurneo gamoyen-
ebis ufleba gasnazRvruli vadiT, rac faqtobri-
vad warmoadgenda kidec arendis formas. iudeuri
samarTlis mniSvnelovani nawili eZRvneboda ker-
Zo sakuTrebis dacvas. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT
isic, rom calkeuli individi srulad ver gankar-
gavs sakuTrebas, radgan marTlmorwmune iudeve-
lis moraluri valdebuleba mdgomareobs masSi,
rom ar gamoiyenos TvistomTa gaWirveba sakuTari
komerciuli miznebisTvis. es exeba mxolod iude-
velebs Soris urTierTobas.
(4) sesx-Semnaxveli asociaciebi.
128
ebraul TemebSi gavrcelebuli iyo sesx-Semnax-
veli asociaciebi. uprocento sesxis[ebr.<<гемлут xesed>>] ebrauli asociaciebi Cveulebriv fun-
qcionirebda Temis Rarib wevrTa interesebisT-
vis an maTTvis, vinc ara Tavisi braliT aRmoCnda
rTul mdgomareobaSi. amitom, sesxebi Cveulebriv
iyo uprocento. iudaizmSi daSvebulia saqvel-
moqmedo sesxebidan mogebis miReba. Tuki sesxs
saWiroebs Temis SeZlebuli wevri sakuTari bi-
znesis gansaviTareblad, maSin ZalaSi Sedis wesi,
romelic erTmorwmunisTvis procentis gayinvaze
bibliuri akrZalvis formalurad gverdis avlis
SesaZleblobas iZleva (ebr.<<geter iska - ne-
barTva biznesis warmoebaze>>), radrosac sesxis
gamcemi(gamsesxebeli) pirobiTad iTvleba sesxis
amRebis(msesxeblis) biznesis monawiled da aqvs
ufleba mogebis wilze. amgvaria kanonikuri akr-
Zalvis Tavidan acilebis meqanizmi, rac aseve
gamoiyeneba islamSi.
(5)konkurenciis regulireba.
iudaizmSi didi yuradReba eTmoba konkuren-
ciis regulirebas. ekonomikuri qcevis mravali
wesi rogorc islamSi, ise iudaizmSi mimarTuli
iyo konkurenciis negatiuri Sedegebis Sesamsubu-
qeblad bazrebze. aq aseve arsebobda gansxvaveba,
rac bazrebis instituciaSi(organizaciaSi) Ti-
Toeuli religiuri Temis erTobis roliT iyo
Sepirobebuli. musulmanebi xangrZlivi drois man-
Zilze akontrolebdnen bazrebs, romlebSic, sxva
konfesiis warmomadgenlebis gverdiT isini Ta-
vadac vaWrobdnen. amitom, isini naklebad iyvnen
dainteresebulni eTikuri da/an konfesiuri ni-
SniT diskriminciaSi. msgavsi saxis diskrimina-
cia gamoiwvevda ucxoeli vaWrebis CamoSorebas.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, iudevelebi mravali aswleu-
129
lis ganmavlobaSi iZulebulni iyvnen adaptire-
buliyvnen ucxour bazrebTan, romlebSic xSirad
sruliad sxva da sxva wesrigi sufevda. iudaizmSi
sabazro vaWrobis ZiriTadi wesi mimarTuli iyo
pirvel rigSi maszed, rom uzrunveleyoT saku-
Tari qcevis warmateba, da SeZlebisdagvarad dae-
cvaT <<Tavisianebi>> <<ucxoTagan>>. amitom, mag.,
islamSi ar aris wesi, romelic pirdapir SezRu-
davda <<ucxo>> vaWrebis SeRwevas <<sakuTar>>
bazrebze. iudaizmSi ki vxvdebiT piriqiT: ama Tu
im Tems mikuTvnebul vaWrebs da xelosnebs hqon-
daT ufleba ar daeSvaT konkurentebi, Tuki isini
awrmoebdnen da/an yiddnen iseT saqonels, rogori
saqonelic iwarmoeboda da iyideboda Tavad maT
TemSi. <<ucxoSi>> igulisxmeboda ara mxolod
ucxo qveynisani da rjulisani, aramed - iudeve-
li vaWrebic sxva qalaqebidan. es wesi srulad
vrceldeboda iudevel mewarmeebze. im SemTxvevaSi,
roca Temis liderebs SeeZloT zemoqmedeba moex-
dinaT xelisuflebaze (rac Suasaukuneebis evropa-
Si sakmaod xSirad xdeboda), prevenciul RonisZie-
bebs mimarTavdnen sxva aRmsareblobis mewarmeTa
mimarT. sainteresoa, rom iudeur TemebSi wesebi
gansxvavdeboda sefardisa da aSkenazis mixedviT.
es dakavSirebuli iyo masTan, rom aRmosavleTis
bazrebze iudeveli vaWrebi SezRudvebs praqti-
kulad ar ganicdiddnen, maSin rodesac evropul
bazrebze maTi moRvaweoba/saqmianoba mkacrad iyo
reglamentirebuli. swored amitom, aRmosavleT-
Si ar iyo Temis SigniT konkurenciis Sesustebis
saWiroeba, xolo dasavleTSi aseTi saWiroeba ar-
sebobda mTeli Temis gadarCenis interesebisTvis.
konkurenciis regulirebis erT-erT saSuale-
bas warmoadgens safaso politika. da am sferoSi
iudaizmi orientirebulia pirvel rigSi Temis
130
keTildReobaze, vidre <<bazris kanonebsa>> da
<<individualuri mewarmeobis Tavisuflebaze>>.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom rabi-
nati uSvebda specialurad daniSnul oficialur
pirTa mxridan fasebis gakontrolebas pirveladi
moxmarebis saqonelze, rac Seesabameba Talmudis
nebismier versias. cnobili faqtia, rodesac rabi-
nebma uaryves brZeni samuelis(Talmudic Sage Shmuel) argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rom fiqsirebuli
fasebi aris gadaWarbebuli (da zedmeti), ramdena-
dac moTxovna-miwodebis sabazro meqanizmi Tavad
unda uzrunvelyofdes fasebis stabilurobas.
iudaizmSi arsebobs fasis regulirebis rigi
standartuli xerxebi(saSualebebi). mag., miRebulia,
rom saqonlis gadayidvis SemTxvevaSi fasnamati
mis pirvanedel Rirebulebas ar unda aRemate-
bodes 1/6-iT. Tumca ZiriTadi principi mdgomare-
obs ara masSi, raTa dafiqsirdes uryevi wesi, ara-
med masSi, raTa axal pirobebSi SemuSavdes axali
wesebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba aliis SenarCu-
nebisa da ayvavebisaken.
(6)Toras Sinaarsi.
Toras Sinaarsma bevrad Seuwyo xeli evropis
ebrauli mosaxleobis ekonomikurad aqtiuri nawi-
lis pasionarulobis formirebas. amasTan dakav-
Sirebulia Toras erT-erT centraluri idea -
ebrauli eTnosis RvTivrCeulobis idea. ebraeli
xalxis erTRmerTobisa da rCeulobis idea did-
wilad gansazRvravs ebraelTa socialuri da
sameurneo saqmianobis Taviseburebebs. swored es
idea aZlevda maT aqtiur qmedebaTa stimuls is-
toriulad kritikul situaciebSi. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT maqs veberi principulad ganasxvavebda
gamdidrebis <<puritanul>> da <<ebraul>> saS-
ualebebs. misi azriT, ebraelebi warmoadgendnen
131
<<avantiuristul>> kapitalizms, xolo puritanebi
- Sromis racionalur organizaciaze dafuZnebul
da xangrZliv perspeqtivaze gaTvlil kapitalizms.
SesaZloa veberis es Sefaseba swori iyo adreul
kapitalizmTan mimarTebiT, da ebraeli vaWrebis
racionalizmi gansxvavdeboda germanel mewarmeTa
racionalizmisgan. Tumca eWvgareSea, rom mTeli
rigi Tviseba aerTianebda adreuli protestanteb-
isa da iudevelTa msoflmxedvelobebs, romelTa-
gan upirveles yovlisa es aris pasionaruloba, e.i.
warmodgena sakuTari gansakuTrebuli rolisa da
RmerTTan urTierTobis sakuTar gansakuTrebul
uflebaTa Sesaxeb.
(7)piradi pasuxismgeblobis gageba.
erT-erTi arsebiTi punqti, riTac gansxvavdebian
iudaizmi da qristeanoba aris warmodgena codvasa
da Surisgebaze. qristeanobisgan gansxvavebiT, iu-
daizmSi RmerTi ar gamoisyidis adamianis codvebs,
da maTi gadaxda xdeba ara imqveynad, aramed amqvey-
nad. nebismieri boroteba adekvaturad unda iqnas
dasjili. swored piradi pasuxismgeblobis prin-
cipiT gaxda SesaZlebeli ebrauli kulturis far-
glebSi formirebuliyo idiSis(ebr.<<ebrauli>>)
gageba menSis[3] [(ebr.<<menC>>, monaTesave german-
uli sityvisa Mensch, human being-is mniSvnelobiT,
rac sityvasityviT <<patiosnebisa da Rirsebis
pirovnebas>> [4]niSnavs)] adamianisa, romlis ndo-
ba srulad SeiZleba biznesSi, qorwilsa Tu so-
cialuri urTierTobis yvela danarCen sferoSi.
TavisTavad, amgvari gagebis gaCena jer kidev ar
niSnavs, rom yvela iudeveli avtomaturad iZens
menSis Tvisebebs; mniSvnelovania is, rom iudaizmSi
wamoyenebul iqna yoveldRiurobis ideali, romel-
ic gansxvavdeboda umetes sxva religiebSi miRe-
bul idealTagan.
132
ebrauli mosaxleobis roli evropuli ekono-
mikis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT kapitalizmis
Camoyalibebis adreul stadiaze ar iyo mxolod
iudaizmis gavleniT Sepirobebuli. ase magali-
Tad, sombartis azriT swored ebraeli vaWrebi
iyenebdnen yvelaze aqtiurad fasian qaRaldebs
finansur operaciebSi. is am faqts miiCnevda ro-
gorc gamogonebas, - motanils ebraelTagan evro-
pis ekonomikur kulturaSi. sxvaTaSoris, <<fa-
siani qaRaldebi>>(romlebic rasakvivrlia ara
ueWvelad qaRaldis, aramed ufro xSirad Tixis
firfitebi, papirusisa Tu pergamentis naWrebi iyo)
ZvelTagan gamoiyeneboda xmelTaSua zRvis auz-
is vaWrobaSi. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTare-
basTan erTad maTi gavrceleba mniSvnelovnad iyo
dakavSirebuli aRniSnul arealSi myof mekob-
reebTan, romlebic xSirad Tavadac eweodnen vaW-
robas. aseT pirobebSi naRdi fulis(e.i. oqro da
vercxli) tareba rasakvirvelia saSiSi iyo. amitom
did upiratesobas iZendnen is jgufebi, romelT-
ac sakuTari agentebi hyavdaT savaWro gzis sxva
da sxva boloSi. fulis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo
<<obligaciis>> wardgenis Semdeg adgilze. vaW-
rebi icnobdnen erTmaneTs da icodnen sakuTari
agentebis piradi beWdebi(damRebi) zRvis orive
mxares. ebraeli vaWrebi, Tavisi <<kontinenturi>>
kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT flobdnen fasiani
qaRaldebis funqcionirebis meqanizms, romlebmac
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes me-17 saukunis ev-
ropul ekonomikaSi, Tumca rasakvirvelia isini
gamoirCeodnen Tavisi antikuri <<winaprebisgan>>.
aq religiis roli gamovlinda masSi, rom fasiani
qaRaldebis ganviTarebis adreul etabze aucile-
beli ndobis xarisxi ebrael vaWrebs Soris iyo
mniSvnelovnad maRali, vidre sxva konfesiis war-
133
momadgenlebs, maT Soris qristeanebs Soris.
iudaizmi sxva religiaTagan gamoirCeva Tana-
bari erTgulebiT rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise Tan-
asworobis mimarT. rogorc Cans maT jer kidev
didi xniT adre uwyodnen, rom Tavisufleba da
Tanasworoba xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba erTurTs.
radgan, rac ufro metia sazogadoebaSi ekonomi-
kuri Tavisufleba, miT ufro aqtiurad izrdeba
masSi uTanasworoba. xolo, rac ufro didia sa-
zogadoebaSi socialuri Tanasworoba, miT ufro
mcirea masSi Tavisufleba(isaia berlini). erTi
mxaris arafriT SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba iwvevs
meore mxaris Seviwroebas/Cagvras. swored amitom
ekideba Tora ase skrupulozurad piradi Tavisu-
flebis kanonebs, radgan ebrael ers kargad axs-
ovs Tu ras niSnavs egviptis monobaSi cxovreba.
gamomdinare aqedan, Tora postulirebs adamianuri
Rirsebis pativiscemis ideas, radgan adamiani RvTis
xatad Seiqmna, da sxva adamianis Rirsebis fexqveS
gaTelviT, Cven SevuracmyofT Semoqmedsac. es aris
umTavresi safuZveli imis, rom ebraul sazogadoe-
baSi, garkveuli socialuri ierarqiis miuxedavad
arasdros uarsebia klasobriv sistemas. sazoga-
doeba Toras kanonebis mixedviT iyo mowyobili.
ebrauli ekonomika emyareba Toradan amoma-
val ramodeni fundamenetur xedvas. pirveli, -
ekonomikis ZiriTad ebraul gagebas warmoadgens
idea piradi finansuri damoukideblobis Sesaxeb.
Tavisuflebis dakargvasa da sxvaTa nebis iZule-
biT morCilebaSi aris raRac usazRvrod damam-
cirebeli adamianisTvis. amitom socialuri Tanas-
woroba ToraSi aris ara formaluri Tanasworoba,
aramed ufro adamianTa unari sakuTari arsebo-
bisaTvis fulis damoukideblad gamomuSavebisa
sakuTarive damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis
134
SenarCunebiT. meore, - adamianis piradi da ekono-
mikuri Tavisufleba ver gaxdeba politikur mo-
laparakebaTa manipulirebis sagani. RvTivboZe-
bulia xelSeuvali ufleba. mesame, - ekonomika
aris da unda darCes zneobriv safuZvlebze da-
myarebul institutad. TorasTvis mniSvnelovania
ara mxolod mSp-s zrdis tempebis, Semosavlebis
donisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxis mSra-
li monacemebi, aramed ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
xarisxi da arsi: adamianTa Tavisufleba; maTi sa-
kuTari Rirsebis SegrZneba; gzebi(wesebi/xerxebi),
romelTa wyalobiTac sistema maT fuladi sax-
srebis gamomuSavebis/mobilizebis da socialuri
problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobas aZlevs[5].
literatura
1. Влияние иудаизма на экономическое поведение., studik.net/vliyanie-iudaizma-nbsp-na-ekonomicheskoe-nbsp-po-vedenie/.
2. Max Weber, Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen [Das antike Judentum], Schriften und Reden 1911-1920. Tübin-gen, 2008.
3. Mensch-Wikipedia., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch.
4. Meriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary.5. Иудаизм.,www.marsiada.ru/360/609/1646.
135
Tavi 5. qristeanoba
5.1 qristeanobis arsi
qristeanobis fesvebi iudaizmSi Zevs. Tavad mis
damaarsebels, ieso nazareTels mSobliuri re-
ligiuri wiaRi arasdros dautevebia da uaryvia.
winaswarmetyvelis msgavsad is qadagebda RvTis
meufebis gardauvali dadgomis Sesaxeb, raSic ima-
vdroulad samsjavro da netareba igulisxmeboda.
iesos miwieri cxovrebis dros, iudaizmis bevr
wreSi mesias, uflis <<cxebulis>>(berZn. qriste)
mosvlis didi molodini arsebobda.
srulebiT ar iyo TavisTavad cxadi, rom iesos
RvTis samefos moZraobidan aRmocendeboda in-
stitucia, romelsac Cven eklesias vuwodebT.
iustine(wminda mowame iustine 100-165 ww., filoso-
fosi, qristeanuli filosofiis fuZemdebeli) qri-
steanobaSi srulyofil filosofias xedavda. me-2
saukuneSi, aRniSnuli didi moZraoba winaswarme-
tyvelebad iwodeboda. mis gverdiT ki aseve arse-
bobda gnozisi(berZ. gnosis - <<codna, Semecneba>>), romelic umaRles Semecnebas eswrafvoda. Tumca
rac ufro didi xdeboda qristeanoba, miT ufro
didi saWiroeba Cndeboda myari instituciebis ar-
sebobisa. rasakvirvelia, dasawyisSi aRmocenda ara
erTianoba, aramed adgilobrvi tradiciebis mrav-
alferovneba[1, gv 106-108].
romis imperiaSi qristeanuli religia Tav-
dapirvelad iudeur seqtad an aseve aRmosav-
lur kultad aRiqmeboda, romlebic imperatoris
dros Zlier iyo gavrcelebuli. TandaTanobiT
viTardeba sazogadoebriv-eklesiuri struqtu-
ra, sadac episkoposebs(berZ. episkopos - <<meT-
valyure, zedamxedveli>>) meTaurebad irCeven,
136
xolo presbiterebs(berZ. presbyteros - <<mRvdeli,
xucesi>>)samwysos sulTa da diakonebs(berZ. dia-konos - <<msaxuri>>) upovarTa msaxurebisTvis ni-
Snaven. asevea sxvadasxva Tanamdeboba/samsaxuri.
adgili aqvs aRmosavleTSi qalTa diakonisebad
kompaqtur(laT. compactus - <<mWidro, SekumSuli>>),
xolo dasavleTSi - mxolod sporadul(berZ. spo-radikos - <<gafantuli>>) ganwesebas. garda amisa,
qristeanul gvian-antikur periodSi viTardeba
mravalricxovani cxovrebis asketuri forma, upir-
velesad ki spontanuri gasvla egviptis udabnosa
da sxva ukacriel adgilas, xolo Semdeg aseve
mzardad - samonastro TemebSi. me-3 saukuneSi
qristeanul RvTismsaxurebas ukve gaaCnda myari
struqturebi sakulto ritualebis aRsasrule-
blad.
daaxloebiT 320 wels aleqsandriaSi gaCaRda
mwvave kamaTi, ramac mravali saukunis ganmavloba-
Si hpova gagrZeleba. didi xnidan Zveli ebrau-
li qristeanoba gaxda marginalizebuli da iwyo
bibliur-elinistur azrovnebaTa sinTezi. amasTan
ieso, rogorc <<Ze RvTisa>> iZens gansakuTre-
bul Tvisebas: RvTis Ze identificirda RvTis
sityasTan, RvTaebriv logosTan. meore saazrov-
no modelis Tanaxmad ki - RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan,
rac ariozTan(berZ. areios; 256-336 ww., erT-erTi
pirveli eresiarqi, arianelobis, igive ariozelo-
bis damaarsebeli me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi) aris
dakavSirebuli da romelmac aleqsandriaSi qad-
agebisas, mamisagan Zis naTlad garCevis mizniT
gamoiyena Semdegi saxis formulireba: <<is RvTis-
gan iSva yvela droze uwin>>, [iseve rogorc] <<is
RvTisgan Seiqmna>>(8,22-31), ramac eklesiis wiaR-
Si didi winaaRmdegoba Sva. 325 wels imperator
konstantine didis mier mowveulma nikeis pirv-
137
elma msoflio saeklesio krebam ariozis swav-
leba mwvaleblobad gamoacxada da sadavo cnebis
<<homoousiosis>> (berZ. homoousios <<erTarsi>>)
moSveliebiT Seqmna mrwamsi, saeklesio dogmad
ki Ze RmerTis mama RmerTTan erTarseboba aRi-
ara, romelic konstantinopolis meore msoflio
saeklesio krebaze sabolood damtkicda.
magram qristologiasTan dakavSirebuli dava
amiT ar dasrulebula: Tu qriste RvTis sworia,
maSin rogor unda iqnas misi adamianuri buneba
axsnili? 431 wels gansjili da gankveTili iqna
nestori, konstantinopolis patriarqi, romelic
amtkicebda, rom mariami ar iyo RvTis mSobeli,
aramed mSobeli kacisa, romelsac mere SeuerT-
da madliT sityva RmrTisa. siriel qristeanTa
didi nawili miemxro mas da Seqmnes <<nestori-
anuli>> eklesia(ix. [1], gv. 109-110). warumatebeli
efesos 431 wlis mesame msoflio saeklesio kre-
bis Semdeg, sadac nestorianelobis sakiTxi ganix-
ileboda, 451 wels mowveuli qalkedonis meoTxe
msoflio saeklesio krebis ganxilvis umTavres
sakiTxs Seadgenda konstantinopoleli arqiman-
dritis - evtiqis swavlebis uaryofa, romelic
amtkicebda, rom qristeSi iyo mxolod erTi, Rv-
Taebrivi buneba da erTi nebisyofa. kacis buneba
da kacis nebisyofa ki CanTqmuli iyo RvTaebriv
bunebasa da nebisyofis miero. aRniSnul swav-
lebis sapirispirod, romelsac monofizitoba
anu erTbunebianoba ewoda, dadgina qristes or-
bunebianoba anu diofizitoba. SeTanxmeba moxda
romsa da konsantinopols(<<axali romi>>) So-
ris. 451 wlis qalkedonis meoTxe saeklesio kre-
bis Semdeg konstantinopolis eklesiis daqveme-
debarebidan monofizituri mrwamsis gamo gavida
<<kopturi>>(egvipturi) eklesia. garda amisa, me-5
138
saukunis Sua periodSi aleqsandriaSi warmoSobi-
li am axali mimdinareobis - monofizitobis
ideaTa erTgulni aseve darCnen aRmosavleTis
eklesiebi siriaSi, palestinasa da somxeTSi. qar-
Tuli eklesia dvinis saeklesio krebaze Caeba
msoflio eklesiaSi mimdinare qristologiur po-
lemikaSi da monofozitebTan Semrigebluri pozi-
cia daikava imperator zenonis <<henotikonis>>(
berZ. henotikon - <<erTobis aqti>>) safuZvelze. VII
saukunidan qarTuli eklesiis mrwamsi ukve di-
ofizituria[2].
330 wlidan romis imperiis dedaqalaqis cen-
tri aRmosavleTiT inacvlebs, rac Zvelsa da axal
roms Soris konkurencias zrdis. qalkedonis
krebam konstantinopols, rogorc imperiis axal
dedaqalaqs, gansakuTrebuli uflebebi mianiWa.
igi romis Tanaswor qalaqad gamoacxada, xolo
konstantinopolis sapatriarqom meore adgili
daikava romis Semdeg[3]. maTi Tanasworad aRi-
arebiT eklesias gauCnda pirveli bzari[4], riTac
faqtobrivad dairRva pentarqiis sistema. am pro-
cesis gagrZelebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes antio-
qiis eklesiidan kviprosis eklesiisa (431 w.) da
saqarTvelos eklesiis(484)gamoyofa da maTi av-
tokefaliebad cnoba. mogvianebiT, kievis ruseTis
mier qristeanobisa (988 w.) da avtokefaliis(1589
w.) miRebis Semdeg sabolood ruseTma marTlma-
dideblur eklesiaTa diftiqSi V, xolo saqarT-
velosa da kviprosis eklesiebma, Sesabamisad VI
–X adgili daikaves.
mexuTe saukunis dasawyisidan Seiqmna
mdgomareoba, rodesac dasavleTSi romis sax-
iT erTaderTi primaciuli(frg.primatial < laT.
primat arqisaepiskoposo), xolo aRmosavleTSi
tradiciulad konstantinopolis gverdiT kidev
139
sami aRiarebuli centri(aleqsandria, antioqia,
ierusalimi) arsebobda. Sesabamisad aRmocenda
eklesiis ori gansxvavebuli modeli: dasavleTis
centralisturi(monocentruli) erTiani eklesia
da mravali damoukidebeli eklesiis policentru-
li Tanamegobroba(koinonia) aRmosavleTSi.
osmaleTis imperiaSi (balkaneTi, kavkasia) oku-
men patriarqebs eTnarqebis, eTnikur umciresoba-
Ta winamZRolis roli daekisraT, riTac SeiZleba
aixsnas marTlmadideblur eklesiaTa mWidro kav-
Siri erovnul identobasTan. miuxedavad amisa, 1872
wels konstantinopolis sinodma erovnuli prin-
cipi, rogorc eklesiuri identobis kriteriumi(e.w.
filetizmi) dagmo. maSin rodesac, Zveli eklesiuri
tradiciis mixedviT msazRvreli, ara nacionaluri
aramed, piriqiT teritoriuli principi iyo. dRes
konstantinopolis TanamegobrobaSi Semokrebilia
16 damoukidebeli eklesia.
aRmosavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTSi pro-
cesebi sruliad sxvagvarad ganviTarda. 800 wels
romSi, papis leo III- is mier frankTa mefis, karlos
didis romaelTa imperatorad kurTxevam eWqveS
daayena konstantinopolis, rogorc romis imperiis
erTaderT memkvidred yofnis sakiTxi. aRniSnulma
koronaciam daaCqara aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs
Soris arsebuli gaucxoebis manamde neli, Tumca
Seuqcevadi procesi. amasTan, Tu aRmosavleTSi sa-
suliero da saero Zalauflebas Soris bizantiis
imperiisgan namemkvidrali <<simfoniis principi>>
moqmedebda, rac Semdeg rigi marTlmadidebeli
qveynebis mxridan ignorirebuli an koreqtire-
buli iqna, dasavleTSi, e.w. investiturul davaSi
adgili hqonda Seurigebel, mZafr konkurencias Za-
lauflebis orive am Zalas Soris. papi grigol
VII ilaSqrebda ra mTavarTagan (e.i. saeroTagan)
140
episkoposad dadgenis praqtikis winaaRmdeg, Riad
acxadebda papis primats mefeTa da imperatorTa
mimarT(Dictatus papae, 1075)[5].qristeanuli istoriis Semdgomi periodi sx-
vadasxva mniSvnelovani procesebiT xasiaTdebo-
da, romelTagan is mainc ori ZiriTadi movleniT
gamoirCa: pirveli, romis eklesiis mTliani sxeul-
idan mowyveta(didi sqizma) da meore, dasavleTis
eklesiis ganyofa(reformacia).
eklesiis gayofa aRmosavleTad da dasavle-
Tad (marTlmadidebloba/kaTolicizmi)
pirveli sqizma aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs
Soris iwyeba papi nikolaus I-is CarTviT kon-
stantinopolis taxtis dasakaveblad warmoebul
saeklesio-politikur davaSi, roca 863 wels rom-
ma taxtidan gadayenebulad gamoacxada aRmosav-
leTis umniSvnelovanesi Teologi, patriarqi fo-
tiosi. 867 wels adgili aqvs kontrRonisZiebas:
konstantinopolis sinodi iRebs papis taxtidan
CamoSorebis dadgenilebas. aRniSnul kamaTSi,
fotiosi dabejiTebiT moiTxovs yuradRebis ga-
maxvilebas saeWvo <<laTinur eresze>>. konstan-
tinopolis (381) saeklesio krebam moaxdina suli-
wmindis Sesaxeb arsebuli muxlis Semdegnairad
formulireba: <<gvwams suliwmindis, mamisagan
gamomavalis, mamasa da ZesTan erTad Tayvanisce-
mulisa da gandidebulis, winaswarmetyvlTagan
gacxadebulis>>. dasavleTSi ki moxda misi aseTi
saxiT miReba: <<gvwams suliwmindis, mamisagan da
Zisagan(filiokve) gamomavalis ...>>. rwmenis aRm-
sareblobis wminda da xelSeuval (sakrosanktul)
teqstSi clilebebis SetaniT Seirya erTobis
simtkice.
daaxloebiT ori saukunis Semdeg dgeba axali
141
gamZafrebuli konfrontaciis xana. konstantinop-
olis patriarqma mixael kerulariosma, laTinuri
tradiciebis, rogorc <<eresis>> winaaRmdeg Zve-
li ganwyoba gaacocxla. amis sapasuxod, 1054 wels,
romis pap leo IX-is despanma, kardinalma humbert
de silva kandidelma siaSi Seitana 90 berZnuli
<<eresi>> da daurTo eklesiisgan gankveTis pa-
piseul bulas RvTismsaxurebis win aia sofiaSi,
rasac konstantinopolis mxridan papis legatebis
eqskomunikacia mohyva. imave 1054 wels sabolood
dairRva aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris ar-
sebuli aTaswlovani erToba, rac 1729 wels rw-
menis gamavrcelebelma kongregaciam orTodoq-
sul saidumloebaSi Tanaziarebis (communicatio in sacris) akrZalviT <<daagvirgvina>>. [Tumca manamde
iyo1439 wlis ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba,
sadac filiokves sakiTxis garda, aseve ganixile-
boda salxineblis, papis primatisa da evqaristi-
is dogmaturi sakiTxebi da romelmac romsa da
konstantinoplos Soris Serigebis mcdelobas
morigi dartyma miayena.] mxolod 1965 wels, pap
pavle VI-is da msoflio patriarq aTinagora I-is
mier erTdroulad romsa da stambolSi gamocx-
adda anaTema gauqmebulad. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris
erTiani ziareba (evqaristiuli kavSiri/erToba)
aRar aRmdgara.
umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic aRmosav-
leTsa da dasavleTs Soris urTierTgagebas ar-
Tulebda, iyo paradigmaTa cvla laTinuri eklesiis
TeologiaSi. patristika Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli
platonistur/neoplatonistur filosofiaSi da
upiratesad liturgiaze orientirdeboda. laT-
inur SuasaukuneebSi ki piriqiT, RvTismetyvelebis
<<skolis>> adgils sqolastika warmoadgenda. is
142
orientirdeboda aristoteleze da misi saazrov-
no kategoriebis daxmarebiT, qristeanuli mrwam-
sis yovlismomcvel sistemaSi racionalur SeRw-
evas cdilobda.
dasavleTis eklesiis gayofa (kaTolicizmi/
protestantizmi)
dasavleTSi jer kidev didi xniT adre
gaisma saeklesio reformisken mowode-
ba. pirveli didi reformaciuli moZraoba
iwyeba klunidan(safrangeTi, 10./11. sauk.). mogvi-
anebiT(11./12. sauk.) cistercielebma( Zisterzienser) da trapistebma(Trappisten) ganaaxles benediqtelTa
saabatos tradiciebi(ix.[1], gv. 114).
me-15 saukunis dasawyisisTvis, bohemiaSi refor-
maciuli moZraobis asparezze gamodis ian husi.
igi eswrafvoda sulieri eklesiis Seqmnas, sad-
ac eklesia saRmrTo werilSi gacxadebul pi-
rvelqristeanul, <<saxarebiseul ubraloebaze>>
iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi mowodebebi exeboda
usamarTlo batonebis mimarT daumorCileblobis
gamarTlebis antifeodalur ideas, riTac aris-
tokratiisa da TviT mefe vaclav IV-is Tavdapir-
veli mowonebis Semdeg, gaugonari guliswyroma
daimsaxura. 1412 wels husi brals sdebs pap ioane
XXIII-s CexeTis samefoSi indulgenciebiT sajaro
vaWrobis Taobaze[6]. ukompromiso brZola aris-
tokratiisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg
1415 wels misi autodafeTi dasrulda.
1517 wels vitenbergidan, martin luTeris Tez-
isebiT codvaTa mitevebis winaaRmdeg, safuZveli
eyreba reformacias germaniaSi. igi eyrdnoba Rv-
Tis madliT adamianis qristeSi rwmeniT gamosyid-
vis ideas[7,gv.333](ix. romaelTa 3.28). luTerisTvis
pavle mociqulis es werili romaelTa mimarT war-
143
moadgens saxarebis kvintensencias. misTvis, <<karg
saqmeTa>> gamo rodi iZens damsaxurebas kaci Rv-
Tis winaSe. <<Sola gratia – sola fide>>(ix.[1], gv. 115): mx-olod madliTa da rwmeniT aRwevs adamiani xsnas
da gamarTlebas. indulgenciis winaaRmdeg mima-
rTuli miseuli xedva, romTan konfrontaciis daw-
yebisa da kaTolikuri eklesiidan misi gankveTis
mizezi xdeba. reformaciis mxardamWerTa Semdgomi
gadamwyveti RonisZieba iyo samonastro cxovrebisa
da samRvdelo celibatis gauqmeba, risi magaliTic
erT-erTma pirvelma Tavad luTerma cisterciel
katarina fon borasTan SeuRlebiT aCvena.
msgavsi reformaciuli moZraoba Seiqmna Svei-
cariaSi adre gardacvlili ulrix cvinglisa da
Jan kalvinis mier. Tavisi <<67 Tezisis>>(1522 w.)
gamoqveynebisTanave, sadac is gadmoscems saekle-
sio da politikuri wyobilebis gardaqnis arss,
cvingli wyvets kavSirs romis papTan da 1523 wl-
idan iwyebs radikaluri reformebis gatarebas
ciurixSi (eklesiebidan wmindaTa nawilebisa da
xatebis mocileba. aseve, CamorTmeuli samonastro
qonebis saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaTleblo miz-
niT gadacema saero xelisuflebisTvis, romelsac
Tavad eklesiac ki dauqvemdebara).
rac Seexeba kalvins, is reformatorul progra-
mas gadmoscems Tavis mTavar Teologiur naSrom-
Si <<darigebani qristeanul rwmenaSi>>(<<Institutio christiane religionis>>), romelic Cafiqrebulia rogorc
qristeanuli religiis doqtrinis kompendiumi da
romlis ideebic gamoxatulebas yoveli saekle-
sio Temis mxridan rwmenis saqmeSi TviTmarTvelo-
biT sargeblobis, saeklesio marTva-gamgeobis da-
moukideblad organizebisa da sakuTari rwmenis
dacvis formebSi poulobs. kalvinis Tanaxmad,
RvTis madlis miReba TiToeuli adamianis nebi-
144
sgan damoukideblad, dabadebamde garkveulia. ami-
tom, misTvis predestinaciis sakiTxi qristeanobis
arss warmoadgens, rac mas aZlevs sakuTari qri-
steanuli <<humanizmis>> praqticirebis SesaZle-
blobas. misi Teokratiuli diqtaturis dros Je-
nevaSi mravali adamiani (maT Soris migel serveti)
sajarod dawves an qalaqidan gandevnes.
reformaciis procesi inglisSi monarqis, henri
VIII -is nebiT mimdinareobda, romlis mizani ara
ideologiuri, aramed politikuri iyo: eklesi-
is saxelmwifosTvis daqvemdebareba, ramac radi-
kaluri reformebis gatareba ar daisaWiroa. de-
dofal ekaterine aragonelTan gayris delikatur
sakiTxze papis uaris Semdeg, 1534 wlis 3 noembers,
inglisis parlamentis mier gamocemuli suprem-
esis aqtis(ingl. Act of Supremacy umaRlesi xelisu-
flebis dadgenileba) Tanaxmad papi kargavs Tavis
iurisdiqcias inglisze, romlis meTauri xdeba
mefe. mogvianebiT es saxelwodeba icvleba gu-
vernioriT, xolo eklesiis erTaderT meTaurad
qriste cxaddeba. reformaciuli moZraobis ideuri
winamZRoli xdeba kenterberis mTavarepiskoposi
tomas krameri, romlis iniciativiT uqmdeba celi-
bati da monastruli cxovreba, Tumca narCundeba
Zveli saepiskoposo-saeklesio struqtura ( ix. [1],
gv. 117 ), maTSoris: mesa, aRsareba, saeklesio ier-
arqia, aRiareba nebis Tavisuflebisa, samociqulo
memkvidreobiToba da sxv., xdeba saeklesio miwebis
konfiskacia da RvTismsaxurebis warmarTava ing-
lisur enaze. amavdroulad inglissa da Sotlan-
diaSi swrafad vrceldeba kalvinistebis swavleba,
romelTac <<puritanebi>> ewodaT da romelTac
arasakmarisad miaCndaT inglisis eklesiis re-
formebi. Seiqmna realoba, rodesac mefe brZolas
awarmoebs or frontze, <<papistebisa>> da radi-
145
kali puritanebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa Seviwroeba
XVIII saukunemde gagrZelda[8].
literatura
1. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haider/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004.
2. diofizitoba - vikipedia., https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/diofizitoba.
3. qalkedonis saeklesio kreba.,https://ka.wikipedia.org/org/wiki/qalkedoni_saeklesio_kreba.
4. pentarqia da saqarTvelos eklesiis adgili
marTlmadideblur diptiqSi., patriarchate.ge/geo/ekle-sia/…/pentarqia-da-saqartvelos-eklseiis-adgil…
5. Dictatus Papae – Wikipedia., https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatus_Papae.
6. Глава XLIV. Чехия в XIV-XV вв. Польша в XIV-XV вв., historic.ru/books/item/f00/z0000032/st044.shtml.
7. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi., gadamuSavebu-
li gamocema., bibliis Targmnis instituti., stok-
holmi, 1993.
8. История протестaнтизма., https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ История_протестантизма.
146
5.2 qristeanobis socialur-ekonomikuri
aspeqtebi
5.2.1 marTlmadidebloba
maSin rodesac <<ganmanaTleblobam>> faqtobri-
vad qristeanobis dasavlur formaTa transforma-
cia moaxdina, aRmosavleTis qristeanul eklesiebs
me-17 saukunis zRvarze inicirebuli kulturuli
modernizaciis procesebi ar SexebiaT. marTlma-
didebeli eklesiebi Sidareligiuri, legitimuri
ganaTlebis miRma da ganmanaTleblobis tradic-
iebis qristeanul rwmenasTan dapirispirebulo-
bis poziciaze darCnen[1]. Tanamedrove samoqalqo
normebi, rogoric aris avtonomia, TviTgamorkveva
da piradi pasuxismgebloba, romlebic socialur
kavSirTan mimarTebiT aZlierebs individis prin-
cipul damoukideblobas, aRmosavlur eklesiaTa
RvTismosaobis kulturasa da eTikaSi ar, an mx-
olod meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobs. igive ex-
eba kulturul faseulobebsac, romlebic xels
uwyoben cxovrebis aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi stilis
damkvidrebas. RvTis xatebis, rogorc yovlisSem-
Zle, transcendenturi zeciuri mpyrobelis gaaz-
reba, romelic RvTismosavTagan mudmiv gandidebasa
da saRvTo cxovrebaSi maT mudam axal inscenire-
bad liturgiul monawileobas iTxovs, gavle-
nas axdens avtoritetze orientirebul morwmu-
neTa TviTdefiniciebze, romelTaTvisac maTi ara
Tavisufali qmedeba, aramed upirobo morCileba da
erTguleba aris gadamwyveti. Sesaqmes simbolikis
centraluri pozicia liturgiasa da eklesi-
ur dogmatikaSi[2], iseve rogorc masTan dakavS-
irebuli kosmosis <<mTlianobis>> mimarTuleba
147
marTlmadidebluri samyaros xedvas dasavluri
perspeqtiviT aCens statiurs, uistorios. morwmune
aris ara individi, romelsac ZaluZs sakuTari
mes(ego) realizeba, aramed is upiratesad Tavisi,
rogorc qmnilebis damokidebulebiTa da Tavisi
mowodebiT Tematizirdeba, romelic mTelis nawi-
lis saxiT erwymis morwmuneTa socialur erTo-
bas. Sesaqmes Teologiuri midgomidn Tu amovalT,
aRniSnuli erTobis upiratesoba misi calkeuli
wevris mimarT gamomdinareobs RvTisqmnili kos-
mosis harmoniidan, rac mxolod TiToeulis re-
alizebadi gaRmerTebis saRvTo liturgiaSi
monawileobiT (romelic, saRvTo cxovrebaSi re-
aluri monawileobis mistikur praqtikas gulisx-
mobs), RvTiTboZebuli politikuri Zalauflebis
mimarT morCilebiTa, da aseve sazogadoebrivad
misaRebi qcevis formaTa dacvis gziT miiRweva. am
holistikur, sociumze orientirebul saazrovno
sivrceSi Tanamedrove aRmosavleTis samewarmeo
kapitalizmis konstitutiuri elementebi mxolod
negatiuri, damabrkolebeli anu xelisSemSleli
faqtorebia adamianis WeSmariti, religiuri daniS-
nulebis realizebaSi, rac mistikuri TviTabsorb-
ciiT an saRvTo liturgiaSi yofnis gziT Semoq-
medis cxovrebaSi monawileobis miRebas niSnavs.
swrafva individualuri mogebis maqsimizirebi-
sken, calkeulTa brZola sakuTari sabazro San-
sebis optimizaciisTvis, iseve rogorc Tavisufali
konkurencia miiCneva moralurad aralegitimurad.
marTlmadideblobaSi sulier mxares gaaCnia ab-
solituri upiratesoba materialur mxaresTan
SedarebiT. moraluri cnobiereba da ara praqti-
kuli interesi gansazRvravs saqmianobaTa Sinaars.
aq socialur-ekonomikuri msoflmxedveloba ey-
rdnoba marTlmadidebel-qristeanuli sulieri
148
faseulobebis sistemas, romelic ayalibebs meur-
neobriobis sulier-zneobriv kriteriumebsa da
stimulebs. Sromis mniSvnelobas ganapirobebs
ara misi praqtikuli, gare utilitaruli mxareebi,
aramed Sinagani motivaciebi, rogoricaa RvTisa
da moyvasis siyvaruli. simdidre ar warmoad-
gens pirovnebis damsaxurebis mowmobis aRiarebas
RmerTis winaSe. ufro metic, aqcenti keTdeba misi
SeZenis usamarTlo codvili wyaros maRal al-
baTobaze. yovelive es aris marTlmadidebluri
qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis negatiuri da
xelisSemSleli faqtorebi.
marTlmadidebeli Teologebis mier SemuSave-
bul mwir eTikur monaxazebSi adgili ar moiZeb-
neba iseTi cnebebisTvis, rogoricaa procentuli
kalkulacia, angareba, mogebis maqsimizacia da sa-
bazro SesaZleblobebis zusti gaTvla.
maqs veberi Tavisi StudiebisaTvis <<msoflio
religiebis ekonomikis eTika>> gegmavda qriste-
anobis ekonomikuri eTikis Sesaxeb erTi srul-
tomeulis gamocemas, romelSic aseve rusuli da
berZnuli marTlmadidebloba da aRmosavluri
qristeanobis sxva formebi, maTSoris, rusuli se-
qtebic unda yofiliyo mimoxiluli. samwuxarod,
veberma ver SeZlo sakuTari gegmis realizeba,
Tumca Tavisi naSromis sxvadasxva adgilas is
iZleva rig faseul SeniSvnebs aRmosavlur-qris-
teanuli ekonomikis eTikis specifikaTa Taobaze.
adolf fon harnaki Tavis SromebSi, rac Seexeba
qristeanobis aRmosavlur-orTodoqsul forme-
bsa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris arsebul
religiur-kulturul gansxvavebebs, aseve eZebda
pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ra wili aqvs rusul-marTlma-
dideblur RvTismetyvelebasa da RvTismoSiSobas
ruseTis, rogorc ekonomikur, ise politikur-kul-
149
turul CamorCenilobaSi[3,gv.157-183]. ukve meoce
saukunis damdegs warmoebul kulturul-samec-
niero debatebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom orTodo-
qsuli Teologia ar ayalibebda socialuri da
ekonomikuri eTikis sakuTar safuZvlebs. swored
amitom, 1945 wels alfred miuler-armaki Seecada
Caswvdomoda ruseTSi dominirebul tradicional-
istur habitussa da marTlmadideblur RvTismo-
SiSobas Soris arsebuli implicituri relevan-
tobis sakiTxs[4]. armakis azriT umTavresi aris
is, rom dasavleTis eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT,
aRmosavleTis eklesia saxelmwifos, Sesabamisad
politikuri Zalauflebis upirobo avtoritetis
afirmaciaSi uars ambobs politikur-socialuri
cxovrebis kategoriul normirebaze. dasavlur
saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi eklesiis organize-
buli monawileobis Tanxmobis sapirispirod, aR-
mosavleTis eklesiis es uari cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi dadgenilia, rac aseve moicavs eklesiis
uars ekonomikur cxovrebaSi religiuri normeb-
is dadgenis Taobaze. magram aq aris sagulisxmo
is garemoeba, rom swored eqsplicituri ekono-
mikis eTikis uaryofiT marTlmadidebeli ekle-
sia iZens mniSvnelovan arapirdapir msazRvrel
Zalas ekonomikuri cxovrebis formirebis pro-
cesSi. aseve, aRmosavluri eklesiis dogmatika
dgas SesaZloa rTulad wasakiTx, magram sruliad
cxadad Sesacnob damokidebulebaSi sameurneo da
ekonomikur pirobebTan, rac aRmosavluri eklesi-
is sxvadasxva mxareSi ganviTarda ( ix.[4] gv. XI).
<<aRmosavleTis eklesiis realuri sociologi-
uri efeqti (mag., kalvinizmTan SedarebiT) gar-
egnulad mcired vlindeba... gamomdinare iqidan,
rom aRmosavleTis eklesia arasdros eswrafvoda
garegan Zalauflebas, misi Sinagani Zalaufleba
150
sakuTar sferoSi miT ufro ganuyofelia. amgvar
urRvev erTianobasTan, romelic saukuneTa man-
Zilze gansazRvravda xalxis spiritualur Zalas,
misi sulieri forma miwieri cxovrebis wesrigi-
saTvis ar SeiZleba Rrma Sedegebis gareSe yo-
filiyo, ramdenadac rTuli ar unda iyos am efeq-
tis gaazreba. eWvgareSea, rom is bevrad daxuruli
da saSuamavloa, vidre religiur ZalTa efeqti
dasavleTSi>>(ix.[4] gv. 345)
veberis, harnakisa da miuler-armakis mier ze-
moaRniSnul sakiTxTa gamokvlevis gagrZelebad
SeiZleba miviCnioT me-20-e saukunis 90-ani wlebis
dasasruls mZlavri geo-politikuri da social-
ur-ekonomikuri ryevebiT provocirebuli <<trans-
formaciis kvlevis>> Sedegad dasavleTSi bolo
xans araerTgzis wamoWrili sakiTxi imis Taobaze,
Tu ratom gaxda ekonomikis eTikis ruseTSi (da
sxva marTlmadideblur qveynebSi, maTSoris saqarT-
veloSi) ganviTareba SeuZlebeli, maSin rodesac
mas globalizaciis krizisul procesebSi SeeZlo
konstruqciuli orientirebis SeTavazeba? cal-
saxa pasuxi am kiTxvaze rasakvirvelia rTulia,
Tumca Teologiuri perspeqtiviT namdvilad Sei-
Zleba imis Tqma, rom qristeanobis yvela aRmosav-
luri formis msazRvrelad rogorc Cans mainc
religiis mistikuridan magiur-sakramentulamde
gaazreba rCeba. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc rusu-
li marTlmadidebeli eklesiaa, romelic ruseTSi
gamudmebiT xels uwyobda rogorc xalxis misti-
kuri RvTismoSiSobis gaZlierebas, ise mis wiaR-
Si aRmocenebuli seqtebis Temur religiurobas.
amgvar midgomaTa ukeT gagebisTvis gvexmareba sa-
suliero pirTa poziciuri raobis gaazreba.
rogorc cnobilia, marTlmadideblobaSi re-
ligiuri TvalsazrisiT beri da beruli cxovreba
151
mRvdelTan da samRvdelo cxovrebasTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT maRla dgas da gacilebiT upirtesad
miiCneva. dasavleTis qristeanobis sapirispirod,
aRmosavleTis qristeanobaSi mistikurad gabrw-
yinebuli, RmerTTan intimur urTierTobaSi myofi
beri warmoadgens WeSmariti qristeanuli cxovre-
bis (vita christiana) nimuSs. is iTvleba kontempla-
tivuri qristeanobis spiritualizmis idealur
warmomadgenlad, romlis mixedviT RvTismoSiSi
wuTisoflisagan Segnebul gandgomasa Tu amqvey-
niur indiferentulobaSi eZiebs sulis simSvides,
rac transcendentur pantokratorTan mxolod
uSualo urTierTobiT SeiZleba iqnas miRweuli.
qristeanuli rwmenis amgvari gaazrebis pri-
mati SeuZlebels xdis racionaluri cxovrebis
formirebas, rac daefuZneboda asketur TviTdisci-
plinas, racionaluri miznis optimalur arCevansa
da ekonomikuri warmatebisaken swrafvas. ara sam-
yaros aqtiuri mowyoba, aramed WvretiTi ganride-
ba wuTisoflisgan, ara asketizmi, aramed mistika,
ara TviTdadgenili cxovrebis racionaluri wesi,
aramed mocemulobis kvietisturi pasiuri miReba
gansazRvravs marTlmadidebluri RvTismoSiSobis
kosmoss. specifikurad orTodoqsuli mistikuri
<<sulis forma>>, <<uSualo transcendentulo-
bis gancda>> Tavidanve Seicavs yvelafer amqvey-
niuris, <<gareganis>> religiuri gaufasurebis
niSnebs da am tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. adamianis
religiuri daniSnulebisTvis, misi amqveyniuri
cxovreba mxolod marginalur rols TamaSobs.
religiuri cxovrebis amgvari forma araTu xels
uwyobs cxovrebis wesis meTodizirebas, aramed
swored rom piriqiT, miwiuri, saero cxovrebis
yvela dimensia religiurad ararelevanturi Cans.
amitom, RmerTTan morwmunis mistikuri uSualobis
152
marad axali liturgiuli inscenirebis pirobebSi,
samwuxarod aRmosavlur qristeanobaSi verc re-
ligiuri Sromis eTikis (rac SromasTan zneobriv
valdebulebaTa da RvTaebrivi mandatis realize-
bas gulisxmobs), da verc samyaros racionaluri
flobisken mimarTuli aqtivisturi habitusis gan-
viTareba gaxda SesaZlebeli.
diax, ukve me-19-e saukuneSi axladaRmocenebu-
li seqtebis warmomadgenlebs, - skopcebs, duxob-
orebsa da malaknebs qristeanuli cxovrebis wr-
matebul nimuSad emcnoT kvietizmi da arsebuli
mocemulobis upirobo miReba, rogorc RmerTTan
da mis mcnebebTan Sinagani kavSiris avTenturi
gamoxatuleba. marTalia, maTTan uaryofil iqna
oficialuri eklesiis religiuri wes-Cveulebebi,
avtoritetze orientirebuli simboluri ena da
xatTayvaniscema, aseve - marTlmadidebeli mRvd-
lis monopolia saidumlo ziarebis gankargvaze,
magram swored am damokidebulebaSi SeiZleba ru-
suli seqtebis orTodoqsuli RvTismoSiSobis
ZiriTad magiur orientaciasTan relatiurobaze
saubari[5,gv.71-94]. samRvdelo Tu sxva institu-
cionaluri Suamavlis gareSe SeeZlo RvTismosavs
SeeZina gadarCenis mtkice rwmena. magram, sakuTar
iniciativaze orientirebuli aqtiuri RvTismosao-
bis praqtikis miuxedavad rusul seqtebSi mainc
ver moxda cxovrebis wesis mniSvnelovani racion-
alizacia. TiToeuli wevris aqtiuri RvTismosao-
bis praqtika Tanmimdevrulobis wamier eqstazSi,
da ara principebze agebul TviTdisciplinire-
bis uwyvet habitusSi konkretizirdeba. amgvarad,
ver iSva asketuri, Sromaze orientirebuli zneo-
bis kanoni, rogoradac is qristeanobis amqveyni-
uri saqmianobis Sesaxeb arsebul reformatoruli
swavlebis gariJraJze ganviTarda. orTodoqsulma,
153
gansakuTrebiT ki rusul-orTodoqsuli seqtebis
RvTismoSiSobam xeli Seuwyo tradicionalistu-
ri ekonomikuri mentalitetis konservacias.
mxolod me-20-e saukunis ekumenur moZraoba-
Si marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi TandaTanobiT
iZulebuli Seiqmnen SeeniSnaT socialur-eTikuri
debatebi dasavleTis protestantul eklesiebsa
Tu romaul kaTolicizmSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
saerTaSoriso saeklesio organoebis ( german. Gre-mien) mier warmoebul eTikur diskursebs morwmun-
eTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesis gansazRvrisT-
vis ara aqvs mniSvneloba, isini mainc asaxaven
dominirebul eklesiaTa realur, oficialur fa-
seulobaTa orientirebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom did msoflio ekumenur konferenciebsa Tu
ekumenuri sabWos komitetebis muSaobis donezec
orTodoqsuli eklesiebis es ganwyobebi mxolod
marginalurad ganviTarebuli socialuri eTikis
mkveTrad tradicionalisturi orientirebiT xasi-
aTdeba. mxolod mciredma, upiratesad ki Tesalon-
ikis universitetis berZnuli marTlmadideblobis
Teologebma SeZles dasavluri socialuri eTikis
zogierTi impulsis konstruqciuli miReba. Tumca,
aseve berZeni eTikosi georg manTcaridisi xazgas-
miT aRniSnavs Rrma winaaRmdegobas Tanamedroveo-
bis <<individualistur da evdonomistur suls>>,
konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli kapitalizmiT deter-
minirebul sazogadoebasa da <<orTodoqsuli
eklesiis koinobitur suls>> Soris[6].
komunistur qveynebSi, marTlmadidebluri
eklesiebi nawilobriv Sida tradiciebis gamo,
nawilobriv ki gare politikuri wnexis Sedegad
eweodnen socialur-romantikuli Seferilobis
antikapitalistur propagandas, da <<msoflio
meurneobis>> mimarT inarCunebdnen mZlavr reduq-
154
cionistul Sexedulebas, romelSic upiratesad
aSS-Si Sobili transnacionaluri korporaciebi
moiazreboda, romlebic yvela globalur social
problemebze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni da miiCneod-
nen borotebis agentebad. maTi Zlier nacionalis-
turi orientirebi pirvel rigSi transnacionalis-
turi korporaciebis aqtivobaTa Sesaxeb safrTxis
aRqmas uwyobda xels. maT msgavsad, aseve arakomu-
nisturi qveynebis marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi
dasavluri Tavisufali bazris fundamenturi kri-
tikis fonze mesame da meoTxe samyaros gaRaribe-
baSi mTavar mizezs <<msoflio meurneobis sis-
temaSi>> xedavdnen da miaCndaT, rom is warmoebis
saxelmwifo kontroliTa da saqonelgacvlis
diriJoruli, intervencionistuli regulirebiT
unda yofiliyo warmodgenili.
eklesiaTa elita mTeli am xnis ganmavloba-
Si Tanmimdevrulad misdevda Zvel minimalistur
eklesiologias, rom eklesias, rogorc dominire-
bul institucias sazogadoebriv ganwyobaTa
miuxedavad Tavidan aeridebina konfliqti poli-
tikur xelisuflebasTan da yofiliyo masTan
loialur damokidebulebaSi, ramac gamoxatuleba
hpova maRal saeklesio pirTa mxridan komunistur
reJimTan TanamSromlobis TviTkritikuli ana-
lizisa da aseve sazogadoebrivi transformaci-
is procesebSi mdgari politikur da ekonomikur
moTxovnaTa konstruqciuli aRqmis simwireSi. ru-
sul-orTodoqsuli eklesiis funqcionerTa didi
umravlesoba uaryofda im politikur jgufebs,
romlebic mxars uWerdnen Tanmimdevrul demokra-
tizaciasa da sabazro ekonomikis reformis kurss
da aZlierebdnen pirvel rigSi im Zalebs, romlebic
dramatul da krizisul politikur-socialur
problemaTa daZlevas etaturi, administraciuli
155
marTvis formiT cdilobdnen. <<wminda ruseTi-
sadmi>> Tavisi nacionalur-religiuri rwmeniT
isini zrunavdnen pauSaluri antikapitalizmis
Semdgom retorikaze, riTac problemur samsaxurs
uwevdnen sakuTar sazogadoebas. 1989 wlidan isini
xels uwyobdnen ekonomikuri tradicionalizmisa
da gegmiur-ekonomikuri araefeqtianobis konserva-
cias, saswrafo adaptaciis da reformis procesTa
blokirebas, iluziisa da realobis uarmyofeli
mentalitetis formirebas, riTac mniSvnelovani
pasuxismgebloba itvirTes Semdgom ganviTare-
bul dramatul finansur-ekonomikur krizisTa
arsebobaze. qveynis saxalxo meurneoba msoflio
bazrebze sul ufro ganicdida marginalizacias,
Zlierdeboda difuziuri SiSi <<globalizaci-
isadmi>> da Rrma undobloba moqmedi transna-
cionaluri finansuri institutebis, maTSoris
upirvelesad msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis mimarT. rusuli marTlmadide-
bluri eklesiuri elitis mwirma mzaobam kari
gaeRoT dasavluri ganmanaTleblobis tradicieb-
isTvis da axali eTikuri orientirebi individu-
aluri avtonomiisa da racionaluri cxovrebis
wesis gaZlierebis sasargeblod ganeviTarebinaT,
isini aqcia mniSvnelovan partniorad da bunebriv
mokavSired memarcxene komunistebiT dawyebuli
da rusuli nacionalistebiT damTavrebuli yvela
im politikuri jgufisTvis, romlebic abrkolebd-
nen da ebrZnodnen moqmedi samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifo instituciebiT dasazRrul Tavisufali da
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT
gardauvali transformaciis procesTa warmarT-
vas. rom ara krizisTa daZlevis avtoritarul-
diriJoruli, gegmiur-ekonomikuri strategiebis
politikuri favoritizmi, globalizaciis pro-
156
cesebisadmi Tanamdevi rusuli ekonomikis drama-
tuli vardnis masStabi mniSvnelovnad iqneboda
Semcirebuli.
gviani oTxmoci-oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis rev-
oluciur cvlilebaTa procesebis Sedegad, raSic
komunizmis, rogorc gabatonebuli ideologiis
legitimurobis swrafi degradacia da ssrk-is im-
polzia igulisxmeba, sajaro instituciebze meti
sandoobisa da Seudareblad didi avtoritetis
zrdis paralelurad (rasac ganapirobebda erTi
mxriv bolSevikuri terori samRvdeloebisa da
morwmuneTa mimarT, iseve rogorc mravali sasuli-
ero piris STambeWdavi martviloba, xolo meore
mxriv didsa Tu mcire erebSi stigmatizirebuli
marTlmadideblobis erovnul identurobasTan
gaigivebis koleqtiuri aRqma) deklarirebuli
sekularizaciis pirobebSi forsirebulad mox-
da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis (da ara
mxolod misi) totaluri integracia saxelmwi-
fosTan. faqtobrivad is iqca politikuri Zalau-
flebis Semadgenel nawilad. swored amitom, is
saukunis meoTxedis Semdegac samwuxarod uwinde-
burad agrZelebs avtoritaruli politikuri wes-
rigis konceptebis mfarvelobas da mravali saxiT
monawileobs mafiozuri semikapitalizmis ko-
rufciul struqturebSi, romlebic monopoliaTa
warmoqmniT, patronaJiT, gadasaxadebisagan Tavis
aridebiTa da korufciiT xasiaTdebian. igi Tavisi
Sesaqmes Teologiis avtoritaruli ZiriTadi ori-
entiris safuZvelze aseve yvela ekonomikur sak-
iTxs kvlavac Zlieri saxelmwifos intervenciis
WrilSi ganixilavs da misi sruliad tradiciul-
mistikuri RvTismoSiSobis kulturis Sesabamisad
ar aviTarebs samyaros aqtiuri formirebisa da
pasuxismgeblobis eToss.
157
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT
calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRmosavleTis
qristeanobis rusulma formam, iseve rogorc sxva
avtokefalurma marTlmadideblurma eklesiebma
dRemde ver an ar SeZles ekonomikis eTikis ganvi-
Tareba, romelic Tanamedrove aRmosavluri mwar-
moebluri kapitalizmis specifikuri ekonomikuri
racionalobisa da sawarmoo ZalTa adekvaturi
iqneboda, da ar gaaZlierebda upiratesad tradi-
cionalistur ekonomikur Tvalsazrisebs.
literatura
1). Felmy, K. C.; Kretschmar, G.; von Lilienfeld, F.; Rend-torff, T.; Roepke, C. J. (Hrsg.): Kirchen im Kontext unterschiedli-cher Kulturen. Auf dem Weg ins dritte Jahrtausend., Göttingen, 1991.
2). Felmy, K. C.: Orthodoxe Theologie. Eine Einfuehrung., Darmstadt, 1990.
3). Harnack, A.: Der Geist der morgaendlaendischen Kirche im Unterschied von der abendlaendischen (Sitzungsberichte der koeniglich-preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Ber-lin), Berlin, 1913.
4). Müller-Armack, A.:Religion und Wirtschaft. Geistesge-schichtliche Hintergruende unserer europaeischen Lebensform., Stuttgart, 1959.
5). Buss, A.: Die Wirtschaftsethik des russisch-orthodoxen Christentums., Heidelberg, 1989.
6). Publikationen – Orthodoxe Theologie – LMU München. www.orththeol.uni-muenchen.de.
158
5.2.2 kaTolicizmi
ekonomikis kapitalisturi transformaciis
umZimes krizisul procesebSi evropis kaToli-
kur qveynebs wamyvani roli ar uTamaSiaT. meoce
saukunis sakmao periodamdec ki mravali kaTo-
likuri qveyana xasiaTdeboda ganviTarebis mniS-
vnelovani CamorCenilobiT. am CamorCenilobis
mentalur, Sesabamisad qronikul mizezTa Soris,
ukve me-18 saukuneSi miniSneba kaTolikur RvTis-
mosaobaze keTdeboda. protestant morwmuneTagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic am droisTvis ukve iyvnen
garkveul damoukidebel pirovnebebad social-
izirebulni, romlebic seriozulad moekidnen ga-
naTlebas, rogorc maTi qristeanad myofobis in-
tegralur moments da daikaves samyaros qmediTi
gardaqmnis RvTiT miniWebuli uflebis cxovreba-
Si realizebis aqtiuri pozicia, am drois kaTo-
likebi xasiaTdebodnen Zlier ritualizirebuli
da jadosnuri(saswaulebrivi) ganmartebebisken
midrekili RvTismosaobis kulturiT, sakuTari
energiebis(Zalebis) wuTisoflisgan ganridebiTa
da imqveyniuri cxovrebisken mimarTviT (swrafviT).
mravali sadResaswaulo dRe, piligrimoba, yovel-
dRiuri RvTismsaxurebani, iseve rogorc kaToli-
kuri eklesiisTvis niSandoblivi mravali sulieri
varjiSebi is faqtorebia, romlebic protestanteb-
isgan gansxvavebiT, Zalzed mcire dros utovebda
kaTolikebs nayofieri saqmianobisTvis. bavari-
eli ganmanaTlebeli iohan ickStati kiTxvaze
<<ratom aris protestantuli qveynebis keTil-
dReoba gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre kaTolikuri
qveynebis?>>, 1772 wels scems Semdeg pasuxs: << amis
saTave aris religia, romelic iwvevs did gansx-
vavebas keTildReobaTa Soris... kviris garda
159
maT[protestantebs] Zalzed mcire sadResaswaulo
dReebi aqvT da maSasadame, aseve mcire mocdenebi.
samuSao dReebSi TiToeuli locvas warmoTqvams
sakuTar saxlSi. locvis gansakuTrebuli formiT
aRsruleba maT ar ician. Sesabamisad, isini axal-
gazrdobis adreuli wlebidan sadResaswaulo
dReebSi miCveulni arian Sromas da ara uqmad
yofnas>>[1]. kaTolikebis ekonomikur-kulturuli
<<CamorCenilobis>> axsnis bevri nimuSi, romelic
ganviTarda me-18 saukuneSi, rasakvirvelia asaxavs
mxolod Zvel konfesionalur crurwmenebs, rom-
lebic gviandel me-16 saukuneSi warmoebul kon-
fesionalur polemikaSi rekonstruirda. cnebebi
da simboloebi, romlebSic kaTolikebi da prot-
estantebi TavianTi Sesabamisi konfesionaluri
identobis gamo warmoaCendnen konfesiaTa Soris
gansxvavebebs, mudam iyvnen sakuTar tradiciaTa
normatiuli saxelmZRvanelo mosazrebebiT gansaz-
Rvrulni. msgavsi Sefaseba aseve didwilad kaTo-
likebis ekonomikuri tradicionalizmis faseul
analizad aris miCneuli ara mxolod protestanti,
aramed meTvramete saukunis kaTolike avtorebis
mier gamoqveynebul kvlevebSic[2]. Tumca, msgavsi
analizi aseve iZleva SesamCnevi sensibelobis
Secnobis SesaZleblobas, kaTolikuri RvTismosa-
obis Semdgomi ekonomikur-eTikuri gamoxatvis
formebTan mimarTebiTac. protestantizmis sxva da
sxva formaTagan gansxvavebiT, kaTolikuri RvTis-
mosaoba upiratesad eklesiis instituciaze foku-
sirdeba, romelic morwmuneTa cxovrebis warmarT-
vis yvela dimensiisTvis sakuTari avtoritetuli
orientiris kompetenciaze acxadebs pretenzias.
is kaTolikuri liturgiis siuxveSi aris ritu-
alizirebuli da sazogadoebrivze orientirebu-
li. wmindanTa TayvaniscemaSi, mraval liturgi-
160
ul CveulebaSi, procesiebSi, evqaristiis rogorc
msxverplis axsnasa (evqaristiis msxverplis sax-
iT ganmartebasa) da mRvdlis (sasuliero piris)
Tanamdebobrivi qarizmis xazgasmaSi, is rCeba im
elementebiT aRbeWdili, romlebic gonis racion-
alurobis miRebas SeuZlebels an ukeTes SemTx-
vevaSi SezRuduls xdis; wyalobis <<misteriis>>
xazgasmiT xdeba aseve Teologiur refleqsiaSi
misi gamoxatva. garda amisa, kaTolikuri eTikuri
gadmocemebisTvis tipiuria gansxvavebis is fig-
urebi, romlebic araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod
ara-kaTolike kritikosebis, aramed gavleniani ka-
Tolike moralis Teologebis mier orsafexurova-
ni eTikis azriT iqna gagebuli. asketizmi upirate-
sad wuTisoflisgan distancirebul, monastrebSi
mcxovrebi berebisTvis, iseve rogorc kaTolike
sasuliero pirebisTvis aris moqmedi da tipiuri,
romlebic eqskluziur (oficialur) msaxurebiT
qarizmas floben. maRali cnebiTi racionaluro-
bis miuxedavad, riTac moralis Teologiis ka-
Tolikuri tradiciebi da akademiuri social-
uri moZRvrebani xasiaTdeba, mag., rogoric aris
bunebriv-samarTlebrivi universaluri, gonismieri
Sesaqmes eTosisa Tu Toma aqvinelis eTikaSi aris-
toteleseuli saTnoebis moZRvrebis dakavSireba
qristeanul-avgustineul(avgustinur) Sexedule-
bebTan[3, Korff 1987, 389], kaTolikuri RvTismosaoba
wesisamebr Seicavs yoveldRiur-praqtikul yo-
faSi bevrad nakleb racionalizebad potencials,
vidre sityvasTan dakavSirebuli, protestantizmis
(gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropuli da Crdilo
amerikuli reformirebuli protestantizmis) ume-
tesad Zlier inteleqtualuri da asketuri RvTis-
mosaoba.
kaTolikuri Teologia da RvTismosaoba Tavis
161
moralur konkreciebSi Cndeba rogorc kom-
pleqsuri, pluraluri fenomenebi. romis kaTe-
dris integratiul sadireqtivo kompetenciebisa
da eklesiis instituciis mravalgvari mcdelobis
miuxedavad, moexdinaT morwmuneTa cxovrebis far-
To formiT normireba da eklesiis, rogorc mor-
aluri Tu profetuli saguSago dawesebulebis
aRqmiT moewyoT romaul-kaTolikuri principebis
mixedviT saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wesrigi,
wuTisofliuri perspeqtiviT moicavs divergen-
tul kaTolicizmebis (kaTolikur SexedulebaTa)
farTo speqtrs. swored ekonomikur habitusSi
aris SesaZlebeli gansxvavebul poziciaTa farTo
speqtrze dakvirveba. amasTan mTlianobaSi rasak-
virvelia cxadad ikveTeba struqturis elementi:
kaTolike moralis Teologebisa da social-
eTikosebis didi umravlesoba me-20 saukunis sak-
mao periodamde rCeboda rogorc politikuri, ise
ekonomikuri liberalizmis ZiriTad normatiul
mosazrebaTa mimarT uaryofiTad an skeptikurad
ganwyobili.
ekonomikur moqmedebaTa sakiTxebi ukve Sua-
saukuneebis eklesiis wamyvan TeologTa siqvelis
eTikebSi TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols. morw-
muneTa yuradRebam vita active-s ekonomikuri dimen-siisken, rasakvirvelia ramdenadme Seamcira vita contemplativa-sadmi Rrma pativiscema. monastruli
sazogadoebis maRalma Sidaeklesiurma wonam da
sasuliero pirTa mtkice poziciam amasTanave sab-
olood Seuwyo xeli mas, rom wuTisoflisgan
sulierad motivirebuli zurgSeqceva, WeSmariti
qristeanuli cxovrebis warmarTvis idealamde
iqna amaRlebuli. ordenis sazogadoebaTa sasuli-
ero pirebsa da wevrTaTvis specialur profesiul
eTikaSi wuTisoflisgan religiuri gandgoma da
162
vita contemplative, romelic yovelgvari amqveyniuris
uaryofiT, WeSmariti, maradiuli xsnis sikeTisken
miiswrafvis, qristeanuli srulyofilebis adgi-
lad gardaiqmna. orsafexurovani eTikis mixedviT,
romelic oficialuri qarizmiT aRWurvil sa-
suliero pirebsa da ordenis arCeul wevrTaT-
vis iTxovs maRal zneobriv perfeqcias da pre-
tenzias acxadebs rogorc yoveli qristeanisTvis,
ise saeroTaTvis (sasulieri wodebis armqone
pirTaTvis), amqveyniuri samsaxuri Tu profesiis
aqtiuri Sesruleba amis sapirispirod, qriste-
anuli cxovrebis warmarTvis moralurad ukmar
Sefasebad konceptad interpretirdeba. miuxeda-
vad sulieri elitis vita contemplativa-s am aSkara saTnoebiT-eTikuri wesrigis proeqtisa/eskizisa,
eklesiuri xalxis vita activa-sTan mimarTebiT Sua-
saukuneebis siqvelis eTikebSi moipoveba adamianis
ekonomikuri qcevebis aseve mravalricxovani nor-
mirebebi. Teologiuri gadmocema ekonomikur sak-
iTxebTan mimarTebiT aris uxvi da diferencire-
buli, magram aseve winaaRmdegobrivi, rogorc es
xSirad Cans. Tumca, eTikuri traqtatebis mravali
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs maszed, rom eTika,
romelic dadebiTad Seafasebda sagareo vaWrobiT
(komerciiT) an fulis gasesxebiT miRebul mogebas,
ar iqna SemuSavebuli. rom Cveulebriv SesaZle-
beli iyo egoizmis aseve ganmarteba, rac rogorc
wesi ar ganixileboda. ufro metad wina planze
iyo wamoweuli sakiTxi, Sesrulebuli SromiTi
saqmianobidan miRebuli saqonlis samarTliani
fasisa Tu samarTliani xelfasis Sesaxeb. Tumca
aqve sainteresoa isic, rom aseve gviandeli Sua-
saukuneebidan cnobilia ramodenime TvalsaCino
magaliTi imisa, rom Teolog mkvlevarebs sagareo
vaWrobis mzardi kulturul-praqtikuli relevan-
163
tobis gamo, hqondaT survili vaWarTa klasisT-
vis SeemuSavebinaT sakuTari, maTTvis gankuTvni-
li profesiuli eTikis safuZvlebi, romelSic
mkacri angariSianoba, maTematikurad transpar-
entuli buRalteria da zusti mogeba-wagebis
kalkulacia pozitiurad Sefasdeboda. klasikur
kulturul-samecniero kontroversebTan kavSirSi
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi miznis racionaluro-
bis sulis SesaZlo ebrauli Tu damtkicebuli
protestantuli fesvebis Sesaxeb, verner sombrati
Tavis farTo moculobis naSromSi <<Tanamedrove
kapitalizmi>>, ukve 1902 wels mianiSnebda maszed,
rom mkacri racionaluri ekonomikis principebi
upirvelesad ara qristeanTa <<saero profesiis>>
reformatoruli pativiscemis gamo, aramed ukve
gviandeli Sua saukuneebis profesiul eTikebSi
vaWarTa klasisTvis iqna SemuSavebuli.[4] adreuli,
zusti mogeba-wagebis kalkulaciisa da angariS-
gebis inovaciuri meTodebis Sesaxeb buRalteria-
Si, sombartma sxvaTa Soris miniSneba gaakeTa 1202
wlisTvis gamoCenil leonardo pizanos naSromze
<<Liber Abbaci>>. maTematikosma luka paCiolim pir-
velad 1494 wels gamocemul TxzulebaSi <<Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita>> mog-vca orgvari buRalteriis pirveli dawvrilebiTi
mecnieruli asaxva, sadac is ekonomikur racion-
alurobasa da angariSianobaze dafuZnebiT miRe-
bul mogebas araorazrovnad afasebda, rogorc
vaWrobis warmatebas profesiul-specifikur saT-
noebaSi. garda amisa, axali kulturul-istoriuli
kvleviT, romelic Seexeba toskanuri renesansis
qalaqebSi sazogado sargebelze orientirebul
<<samoqalaqo humanizmis>> aspeqts, xelmisawvdo-
mi gaxda mtkicebulebaTa farTo speqtri, kerZod
zemo italiis cnobil vaWrebs sakuTar ekonomikur
164
warmatebebeSi surdaT daenaxaT agreTve RvTaebri-
vi mowyalebis niSani da ekonomikuri aqtivobebi
aseve aexsnaT rogorc active vita christiana-sTan dakav-
Sirebuli (Baron 1968). amitom, Tanamedrove miz-
nis racionalurobis calmxrivi protestantuli
deduqciis sapirispirod, vilhelm korfma xazi
gausva Semdeg garemoebas, rom: <<Tanamedrove ada-
mianis racionalurze orientirebuli sawarmoo
Sromis eTosi srulebiT ar warmoadgens prot-
estantizmis eqskluziur nayofs>>(ix.[3], Korff 1993, 167). amasTan, rasakvirvelia, amiT ar xdeba saka-
maTo is, rom vita contemplative-s monastruli pativis-
cemisadmi principuli Teologiuri kritika, iseve
rogorc uari nebismieri orsafexurovani eTikis
misamarTiT, rac arasasuliero pirTa mimarT sam-
RvdeloTa fenis privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi
yofniT gamoixateba, pirvelad luTeris mier iqna
formulirebuli. pirvelad swored vitenbergul
reformaciaSi SemuSavda qristeanis saero profe-
sia, rogorc misi (qristeanis) WeSmariti RvTismsax-
urebis srulyofili paradigma, romlis arsic vita active-s, Sesabamisad wuTisoflis qmediTi gardaqm-
nis gardauvali saWiroebis danaxvis mowodebasa
da mis SecnobaSi mdgomareobda. romaul-kaToli-
kuri tradiciisTvis, amis sapirispirod rCeboda
elementaruli, pirveladi daZabuloba erTi mxriv
wuTisoflisgan monastruli distancirebis speci-
fikuri pativiscemis da sasuliero pirTa sruly-
ofili cxovrebis warmarTvasa da meore mxriv ar-
asrulyofilad miCneul arasasuliero pirTa vita christiana-s Soris.
Zveli korporaciul-feodaluri sazogadoebis
eroziasa da Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoeb-
is epoqalur formirebaze, me-19 saukunis adreul
wlebSi, kaTolike inteleqtualebma farTo so-
165
cialuri Teoriis CamoyalibebiT moaxdines erT-
gvari reagireba, rac bevri gansxvavebis miuxe-
davad calkeul SemTxvevebSi emsaxureboda maT
interesebs, romlebic Zveli korporatiuli kav-
Sirebidan gamocalkevebul, <<atomisturad>> da-
nawevrebuli individebis xelaxal eqspropria-
cias axdenda. axlad aRmocenebuli industriuli
proletariatis gaRatakeba, maTi pauperizacia
korporaciaTa(firmebis) restituciiT an axali
asociaciebis Seqmnis gziT unda daZleuliyo, rom-
lebSic Tavisuflad darCenili adamianebi kvlav
<<srulad>> SekavSirdebodnen. kaTolikuri so-
cialuri filosofiis gavlenianma warmomadgen-
lebma adam miulerma da franc fon baaderma,
adam smitiT gansazRvruli (da formirebuli)
germanuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis intensi-
uri kritikiT Camoayalibes <<korporatiul-kon-
servatiuli xasiaTis antiliberaluri, organuli
sazogadoebrivi moZRvreba>>(Langer 1998, 50), ramac liberalur-kapitalistur konkurenciaze damyare-
buli ekonomikisa da komunitarianuli ekonomi-
kuri formis miznis dadgena-gansazRvraSi Rrma
gavlena iqonia damoukidebeli, TviTmyofadi kaTo-
likuri socialuri moZRvrebis warmoSobasa da
mis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. kapitalizmis ganxor-
cieleba, rogoradac mis detalur Cvenebas Seecada
miuleri, axdens cxovrebis yvela sferos tenden-
ciur komercializacias, safrTxes uqmnis adami-
anebs Soris yvela urTierTobis ganxorcielebas,
xleCs sazogadoebas antagonisturad ganwyobil,
erTmaneTTan mebrZol klasebad, anadgurebs Seury-
vnel zneobas, iseve rogorc - sazogadoebis in-
stituciebs da emuqreba saxelmwifos, dakavdes mx-
olod industriis (mrewvelobis) funqciiT. Tavis
<<seriozul, mZime omSi (saxelmwifo)ekonomikuri
166
anglomanebis winaaRmdeg>>[5] ( Müller, Brief an Friedrich von Gentz vom 22 Februar 1810, in: Baxa 1966, 527f.) adam miuleri ganmartavda, rom adam smitma <<mTeli
saxelmwifo gadasca industrias>>, <<radgan is
yvela saqmianobas profesiad, yvela gaweul sam-
saxurs ki daqiravebul Sromad gardaqmnis, rad-
gan is sazogadoebis mxolod erT formas scnobs,
kerZod - bazars>>. sazogadoebis Tanamedrove
dayofa saxelmwifod da sazogadoebad, romelic
miulers axali droebis umTavres borotebad mi-
aCnia, surda organologiurad nafiqri korpora-
tiul-profesiuli sazogadoebiT daeZlia, romel-
Sic yvela institucia eklesiis CaTvliT erT
sxeuls warmoadgens. fulis abstraqtuli hegemo-
niisa da yvela sazogadoerbiv urTierTobaTa mon-
etarizaciis sapirispirod, man wamoayena xalxis
sxeulis(Volkskörper) yvela nawils(wevrs) Soris
mWodro daZmuri kavSiris idea, rasac eklesiis uni-
versalobis pirispir, yovelTvis aseve elementa-
ruli sulieri erTobiT unda moecva sxva da sxva
sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi. is gamo-
dioda Tavisufali vaWrobis winaaRmdeg. sakuTari
socialur-romantikuli Zmobis paTosiT SeZles
miulerma da sxva kaTolike adreulma konserva-
torebma socialur da gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur-
eTikuri saxis debatebi kaTolicizmSi mudmivad,
maT Soris Cvens TanamedroveobaSic rom yofil-
iyo warmodgenili. maT miaCndaT, rom kaTolikur
eklesias Seswevda Zala misi Sesaqmes Teologiuri,
Sesabamisad bunebriv-samarTlebrivi Sexedulebis
safuZvelze wuTisoflis(samyaros) qmnili sinam-
dvilis ZiriTad struqturaSi burJuaziul-lib-
eraluri konkurenciul kapitalizmsa(Sesabamisad
<<individualizmsa>>) da proletariul
socializms(Sesabamisad <<koleqtivizms>>) Soris
167
eCvenebinaT sakuTari anu alternatiuli mesame
gza. xolo amis Semdeg, kaTolike social-eTikos-
Ta SromebSi <<eklesiis socialuri moZRvreba>>
didi xnis manZilze liberalizmsa da socializms
Soris avtonomiuri mesame gzis saxiT xasiaTde-
boda da aseve politikuri kaTolicizmis partie-
bi germaniaSi cdilobdnen sakuTari socialur-
politikur koncefciaTa centris profilirebas
Tanabari manZiliT(ekvidistanciiT) rogorc lib-
eralebTan ise socialistebTan mimarTebiT, 1987
wels gamocxadebul enciklikaSi <<Sollicitudo rei so-cialis>> vatikanma rogorc Seusabamo da usargeblo,
uaryo <<mesame gzis>> metaforika, raTa amiT kaTo-
likuri socialuri principebis gansakuTrebulo-
bis demonstrireba moexdina. enciklikis - <<Popu-lorum progressio>>-s meoce wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT
iqna aq ganmartebuli : eklesiis socialuri moZ-
Rvreba ar aris <<mesame gza>> liberalur kapi-
talizmsa da marqsistul koleqtivizms Soris da
aseve, - nakleb radikaluri gadawyvetebis SesaZlo
alternativa: is ufro metad TviTmyofadia. is
aseve ar aris ideologia, aramed is aris sazoga-
doebasa da saerTaSoriso doneze, adamianuri eg-
zistenciis kompleqsuri realobis Sesaxeb gulm-
odgine refleqsiis Sedegebis zusti formulireba,
rwmenisa da eklesiur tradiciaTa TvalsazrisiT.
Tumca me-19 da me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis
mTlianobaSi SeiZleba dadgindes, rom kaTolike
social-eTikosTa didi umravlesoba liberalur
ekonomikasa da misi socialisturi kritikis miRma
swored specifikurad kaTolikur da masSi mesame
gzas eZebda.
kaTolcizmis wiaRSi arsebuli mravalmxrivi
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, vatikanma warmoadgina
bazris moderatuli aRiareba da socialur-in-
168
stitucionaluri dasazRvruloba. gasuli sauku-
nis pirvel naxevarSi, kerZod, 1931 wels gamoce-
mul enciklikaSi <<Quadrogesimo anno>>, vatikanma
aRiara kerZo sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze,
iseve rogorc sawarmoo konkurenciuli ekonomi-
ka, rogorc ekonomikuri progresis piroba. Tumca
aseve uaryo liberaluri Sexeduleba imis Tao-
baze, rom sabazro ekonomika sakuTar socialur-
regulatorul principebs Tavad atarebs. <<ram-
denadac mcirea SesaZlebloba klasTa Soris
dapirispirebulobis safuZvelze humanur sazoga-
doebaTa erTobis dafuZnebisa, imdenadve mcired
SeuZlia Tavisufali konkurenciis miReba ekono-
mikis samarTlian wesrigs>>(Quadragesimo anno, Nr. 88). magram am postulirebuli wesrigis(sistemis)
daxasiaTebisas enciklika rCeba erTgvarad bundo-
vani. kapitalizmis detalur kritikas upirispird-
eba moTxovnili CarCo-wesrigis(sistemis) mxolod
mokle ganusazRvreli(gaurkveveli) aRwera. ekono-
mikis postkapitalisturi idealuri wesrigi <<so-
cialuri samarTlianobiTa da socialuri siyvaru-
liT>> unda iqnas gansazRvruli(Quadragesimo anno, Nr. 88). <<pirovnuli Rirsebis>> sakuTrebis
uflebasTan principuli SekavSirebis miuxedavad,
moTxovnil iqna sakuTrebis deprivatizacia, Sesa-
bamisad, misi gankerZoeba, sadac kerZomesakuTreTa
xelSi koncentrirebuli, sakuTrebasTan <<gada-
jaWvuli zeWarbi Zalaufleba>> <<sazoadoebri-
vi sikeTis safrTxis gareSe>> gadacemas gaxdida
SeuZlebels. amave dros, eklesiis mxridan kapital-
izmis kritika, marqsistuli mSromelTa moZraobis
antikapitalizmisgan radikalurad iqna gamijnu-
li. institucionalur-Teoriulad socialurTan
dakavSirebuli Tavisuflebis kaTolikuri gza
e.w. <<ordines>-Si, Sesabamisad profesiebSi poulobs
169
konkretizacias. yvela socialuri reformis mi-
zani unda iyos profesiuli da sawarmoo(samuSao
Zalis) sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, romelSic moR-
vawe TiToeuli adamiani Tavis profesiaSi(ordo)
gaacnobierebs saerTo sikeTisadmi sakuTar val-
debulebas yvelas mimarT. es koncepti asaxavs
oficialuri socialuri moZRvrebis intimur siax-
loves savaraudod mTel saSualo klasTan.
am epoqis ekonomikur-eTikuri diskusia kaToli-
cizmSi mTlianad problematuri tendenciiT xa-
siaTdeba: <<socialuri mSvidobisa>> da <<soli-
daruli ganawilebis>> interesis gaTvaliswinebiT,
socialuri saxelmwifo unda gansazRvruliyo ro-
gorc amave CarC-wesrigis subieqti, romelsac unda
moexdina bazris dinamiuri Zalebis SezRudva da
maTi kanalizireba.
mxolod ramodenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg, io-
ane XXIII-is mier namcneb enciklikaSi <<Master et Magistra>> pirvelad moxda, rodesac relatiurad
statiuri, wesrigis mafiqsirebeli suraTi sazoga-
doebisa, Seicvala sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dam-
akmayofilebeli aRwerilobiT. aseve, vatikanis II
konciliumma Tavis pastoralur konstituciaSi
<<Gaudium et spes>>, sazogadoebis <<wesrigis>> mem-kvidreobiT miRebuli cneba <<sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebiT>> Caancvla, rogorc ki ekonomikur zr-
daSi socialuri progresis gadamwyveti piroba
SeniSna. aRniSnulma konciliumma aCvena garkveu-
li sirTuleebi gansakuTrebuli racionaluro-
biT, Sesabamisad sakuTari logikiT gansazRvruli
subsistemebis konstruqciuli aRqmis Tvalsaz-
risiT, rac ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoe-
brivi ganviTarebis, e.i. aCqarebuli socialuri
diferencirebisa da calkeuli pirovnebis mzardi
avtonomizaciis tendenciebs: <<ekonomika>> aRwer-
170
il iqna rogorc Taviseburi saxeobis <<kulturis
sagnobrivi sfero>>, romelic, wminda ekonomikuri
perspeqtiviT, rogorc warmoebisa da mogebis Seqm-
nis adgili arasakmarisad daxasiaTda. ekonomika
unda emsaxurebodes <<yvela adamians>> da ro-
gorc TiToeuli sxva <<kulturis sfero>>, unda
emorCilebodes zneobriv kanons. es ufro metad
tradicionalisturi aRwera Seesabameba mas, rom
sawarmo kvlav ganisazRvra rogorc <<pirovnebeb-
is kavSiri>>, romelSic TiToeul monawiles aqvs
ufleba, miaRwios sakuTari unarebisa da faseu-
lobebis ganviTarebas.
pirveli socialuri enciklikis <<Renum No-varum>>(1891) saiubileo asi wlisTavze gamoce-
mul axal socialur enciklikaSi <<Centesimus An-nus>>(1991) socialisturi gegmiuri ekonomikebis
kraxis fonze moxda axali ekonomikur-politi-
kuri da ekonomikur-eTikuri gamowvevebis Tema-
tizireba. aq <<Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika>>
Sefasebul iqna rogorc adamianur saWiroebaTa
dakmayofilebis aqamde yvelaze efeqturi siste-
ma. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom is arsebuli
ekonomikuri wesrigis sakmaod mkacri SefasebiTac
gamoirCeva: <<dasavleTis keTildReobis mqone sa-
zogadoebebi xels uwyoben cxovrebis yalbi sti-
lis damkvidrebas, rac hedonizmiT, konsumizmiTa
da aseve mraval yalb saWiroebaTa zedapiruli
dakmayofilebiT xasiaTdeba. amitom <<sazoga-
doebis ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis
uzrunvelsayofad>> saWiroa, rom sazogadoebrivi
ZalebiTa <<da Sesabamisi formiT saxelmwifosgan
iqnas bazari gakontrolebuli>>(Centesimus annus, Nr. 35,2).
1998 wels, msoflio mSvidobis dRes, papi ioane
pavle II gamovida sayovelTao mowodebiT - <<glo-
171
balizacia solidarobaSi, globalizacia gami-
jvnis gareSe>>. ramdenadac saxalxo ekonomikaTa
globaluri qveynebSorisi konkurenciis epoqaSi
nacionaluri saxelmwifo, rogorc bonum commun-is institucionaluri reprezentatori ver Sedga,
amjerad pontifikusi iZulebuli Seiqmna, rom day-
rdnoboda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis politi-
kur Zalas, romlebsac bazarSi CareviT xeli unda
SeewyoT <<saerTo sikeTisTvis>> da Sesabamisad,
xeli unda SeeSalaT sustebis Semdgomi margin-
alizaciisTvis. <<imisaTvis, rom globalizaciis
gzaze miRweul iqnes samarTliani sazogadoeba da
stabiluri mSvidoba samyaroSi, saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciebis gadaudebel valdebulebas warmoad-
gens sakuTari wvlilis Setana pasuxismgeblobis
cnobierebis amaRlebis saqmeSi saerTo sikeTisT-
vis ... globalizacia dakavSirebuli unda iyos
solidarobasTan. amitom, unda moxdes gansakuTre-
buli resursebis winanswar gamoZebna im qveynebis
dasaxmareblad, romelTac sakuTari ZalebiT ar
SeuZliaT adaptirdnen msoflio bazarTan, da rom
maT unda mieceT SesaZlebloba sakuTari, dRevan-
deli araxelsayreli mdgomareobis dasaZlevad
... WeSmarit <<erTa ojaxidan>> aravin unda iq-
nas gamoricxuli>>...(ioane pavle II., citirebulia:
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Nr.1., 2 ianvari, 1995). unda aRiniSnos Semdegi garemoeba: <<WeSmari-
tad solidaruli sazogadoebis>> vizioni <<Se-
ZlebulTadmi>> rekomendirebuli <<ganawileb-
is mzaobiTa>> da <<martivi cxovrebis wesiT>>
unda realizirdes. (zogadsakacobrio) saerTo
sikeTis cneba ki safrTxes uqmnis bazris monawi-
leTa konkurenciul interesTa legitimur mrav-
algvarobas, rac bazris antagonisturi ZiriTadi
struqturis sibrtyeze, maRali urTierTsapirisp-
172
iro survilebisa da moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT
bazris umetes aqtiorTa mxridan arasasurvelad
aRiqmeba. <<RvTis qmnili sikeTis samarTliani
ganawilebis>> formula imdenadve bundovanad
rCeba, ramdenadac transnacionaluri institucieb-
is struqtura, romelTac didwilad SezRudes
erovnuli saxelwifoebis ufleba saerTo sikeTis
ganawilebis politikuri realizebis Tvalsaz-
risiT. aqedan gamomdinare, me-20 saukunis miwuruls
kaTolicizmSi jer kidev rCeba analitikuri defi-
citi Tavisufali bazrebis ganviTarebis dinamikis
aRqmaSi da eklesiuri sociluri moZRvrebis Sina-
gani winaaRmdegoba - globalizaciis krizisebis
Secnobis kuTxiT. rogorc Cans, nacionalur sax-
elmwifoTa mniSvnelobis mzardi dakargvis Sesax-
eb arsebuli Tezis empiriuli kritika kaToli-
kuri eklesiis sazogadoebiv sityvaSi, amdroisTvis
jer kidev ar aris cxadad gacnobierebuli saxiT
warmodgenili. institucinalistebis gavleniT
eklesia darwmunebulia masSi, rom gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciasa da sxva transnacionalur
organizaciebsa Tu instituciebs SeuZliaT poli-
tikuri marTvis instrumentebis Seqmna, romlebsac
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi umniSvnelovanesi
wevri qveynebis (rogoric aris mag., a.S.S. da Ci-
neTi) winaaRmdeg aamoqmedeben da rom, maT aseve
ekonomikuri procesebis aCqarebuli dinamikis
mSvidobismyofeli (socialurad Tavsebadi/mis-
aRebi) SezRudva da kanalizireba ZaluZT. kaTo-
likuri eklesia iTxovs mTeli msoflios masSta-
biT Zlier instituciaTa struqturas, Tumca maT
politikur legitimaciasa da socialur-politi-
kur intervenciaTa kompetenciebs tovebs gaurkvev-
lad. kerZo sameurno interseTa daubrkolebeli
dominantoba msoflio doneze da aqedan miRebuli
173
calkeuli saxelmwifos politikur moqmedebaTa
saTamaSo sivrcis SezRudva ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri moqmedebebisTvis aCens sayovelTao sav-
aldebulo erTiani CarCo-wesrigis Seqmnis saSur
da gadaudebel saWiroebas.
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze adgili
aqvs kaTolikuri socialuri eTikisa da liber-
aluri ekonomikis paradigmaTa urTierTdaaxloe-
bas, raSic ganuzomlad didi wvlili kaTolike
social-eTikosebs aqvT Setanili. kerZod, Tviso-
brivi dapirispirebulobis miuxedavad, maT dasaS-
vebad scnes am or paradigmul mocemulobas Soris
SesaZlo urTierTTavsebadoba, rac Semdegnairad
aixsneba: uaxlesi liberaluri ekonomikis me-
Todologouri individualizmis diferencirebul,
maSasadame, aseve kritikul recefcias SeuZlia
Cadges eklesiuri socialuri moZRvrebis samsax-
urSi im kuTxiT, rom misi(e.i. eklesiis) namemkvidra-
li iseTi normatiuli principebi, rogoric aris
samarTlianoba, saerTo sikeTe, subsidiaruloba
da pirovnebis Rirseba racionalurad rekonstru-
irebad da ekonomikurad misaReb (plausiblur)
formaSi gamosaxos. amgvarad warmoebuli/mimdin-
are eklesiuri socialuri eTikis kategoriuli
transformacia aZlierebs saeklesio instituciis
Sansebs, rom zeTisxilis mTaze naqadagebma Zmobis
eTosma samarTlianobis Semdegi postulatebiT
mZlavri gavlena iqonios globalizaciis aqtu-
alur debatebsa da msoflio sabazro procesebis
transnacionaluri normatiuli bazis Camoyalibe-
baze.
literatura
1. J. A. von Ickstatt, Wohlstand der Länder (Taschenbu-ch), Vero Verlag, 2016 [Untersuchung der Frage: Warum ist der
174
Wohlstand der protestantischen Länder sogar viel grösser als der catholischen ?, Salzburg und Freisingen, 1772, 7f].
2. F. W. Graf., Kulturbedeutung des Protestantismus., The-ologische Realenzyklopädie 27, Berlin, 1997
3. W. Korff, Thomas von Aquin und die Neuzeit., Beck-mann, J. P. u.a. (Hrsg.): Philosophie des Mittelalters. Entwick-lungslinien und Paradigmen., Hamburg, 1987; W. Korff, Christli-cher Glaube als Quelle konkreter Moral., Honnefelder, L (Hrsg.): Sittliche Lebensform und praktische Vernunft, Paderborn u.a., 1993
4. W. Sombart, Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-sys-tematische Darstellung gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Band 1-3, München (Er-stveröffentlichung Leipzig 1902, 378ff).
5. J. Baxa (Hrsg.), Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse, Band 1, München-Paderbon-Wien, 1966
175
5.2.3 protestantizmi
kulturologiis umTavres Temebs Soris sapatio
adgils ikavebs protestantizmis mniSvnelobis sak-
iTxi, rac Tanamedrove dasavluri(oqcidentaluri)
sawarmoo kapitalizmis aRmocenebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom dRem-
de arsebuli, kontroversulad ganxiluli klasi-
kuri pasuxebi aRniSnul fenomenTan mimarTebiT
didwilad gacemul iqna meoce saukunis dasaw-
yisidan. verner sombartma moaxdina Zalzed Zve-
li argumentaciis nimuSis reformulireba da
aRorZinebis(renesansis) epoqis vaWarTa klasis ax-
ali maTematikis gverdiT <<ebrauli sulis>>, ro-
gorc am asketur ekonomikur xedvaTa gadamwyveti
wyaros identificireba, romlebic kapitalizmis
aRmocenebisa da ganxorcielebis pirobad iqna da-
naxuli[1]. Tavis saqveynod cnobil TxzulebaSi
<<protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli>>
(1904/05), maqs veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda/upirispird-
eboda sxva, inovaciur-genetikur konstruqcias.
luTeranobasa da kalvinizms Soris eTikuri gan-
sxvavebis Sesaxeb me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi karl
bernhard hundeshagenisa da maTias Snekenbergeris
mier dawerili Studiebis kvaldakval, maqs veberma
ganaviTara orive mTavari protestantuli koncef-
ciis ekonomikuri eTikis diferencirebuli xedva.
qristeanis <<amqveyniuri mowodebis>> martin lu-
Teris konceptis dawvrilebiT analizSi man daas-
abuTa, rom vitenbergulma reformaciam kaToli-
kur-Suasaukunoebriv gadmocemebTan(tradiciebTn)
SedarebiT moaxdina adamianuri Sromis gadafase-
ba da xelaxla, misi uaRresad maRali da Tan-
mimdevruli Teologiuri Sefaseba mogvca. maSin
rodesac kaTolicizmis moZRvrebis RvTaebriv
176
mowodebas(vocation) wuTisoflisgan distancire-
ba da rwmeniT ganrideba warmoadgenda, luTerma
wamoayena religiurad saTno da RvTivmosawo-
ni wuTisoflis qmediTi gaTaviseba-dauflebisa
da misi Semdgomi gardaqmnis revoluciuri idea,
rac TiToeuli morwmunis mxridan religiuri
energiebis(Zalebis) amqveyniuri saqmianobisken
mimarTvaSi mdgomareobda da rac saboloo jamSi
maTTvis iqneboda jildos momtani.
luTeriseuli es <<wuTisofliuri
RvTismosaoba>>(goeTe) Seicavda morwmuneTa Zli-
er, individze mimarTul TviTaRqmas da xels uwyo-
bda aqtiur, warmatebaze orientirebuli cxovrebis
wesis damkvidrebas. es gaxldaT veberis Tvals-
azrisi, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi im rigiduli,
asketuri disciplinirebis wyaro, romelsac is ka-
pitalizmis xelSemwyobi habitusis gadamwyvet men-
talur mizezad miiCnevda. piriqiT, Tanmimdevruli
<<Sida wuTisofliuri asketizmi>> Tavdapirve-
lad mxolod kalvinis mier Camoyalibebuli re-
formirebuli protestantizmisa da gansakuTrebiT
puritanizmis swavlebas warmoadgenda. gasaocar
da momxibvlel argumentaciaSi veberi cdilobda
puritanuli RvTismosaobis literaturis saSu-
alebiT eCvenebina, rom ormagi predestinaciis
moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, reformirebul RvTis-
mosavTa elementaruli arasaimedooba sakuTari
mowyale mdgomareobis Sesaxeb xels uwyobda
mkacrad asketuri, survilTa(instiqti/impulsi) ma-
kontrolebeli da kapitalis akumulaciaze mima-
rTuli habitusis gansakuTrebiT Zlier fsiqikur
stimulebs. radgan ekonomikuri warmateba iTvle-
boda RvTiTgamorCeulobis gansakuTrebul niS-
nad, puritan morwmuneTa yvela religiuri energia
mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom fufunebiTi moxmare-
177
bisa da am wuTisoflis siameTa miRebis nacvlad,
gamomuSavebuli kapitali ganaxlebuli, gazrdili
kapitalis akumulaciisken miemarTaT.
ukve Tanamedrove diskusiebSi gaxda sakamaTo
empiriuli sarwmunooba aseve ernst troelCis
mier warmodgenili Tezisa, genetikuri urTierT-
kavSiris Sesaxeb, SidawuTisofliur protestan-
tul asketizmsa da <<protestantizmis suls>>
Soris. aseve veberis kritikosebis mier moxda misi
argumentaciis xuT centralur winapirobad day-
ofa:
a) dasavluri(oqcidentaluri) sawarmoo ka-
pitalizmi Tavis sawyis fazaSi imyofeba Cveul,
Sesabamisad mentalur pirobebze damokidebul
mdgomareobaSi; is gulisxmobs aqtiuri adamianis
tips, romelic muyaiTi SromisunarianobiT, sur-
vilTa daTmeniTa da asketizmiT, riskis mzaobiTa
da optimizaciis unarianobiT, e.i. ekonomikuri San-
sebis racionaluri kalkulaciiT, Sesabamisad an-
gariSianobiT gamoirCeva.
b) qristeanis miwieri profesiis Sesaxeb arsebu-
li reformatoruli moZRvreba dasuli iqna amqvey-
niuri saqmianobis mniSvnelovan gadafasebaze da mem-
kvidreobiT miRebuli/gadacemuli(tradirebuli)
eklesiuri siRatakis idealis sapirispirod war-
moadgens sakuTari SromiT miRweuli keTildReo-
bis eTikurad pozitiuri kvalificirebis SesaZle-
blobas.
g) protestantebisTvis profanobam, amqveyniuro-
bam religiuri TvalsazrisiT SeiZina SromiTi xa-
siaTi. ase rom moxda religiuri energiebis upi-
ratesad wuTisoflis formirebaze mimarTva.
d) reformatorulma libertas christiana, namemkvidra-li qristeanuli normebis Tanamedrove samo-
qalaqo normebTan mWidro SeerTebiT Sva Sromis
178
eTosi(profesiuli eTika); SesaZlebeli gaxda
samoqalaqo avtonomiis protestantuli tradice-
bidan legitimacia da pirovnulobisTvis specifi-
kurad samoqalaqo mimarTulebis imgvar siqveleTa
konkretika, rogoric aris damoukidebloba, TviT-
disciplina, obieqturoba, sibejiTe, aRmavlobaze
orientireba da ganaTleba.
e) aRniSnuli faqtorebis safuZvelze protes-
tantul samyaroebsa(romlebSic xdeba SidawuTi-
sofliuri asketizmis gadacema) da adreul
dasavlur(oqcidentalur) sawarmoo kapitalizms
Soris arsebobs <<istoriuli arCeviTi naTesao-
ba>>.
aRniSvnis Rirsia Semdegi faqti: Tavad veberi-
sa da troelCis kritikosebic ki ar uaryofdnen,
rom evropis mravali kaTolikuri mxridanac ki
mewarmeebi upiratesad Tu mniSvnelovnad xSir-
ad protestantuli wiaRidan(wridan) iyven. aseTi
mZlavri protestantuli dominantoba <<mewarmis
pirovnulobis>> ganaTlebasa da rekrutirebaSi
gamokvleul iqna upirvelesad frangTa, iseve ro-
gorc kolnis, qvemo rainis, ruris auzisa da ba-
variis, gansakuTrebiT ki frankebisa da bavarieli
Svabebis(augsburgi) magaliTze arsebul gviandel
kvlevebSi[2].
troelCisa da veberis argumentaciebi ikvebe-
bodnen luTeranebsa da kalvinistebs Soris arse-
bul Sida protestantul-konfesiur gansxvavebaTa
dramatizirebiT. isini luTeranobaSi xedavdnen
protestantizmis jer kidev kaTolikur for-
mas, romelSic morwmuneT SemorCenili hqondaT
<<asketizmis mkacri skola>> da wuTisoflis
mistiuri datevebis gza - xsnili. Tavdapirvelad
puritanul seqtebSi moxda am umkacresi TviT-
179
disciplinirebis habitusis Camoyalibeba, ramac
gamovlineba adrekapitalisturi drois mewarmis
rogorc gabedul, ise pasuximgeblobis SegnebiT
moqmedebaSi hpova Tanabrad. mxolod reformire-
bul protestantul formebSi, gansakuTrebiT
a.S.S.-Si, bazarze warmatebiT moRvawe damoukidebe-
li mewarme iqna warmatebuli qristeanis modelis
rangSi amaRlebuli.
germanul da skandinaviur luTeranobaSi eTi-
kuri interesi upiratesad iyo mimarTuli poli-
tikur sazogadoebaze da naklebad - calkeul
pirovnebaze, rogorc ekonomikur aqtiorze. Tavad
martin luTerma warmoadgina tradicionaluri
ekonomikuri gageba, kanonikuri procentis akr-
Zalvis mxardaWeriTa da upiratesad ekonomikis
agrarul da xelosnur formaTa mfarvelobiT.
adrekapitalisturi drois bankirebs, mewarmeT da
wvril vaWrebs maTive saqmianobiT ganixilavda
uaryofiTad da axasiaTebda rogorc sixarbis/an-
garebis da moyvasis siyvarulis mcnebis bibli-
urad akrZaluli relativirebis(fardobiTobis)
warmomadgenlebad. maSin rodesac is upovari
moyvasis mimarT usazRvro sikeTes, cxovrebis
warmarTvaSi ubraloebas, yvela saxis moxmarebi-
sas TavSekavebas, SeZenis SezRudvasa da SedarebiT
martiv cxovrebis elmentarul saWiroebaTa dak-
mayofielebis formebs moiTxovda, misTvis ucnobi
iyo adreklasobrivi renesansis msxvili(sabiTumo)
vaWrobis samyaro da upirobo, usazRvro SeZenis
habitusi. luTeri politikur xelisuflebas da-
bejiTebiT mouwodebda, rom sazogadoebrivi mSvi-
dobisa da <<ubralo kacis>> gulisTvis adreka-
pitalisturi mewarmis warmoebisa da gasaRebis
miswrafeba SeezRuda. es ekonomikuri tradicion-
alizmi Zalzed Zlier gansazRvravda aseve Zveli
180
luTeranuli orTodoqsiis TeologTa bunebriv-
samarTlebrivad koncipirebul monaxazs, romlis
ganyenebuloba/abstraqtuloba Zlier xasiaTde-
boda aristoteluri tradiciis melanqtonis re-
cefciiT. Zvelma luTeranma Teologebma daapro-
eqtes erTobasa da kavSirze orientirebuli e.w.
sami donis eTika da politikur xelisuflebaSi
xedavdnen saerTo sikeTis RvTivboZebul garan-
tias yvelasTvis. gviandeli me-18 da adreuli me-19
saukuneebis ormagi politikuri da ekonomikuri
revoluciis Semdeg luTeranma eTikosebma Seadg-
ines upiratesi socialuri saxelmwifos Teoria da
uaryves liberaluri konkurenciuli kapitalizmi
mravalmxriv varirebuli argumentiT, rom Tavisu-
fali bazari SeiZleboda mxolod egocentruli
codvis brZolis adgili yofiliyo, romelic yalb
dasavlur, wmindad formalur da individualis-
turad Cafiqrebul Tavisuflebis gagebas damor-
Cileboda.
germanuli luTeranuli socialuri eTika, misi
sawyisi periodidan adreul me-19 saukuneSi Zlier
xasiaTdeboda social-paternalisturi antikapi-
talizmiT, romelic moralur motivebsa da argu-
mentirebul ZiriTad nimuSebSi avlenda mravalg-
var struqturul afinitets romaul-kaTolikur
socialur moZRvrebasTan. Tumca ekonomikur mec-
nierebaSi warmoebuli aqtualuri, globalizacia-
sTan dakavSirebuli debatebis gaTvaliswinebiT
erTi mniSvnelovani gansaxvaveba uTuod imsax-
urebs yuradRebas. protestantuli socialuri
eTika xSirad moklebuli iyo Zlier Teologiur,
bunebriv-samarTlebriv fundamentsa da gamomsax-
velobiT dasabuTebas. magram, miuxedavad amisa,
romaul-kaTolikuri socialuri moZRvrebisgan
gansxvavebiT man SeZlo aSkara, mWidro kavSirebis
181
damyareba pozitiur kulturologiebTan da Tan-
amedrove nacionalur ekonomiasTan. ukve kameral-
izmisa da merkantelizmis epoqaSi ekonomikuri Te-
oriis formireba upiratesad protestantebis mier
ganxorcielda. ekonomikuri Teoriis formirebis
protestantuli kvali da gavlena protestant Te-
ologebs uadvilebda mravalmxrivi, dialogisTvis
saWiro kontaqtebis damyarebas im drois wamyvan
ekonomistebTan. msgavsi intensiuri urTierTobebi
ukve arsebobda fridrix d.e. Slaiermaxersa da
nacionaluri ekonomiis Sotlandiel klasikoss
adam smits Soris. garda amisa, liberaluri kul-
turuli protestantizmis mrvali Teologi ecno-
boda germaneli liberali ekonomistebis Srome-
bs. saxelganTqmulma luTeranma social-eTikosma
aleqsander fon oetingenma, romelmac 1868 wels
daamkvidra <<socialuri eTikis>> cneba, martin
fon naTuziusma da rainhold zeebergma luTe-
ran ekonomistebTan, vilhelm roSerTan da karl
knisTan Zalze mWidro urTierTobiT, Camoayalibes
da ganaviTares social-konservatiuli wesrigis
konceftebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv cdilobdnen
Teolog eTikosebTan kontaqtiT SeeZinaT eTi-
kuri saazrovno formebi nacionaluri ekonomiis
<<istoriul-eTikuri>> dasabuTebisTvis. swored
am interdisciplinaruli ZiriTadi orientiris
safuZvelze protestantul eTikas ufro metad
gaaCnda Zlieri, realisturi ZiriTadi (damaxasi-
aTebeli) niSan-Tviseba, vidre romaul-kaTolikur
socialur moZRvrebas. vita activa, Seabamisad qris-teanis miwieri profesia religiurad yovelTvis
ufro didad fasdeboda, vidre vita contemplative. luTeran Teologebs didi wvlili aqvT Setani-
li germanuli socialuri saxelmwifosa da mogvi-
anebiT, socialuri sabazro ekonomikis daarsebasa
182
da mis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. Tavisi substanciuri,
komunitaruli Tavisuflebis gagebis safuZvelze
dayrdnobiT maT moaxdines calkeuli pirovnebis
Tavisufali ekonomikuri moRvaweobis sazRvrebis
mkveTri formulireba. Tumca rasakvirvelia maT
SeeZloT, rom mxolod RmerTTan kavSirSi da sa-
kuTar sindisTan avtonomiurad myofi pirovnebis
protestantuli ideali(nimuSi) momavlis mflo-
beli burJuaziuli mewarmis tipiT daekonkrete-
binaT. magram, me-19 da me-20 saukunis luTeranma
eTikosebma dasazRvres mewarmis samoqmedo sivrce,
maSin rodesac maT mravalgvari <<socialuri
valdebuleba>> sakuTari ojaxis, firmis mesa-
kuTreTa Tu koleqtivis mimarT ZalaSi myofad
aqcies da gaxades savldebulod Sesasrulebeli.
mudmivad hqonda adgili burJuaziul-liberalur
kulturul faseulobaTa social-konservati-
ul faseulobebTan relativerebas. luTeranebis
ekonomikuri ideali upiratesad iyo ara kapital-
isti mewarme, aramed - amxanagobaSi gaerTianebuli
wvrili vaWari. amis naTelsayofad Zalzed niSan-
dobliv nimuSs warmoadgens aseve me-20 saukunis
ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli kritika birJebis, saaqcio
sazogadoebebisa da spekulaciuri(savaWro) firme-
bis misamarTiT, iseve rogorc polemika e.w. <<fu-
lis momWrelTan>>(Couponschneider) dakavSirebiT.
Tumca saukunis mijnaze (axali aswleulis dasaw-
yisi) calkeul social-liberal TeologTan da
aseve evangelur-socialur kongresTan arsebobda
<<Tanamedrove industrializmis>> konstruqci-
uli Sefasebisa da ekonomikis funqcionirebis
maneris (principuli aRiarebis pirobiT) social-
uri reformis konstruirebis mcdeloba. magram,
mZlavri antikapitalisturi Sidaeklesiuri dis-
kusiisTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda Tavisufali
183
saeklesio-sazogadoebrivi konferencia, kultu-
rul-protestantuli evangelur-socialuri kon-
gresis konservatiuli kontraqcia da protestant
social-konservatorta saerTo ekonomikuri kon-
cefciebi da <<qristeanuli socializmi>>. me-
20 saukunis 20-ani da 30-ani wlebis luTeranul
eklesiur protestantizmSi konkurenciuli ka-
pitalizmi iTvleboda rogorc <<dasavluri>>,
iseve rogorc Tanamedroveobis yvela ubedurebis
wyarod. Tumca sakuTar antiliberalur ZiriTad
orientaciasa da safrTxis qveS myofi TiToeli
pirovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi (elementaruli)
saerTo sikeTisa da kapitalizmis socialur-sax-
elmwifoebrivi moTvinierebis konceptis politi-
kuri realizebis saqmeSi <<konservatiuli kul-
turis luTeranebma>> umniSvnelovanesi wvlili
Seitanes. maTi struqturul-Tanamedrove anti-
modernuloba vlindeba swored masSi, rom isini
damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris korporatiu-
lad institucionalizirebuli kompromisis germa-
niisTvis ZiriTadi modelis eTikur legitimacias
axdendnen da monawileobas iRebdnen socialuri
saxelmwifos instituciaTa wesrigis politikur
realizebasa da formirebaSi, romelic umweoT (sa-
zogadoebis gaWirvebul fenas) sTavazobda mrval-
gvar dacvasa Tu mxardaWeras. axali aRTqmiseuli
Zmobis eTosis ZiriTadi impulsebi im formiT iqna
aq miRebuli, rom [saTnoebasTan dakavSirebuli]
calkeul pirTa socialuri pretenziebi mxolod
[saTnoeba/siqvelis Sesaxeb] saxelmwifos mimarT
iqna wayenebuli. socialuri principebis Tanmim-
devruli institucionalizaciis aseve am poli-
tikaSi vlindeba konservatiuli kulturis lu-
TeranTa specifikuri siaxlisadmi kritikulobis
axali tendencia.
184
antikapitalisturi kulturis kritikis seman-
tika aseve gvxvdeba jer kidev 1945 wlis Semdgom
gamoTqmul mraval eklesiur mosazrebaSi. civi-
lizaciis kritikis debatebi safrTxisSemcveli
<<amerikanizaciis>> Sesaxeb ormocdaaTiani da
samociani wlebis protstantizmisTvis aCvenebs,
rom eklesiur funqcionalur elitaSi kvlavac
inergeboda Rrma undobloba Tanamedrove sabaz-
ro ekonomkis dinamikis mimarT. keinzianizmisa da
renesansis liberaluri Teoriis negatiuri Se-
degebis Sesaxeb warmoebul debatebSi, mravali
eklesiuri deklaraciis saxiT kvlavac gaismoda
mowodeba optimaluri CarCo-wesrigis Taobaze.
neoliberalur ekonomikaze argumentirebuli
msjelobis nacvlad isev adgili hqonda egoizmis,
mkacri konkurenciisa da konsumerizmis mxolod
Zveli moraluri uaryofis reinscenirebas axa-
li ekologiuri argumentebiT. SedarebiT gvian,
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi oficialu-
rad iqna gacxadebuli liberalur-saparlamento
demokratiisa da aseve <<socialuri sabazro
ekonomikis>>, rogorc eTikuri Tanapasuximgeblo-
bis wesrigis modelis eklesiis mxridan oficial-
uri aRiareba da miReba.
protestantizmis yovel suraTs ganekuTvneba
miniSneba mis did Sinagan mravalgvarobaze. swored
ekonomikur-eTikur perspeqtivaSi warmodgeba
protestantizmis saxeobebi rogorc pluraluri
struqtura, romlebic swrafi cvlilebebiTa da
mravalgvari Sinagani diferencirebiT aRiniSneba.
protestantizmi aris bevrad ufro meti da sxva,
vidre evangelisturi eklesia, da akademiur (mec-
nier) TeologTa ekonomikur-eTikuri konceptebi
Tu eklesiis memorandumebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar warmoadgens protestanti ekonomikuri biurg-
185
eris konfesiur-sfecifikuri Rirebulebebis ori-
entirebiT aRbeWdil habitussa Tu <<ekonomikur
stils>>. amitom Cndeba sxvagvarad protestan-
tizmsa da modernis kapitalizms Soris arsebuli
urTierTobebi socialur- Tu kulturul-istori-
ulad informirebul, vidre wmindad eklesiur-is-
toriul Tu Teologiur-istoriul perspeqtivaSi.
dasavleT evropul qveynebSi, pirvel rigSi ki did
britaneTsa da a.S.S.-Si Zlieri burJuazia kapital-
izmis legitimacias yovelTvis protestantuli
tradiciebidan axdenda. Tavis cnebiT safuZvlebsa
Tu eTikur dimensiebSi klasikuri liberaluri
ekonomika gaiazreba rogorc protestantuli
tradiciis memkvidre da axali warmomadgeneli.
Tanamedrove kapitalisti mewarmis tipisTvis iseTi
centarluri kulturis normebi da fsiqikuri ori-
entaciebi, rogoric aris mogebisaken ltolva, self interest-is gadamwyveti(gadaWriTi) aRqma, brZolis
mzaoba, angariSianoba da TviTdisciplina[3,gv.689],
gansakuTrebiT a.S.S.-Si eklesiis kaTedraze Sei-
Zleboda protestantul siqveleTa formaSi gar-
dasaxuliyo.
amis sapirispirod, luTeranul germaniaSi menta-
luri daSoreba eklesiuri protestantizmis war-
momadgenlebsa da burJuaziul elitas Soris iyo
aSkarad didi. magram, religiur-liberaluri sa-
ganmanaTleblo da kulturuli protestantizmis
formaSi ekonomikur-burJuaziuli da saganm-
anaTleblo-burJuaziuli funqcionaluri(moqmedi)
elitebi protestantuli tradiciebiT rCeboda
gamorCeuli. saganmanaTleblo protestantizms
is(ev.eklesia) miiCnevda rogorc qristeanobis
modernul, liberalur d burJuaziul formas, ma-
Sin rodesac kaTolicizms moZvelebul, feoda-
lur-wodebriv <<SuasaukuneebTan>> akavSirebda.
186
mravali biurgeri liberaluri ganmanaTleblo-
biT protestantizmSi xedavda qristeanul rwmen-
ebsa da individualuri pirovnulobis formirebis
harmoniul dakavSirebas. aq miiCneoda TviTga-
momrkvevi, principulobiT naxelmZRvanebi cxovre-
bis wesi, rogorc qristeanulad legitimuri. is
aseve yovelTvis moicavda Sromis eToss, romel-
Sic warmatebuli individebis piradi pasuxismge-
bloba dakavSirebuli iyo saerTo sikeTesTan da
socialur usafrTxoebasTan, iseve rogorc konk-
retuli pasuxismgebloba - moyvasTan.
istoriuli siaxlove kulturul protestan-
tizmsa da burJuazias Soris saWiroebs kultu-
rul normaTa ganmartebas, riTac isini jer aris-
tokratias, xolo mogvianebiT ki industriul
proletariats gaemijnen. biurgerebs surdaT, rom
gansakuTrebulad gamrje, disciplinirebuli ada-
mianebi yofiliyvnen. ara socialuri mdgomareoba,
warmomavloba an sqesi, aramed mxolod individ-
ualuri saqmianoba undo yofiliyo gadamwyveti
sakuTari adgilis dasakaveblad sazogadoeba-
Si. <<biurgerul, zeciur faseulobebs>>[4,gv.333]
ganekuTvneboda iseTi centraluri <<myari mna-
Tobebi>>, rogoric aris SromiTi aqtiuroba,
valdebulebaTa gacnobiereba da momWirneoba. war-
matebaze orientirebul cxovrebis wess ganekuT-
vneboda racionaluri TviTkontroli, ltolvaTa
moTokva, wesrigis siyvaruli da mWidro kavSiri
TviTarCeul moralur principebTan. SromiTad
aqtiuri, moralurad disciplinirebuli cxovre-
bis wesi moiTxovda marTebulobasa da specialur,
profesiul kompetenciebs. amitom, rogorc ide-
aluri norma da kulturuli praqtika, burJuazia
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli pirovnebis TviTga-
naTlebis ideasTan. xolo aRzrdisa da kulturu-
187
li teqnikis dauflebis iqiT, biurgerebs marTebdaT
avtonomiur individebad Camoyalibebuliyvnen. isi-
ni metad aRar unda gahyolodnen brmad eklesiis
msgavsi instituciis tradiciebsa Tu formebs, ara-
med mxolod sakuTari racionaluri mosazrebebiT
exelmZRvanelaT. amitom, biurgeruli cxovrebis we-
sisTvis niSandoblivi iyo sul mcire codnis SeZe-
na, iseve rogorc sakuTar Tavze uwyvetad muSaoba.
biurgerebi imyofebodnen maTmierve dawesebuli
wnexis qveS, rac Sepirobebuli iyo Semdegi mosaz-
rebiT: <<ezrunaT>> <<mxurvale mondomebiT>>. av-
tonomiis es koncepti kvlavac Seicavda moTxov-
nas, romelic mdgomareobda sakuTari ekonomikuri
interesebis TviTdefinirebis SesaZleblobasa da
ekonomikuri miznis racionalitetis saSualebiT
realizebaSi. rac ufro meti hqonda warmateba ka-
pitlizms rogorc <<Tanamedroveobis bedis msaz-
Rvrel Zalas>>[5](Ernst Troeltsch), miT ufro naklebad
rCeboda kapitalisturi habitusi kvlav religi-
ur legitimaciaze damokidebuli. amrigad, reli-
giuri eTika da kapitlisturi ekonomikis stili
emijnebian erTurTs ara mxolod gabatonebuli
eklesiuri socialuri eTikis tradicionalizmis,
aramed aseve kapitalisturi habitusis imanentu-
ri, funqcionalur-specifikuri, mzardi racion-
alizaciis gamoc. kulturalisturi cvlileba
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, linguistic turn kulturo-
logiaSi da ekonomikis eTikis aqtualizacia ten-
denciis Sesabamisad avtonomiruri disciplinis
saxiT, samocdaaTiani wlebidan kvlav mgrZnobi-
ares xdis ekonomikuri racionalitetis kultu-
rul wanamZRvrebs. amasTan aSkara gaxda: swored
swraf ekonomikur cvlilebaTa dros aris Sesa-
Zlebeli qristeanobis konkretuli moralisTvis
konstitutiuri samarTlianobis impulsis saTana-
188
dod miReba mxolod maSin, rodesac socialuri
principebi martooden mowodebis garda, efeqtur
CarCo-wesrigSi institucionalizirdeba. amasTan
dakavSirebiT protestantuli eklesiisTvis iTv-
leba, rom: globalizaciis gamowvevebi SeiZleba
imave masStabSi iqnas aRqmuli da gadamuSavebuli,
romelSic eklesia da misi socialuri eTikose-
bi aRweven (neo-)liberalur ekonomikaSi miRebul
STabeWdilebaTa bazrebis funqcionirebis forme-
bSi namemkvidral samarTlianobis moTxovnaTa ga-
dacemas.
moralizebadi globalizaciis kritikis sa-
pirispirod romlis formulirebasac amJamad
axdens mravali eklesiuri funqcioneri da Teolo-
gi, mzard, mniSvnelovan protestantul jgufebsa
da moZraobebSi SeiZleba ekonomikuri mentalite-
tis SemCneva, romlis konstitutiuri aRqmis Sesa-
Zleblobas aCqarebul globalizaciasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Sansebi iZleva. ukve Cveni saukunis
dasawyisis amerikul diskusiebSi miniSneba keTde-
ba maszed, rom swored konservatiul-protestan-
tuli jgufebisa Tu seqtebis wevrebi aviTarebd-
nen Zalzed bevr kapitalistur biznes-ideas da
aaqtiurebdnen maT individualizirebul arCeviT
rwmenebs, rogorc siZlieris wyaros ekonomikuri
warmatebisken ltolvisa da samewarmeo riskebis
aRebis mzadyofnisaTvis.
literatura
1. W. Sombart, Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben, München, 1922.
2. J. Hashagen, Der rheinische Protestantismus und die En-twicklung der rheinischen Kultur., Essen, 1924; A. Müller-Ar-mack, Das Jahrhundert ohne Gott. Zur Kultursoziologie unserer
189
Zeit., Münster, 1948.3. W. Sombart, Der kapitalistische Unternehmer. Archiv für
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 29, 1909.4. M. Hettling, S. L. Hoffmann, Der bürgerliche Wertehim-
mel. Zum Problem individueller Lebensführung im 19. Jahrhun-dert., Geschichte und Gesellschaft 23, 1997.
5. E. Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, (Gesammelte Schriften Band 1), Tübingen, 1912.
190
6. islami
6.1 islamis arsi
islami qristeanobasTan axlo dgas, Tumca amave-
dros is misgan daSorebulic aris. bevri msgavs-
ebis (monoTeizmi, bibliuri tradicia, iesos winas-
warmetyvelad aRiareba, eTikis principebi, RvTis
mistikuri Ziebis zogierTi Tavisebureba da sxv.)
miuxedavad, qristeanobisa da islamis savaldebu-
lo swavlebani sakvanZo sakiTxebSi ewinaaRmdege-
ba erTmaneTs: qristeanuli rwmenis mxriv es aris
triniteti anu sameba, ieso qristes RvTaebrioba
da gamosyidvis(xsnis) aqti; xolo islamuri rw-
menis mxriv - totaluri moTxovniT muhamedis uka-
nasknel winaswarmetyvelad aRiareba[1] (gv. 132).
islamis centraluri principi, romelic ro-
gorc misi dogmatikas, ise nebismier (kerZo Tu
sajaro) qmedebaTa orientirs ayalibebs, aris
tauhidi(tauhid), alahis erTianobisa da erTader-
Tobis principi: la ilaha illa llah - <<ara ars RmerTi
Tvinier alahisa>>(Sahada Schahada)[2]; RmerTi <<er-
TaderTia>>[3](yurani Qur’an 112,1) da <<araferia
misi msgavsi>>(yurani 42,11). yuranSi RvTis erTad-
erTobis xazgasmiT islami emijneba ara mxolod
winaislamuri arabebis poliTeizms, aramed aseve
qristeanuli rwmenis aspeqtebsac (triniteti da
iesos RvTis Zeoba).
islamSi RmerTi gaiazreba rogorc Semoqmedi,
da amave dros rogorc sakuTar qmnilze mzrun-
veli. msgavsi damokidebuleba warmoadgens is-
lamuri religiis fundaments. yurani, grZel Tu
mokle himnebSi refleqtirebs Sesaqmes bibliur
gadmocemas. is aris Semoqmedi <<cisa da miwisa
da rac maT Soris myofobs>>(46.3). man Seqmna kaci
191
Tavis xalifad. aq, Semoqmedi RmerTi maradiuli
qmnadobiT xasiaTdeba. <<yoveli dRea misi sazru-
navi>>(55,29; 2,255). RvTis WeSmariti Semoqmedi saxe,
misi Semoqmedi sityviT aris gacxadebuli(16.40;
Sdr. 2,117). amitom aris kaci xmobili, iyos madlieri
da daufiqrdes mraval <<niSans>>(aia aya, mr. aiat ayat), romelic mas SesaqmeSi xvdeba, rac garkveul
racionalur elementTan aris kavSirSi. Tumca Rv-
Tis mzrunveloba aseve moicavs adamianis bedis
gansazRvris, misi providenciis aspeqtsac(57.22).
garda amisa, is SeiZleba iyos aseve msajuli,
romelic Tavis qmnilT uxmobs piradi pasuxismge-
blobisken da simarTliT gansjis maT maTive rw-
menisa da saqmis mixdviT. samsjavros saaTis Sesaxeb
gafrTxileba wiTel xazad gasdevs yurans(53,57-58).
predestinaciuli gamonaTqvamebi(2,6-7; 6,39; 7,186)
da nebis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli msgavsi
gamoxatulebebi(40,17; 4,79) yuranSi moulodneli
siaxloviT xasiaTdeba.
islamis warmoSobis istoria saTaves iRebs wi-
naislamur kulturul sivrceSi warmodgenili
misi religiurad pluraluri struqturebiTa da
mravalferovani transkulturaciuli procese-
biT. arabuli sazogadoebis es gansxvavebuli pro-
cesebi, formebi da struqturebi winaswarmetyvel
muhamedSi(570-632) erTaderTi da dasrulebuli
saxiT koncentrirdeba. mas ukavSirdeba <<axa-
li siwmidis gancdis kristalizacia>>[4, 1966:29],
romelic yovlismomcveli gziT umorCilebs re-
ligiuri xedvasa da Sefasebas qmnadi yofierebis
yvela aspeqtsa da process.
40 wlis asakSi muhamedma ganicada raRac img-
vari, ramac mTeli arsebiT SeZra da Tavis xalxs
rogorc<<RvTis mociqulma>>(rasulu llahi ra-sulu llahi) uxmo. man (muhamedma) aiRo Tavisi garemos
192
tradiciaTa mravalferovneba, winaislamuri ara-
bebis samarTlebrivi warmodgenebi da sakulto
praqtikebi, ebraul-qristeanul azrTa siuxve da
Seqmna axali da unikaluri [5,gv.46]. ummaSi, sadac
winaswarmetyvelis irgvliv xdeba Tavmoyra, miiRe-
ba am axali siwmindis gancdis forma, da masSi
axal gamocdilebaTa da axal struqturaTa gansx-
vavebuli saxiT SekavSireba mimdinareobs.
meqaSi is qadagebs erTiani da erTaderTi
RmerTis(allah Allah), kacTa Semoqmedis, mzrunveli-
sa da msajulis Sesaxeb. meqas mcxovreblebis mama-
Ta poliTeistur rwmenas upirispirebs bibliur
mamaTa <<abraamis, isaakisa da iakobis>> rwmenas.
am gziT is principulad <<adasturebs>> bibliur
tradiciebTan siaxloves, rasac meqaelTa mxridan
mis mimarT mkacri represiebi mosdevs.
622 wels muhamedi tovebs meqas da gadadis
winaswarmetyvelis qalaqad wodebul medinaSi.
axali politikuri wesrigi, romelsac is medina-
Si amyarebs, e.w. <<medinas Temis wesrigSi>> xdeba
sacnobi, rac metad aRar aris sisxliT naTesao-
baze dafuZnebuli, aramed erTiani da erTader-
Ti RmerTis, alahis saerTo rwmenas emyareba. sx-
vadasxva tomidan da gvaridan dgeba muslimTa
<<Temi>>(umma), riTac ummas, Sesabamisad islamis
universaluri mimarTuleba fuZndeba. winaswarme-
tyvelsa (Tavisi mmimdevrebiT) da meqas macxovre-
blebs (maTTan dakavSirebuli tomebiT) Soris
warmoebuli mravali samxedro Setakebis Semdeg,
arabuli naxevarkunZuli islamis niSis qveS er-
Tiandeba.
winaswarmetyvelis mimdevrebis mier didi kul-
turuli sivrcis - siria-palestinis, egviptis,
Crdilo afrikis, espaneTis, sparseTis, indoeTisa
da transoqsaniis(transoxania) dapyrobiT Seiqmna im-
193
gvari winapiroba, rodesac Semdgom saukuneebSi
SesaZlebeli gaxda islamuri kulturis, rogorc
arabul, Sesabamisad semitur, berZnul-elinis-
tur, sparsul da Turqul kulturaTa sinTezis
kristalizeba.
ara mxolod RvTaebrivi wesrigisa da mulsimuri
Temis samarTliani xelmZRvanelobis uzrunvelmy-
ofeli kanonieri memkvidris, anu monacvlis(xalifa
chalifa) mizeziT, aramed aseve islamuri sazogadoe-
briobis koncefciis gamoc moxda ummas, or did
jgufad (interpretaciis mimarTulebebi) daSla,
romlebic Tanamedrove islamis Semadgeneli mxa-
reebs warmoadgens. esenia: sunitoba xalifatiT(
xalifa/imami) da Siitoba imamatiT(imami).
Siitebis azriT muhamedma ali, Tavisi siZe da
biZaSvili daasaxela memkvidred. SiitTa argu-
mentaciaSi ara mxolod <<winaswarmetyvelis
ojaxTan>> geneologiuri siaxlove TamaSobs
gadamwyvet rols, aramed aseve sulieri memkv-
idreoba, rac alis muhamedisgan uSualod ergo.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, sunitebi gahyvnen sunituri
xalifatis mmarTvelTa omaianTa dinastias, (cen-
tri damasko, 661-750 ww.) da Semdeg - abasidebis
dinastias(centri baRdadi, 750-1258 ww.), romelTa
batonobisas, arabuli da araarbuli muslimebis
Tanasworobis safuZvelze moxda universalur-
islamuri azrovnebis formireba. sazogadoebrio-
bis Semdgomi ganviTarebiTvis gadamwyveti iyo is,
rom abasid imam-xalifas marTebda Tavisi saero
da sasuliero Zalauflebis gadacema, romelsac
Siitebisagan gansxvavebiT irCevdnen mTeli Temis
formaluri Tanxmobis safuZvelze. male erTiani
imperia daiSala damoukidebel regionalur im-
periebad da Sesabamisad moxda islamuri samya-
ros dasavlur(arabuli) da aRmosavlur(sparsul)
194
kulturul wreebad gamijvnac.
tradicionaluri sunituri Zalebis Siitebze
da maT racionalur Teologiasa da filosofi-
aze (romelic arabulad berZnul-elinisturi mem-
kvidreobis Targmanis Sedegad aRmocenda) gamar-
jvebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo selCukianTa epoqis
dasawyisi(1058), vinaidan sulTanati sunitizmis
mxardamWerad gamodioda. garegani gamoxatuleba
iyo madrasa, Teologiur-iuridiuli umaRlesi
saswavlebeli(Sdr. Hillinbrand, V, 1119-1144). me-10 sauku-
nis dasasrulidan sufiuri ordenis aRmocenebiT
sufisturma moZraobam Tavisi umaRlesi social-
uri da politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. aRniS-
nuli ordenebi cvlis politikurd dauZlurebul
xalifats, romlebic Tavadac mihyvebian sunitur
tradiciebs. radgan aseve samarTlismcodnenic
SemouerTdnen sufiebs, kavSiri damyarda sufiur
ordenebsa da samarTlis skolebs Soris marTl-
morwmuneobis SeswavlisaTvis [6,gv.426]. axlo aR-
mosavleTSi monRoluri Tavdasxmebis Sedegebma
(1258 wels baRdadi iqna ganadgurebuli) negati-
uri, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damangreveli gamoxat-
uleba hpova ara mxolod socialur-ekonomikuri
mimarTulebiT, aramed agreTve sulieri kulturis
moRvaweobis TvalsazrisiTac. sabolood, Tavad
monRolebic aRiareben islams. abasianTa saxali-
fo ki, rogorc <<xalifatis aCrdili>> arsebobas
mamluqTa kairoSi, xolo Semdeg osmanebTan agr-
Zelebs. osmanTa(osmalebi) imperiaSi me-16 sauku-
nidan Cndeba marTlmorwmuneoba, romelic ara mx-
olod SariaT-islamiT, aramed aseve sufizmiTa da
wmindanTa kultiT xasiaTdeba. es gamoxatuleba
dResac principulad aRniSnavs xalxis RvTismosa-
obas. indoeTidan samxreT-aRmosavleT aziisken
da Crdilo afrikidan saharas gavliT samxreT
195
afrikaSi, vaWrebTan erTad islamis mSvidobian
gavrcelebaSi monawileobas sufiuri ordenebic
iRebdnen. sunizmis sapirispirod, sadac yuradReba
xsnis kanonis dacvaze maxvildeba, SiizmSi Tayva-
niscemis centrSi imyofeba imami, rogorc RmerTsa
da kacs Soris Suamavali.
me-18 saukunidan aRmocenda sxva da sxva funda-
mentalisturi ganmaaxlebeli moZraoba, romelTa
mizanic <<religiis gabatonebuli, degradi-
rebuli formis Tavdapirveli, wminda islamiT
Canacvleba>>(ix. [4], Insbruck, gv. 438-439) iyo. metad aRar unda yofiliyo samarTlis skolis Sexed-
ulebaTa imitacia(Taqlidi taqlid) savaldebu-
lo, aramed piriqiT, misgan damoukideblad unda
warmoebuliyo ganmartebebi(idStihadi idschtihad) yuranidan da sunadan(sunna). samarTlis skolebi
pirvelad me-9 saukuneSi Camoyalibda da ar gane-
kuTvneboda islamis adreul Temebs. igive exeba
saxalxo islamis gansxvavebul ritualebsa da
praqtikebs, rogoric aris magaliTad, wmindan-
Ta Tayvaniscema an sulis(jini dschinn) rwmena. am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili ganmaaxlebeli(novatori)
iyo muhamed ibn abd al-vahabi(+ 1792), romelic sau-
dis arabeTis samarTlis tradicias misdevda. erT
dros ase maRla mdgari islamuri kulturis dace-
ma auTenturi islamidan gadaxeviT aixsneba, rac
garkveulwilad kolonializmis epoqidn moyole-
buli, islamuri samyaros dasavleTTan daZabuli
urTierTobebiT iyo Sepirobebuli, sadac evropis
mzardi politikuri da kulturuli gavlena mus-
limur identobas uqmnida safrTxes. amitom, mus-
limebma iwyes sakuTari kulturuli identobis
dacva, raSic isini xsnas wminda pirvelislamisken
mibrunebaSi xedavdnen.
aseve, me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan muslimi
196
moazrovneni moiTxovdnen ijtihadis(idschtihad) aR-srulebas, raTa islami axal, Tanamedrove pirobebs
morgeboda, riTac naCvenebi unda yofiliyo is-
lamis mzaoba cvlilebebisa da ganviTarebisTvis.
ase magaliTad, muhamed abduhi (+ 1905) cdilobda
daemtkicebina, rom islami da goneba, islami da mec-
niereba, islami da Tanamedrove civilizacia erT-
maneTs ar gamoricxavs. me-20 da 21-e saukune aRiniS-
neba islamuri saxelmwifosaTvis(<<politikuri
islami>>/islamizmi/fundamentalizmi) brZoliT,
romelic religiisa da politikis erTianobas
ganasaxierebs masSemdeg, rac 1924 wels aTaTur-
qis mier xalifati iqna gauqmebuli. ara mxolod
ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri da sazogadoebrivi
TvalsazrisiT, mZlavrma vesternizaciam muslimTa
kidev ufro didi gaucxoeba gamoiwvia: nacion-
alizmsa da socializms mosalodneli warmate-
bebi ar mohyolia. yvela socialur-ekonomikuri
problemis gadasaWrelad importirebul dasav-
lur ideologiebs, islamuri saxelmwifosa da is-
lamuri sazogadoebis koncepti daupirispirda(ix.
[4], Insbruck, gv.439).
literatura
1. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haider/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004.
2. Schahada – Lexikon der Religionen., religion.orf.art/lexikon/stories/2535874/.
3. The Qur’an (Oxford World’s Classics), A new translation by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem., Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, 2015.
4. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Insbruck, 2003; G. E. von Grunebaum, Der Islam in seiner Klassischen Epoche 622-
197
1258. Artemis Verlag, Stuttgart.5. G. Endreß, The circle of al-Kindi., G. Endreß/R. Kruck
(Hgg): The ancient Tradition in Christian and Islamic Hellenism: Studies on the transmission of Greek philosophy and sciences dedicated to H. J. Drossaart Lulofs. Leiden 1997.
6. T. Nagel, Staat und Glaubensgemeinschaft im Islam., Bd. I, Von den Anfängen bis ins 13. Jahrhundert. Zürich – München, 1981.
198
6.2 islamis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
Tanamedrove ekonomikis globalizacia aris
saerTaSoriso Sromis ganawilebis zrdasTan da
gansazRvrul teritoriebs Soris konkurenciaTa
intensifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli. saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis sawarmoo procesi aris gamxdari
kompleqsuri, da anonimuri bazrebi totalurad
koncentrirdebian mTeli msoflios masStabiT ar-
sebuli mwiri bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebaze.
mesame samyaros TiToeul qveyanaSi, romelTac
kari gauxsnes globalizaciis process, ekonomi-
kuri zrdis dinamika Cans maRali da sainvesticio
mdgomareoba - mimzidveli. da piriqiT, sagrZno-
blad iklo im qveynebis Semosavlebma, romlebmac
ar gaakeTes is, rom ganeviTarebinaT Sida poten-
ciali, Tu moezidaT ucxoeli investorebi.
erTi mxriv religias am kuTxiT SeuZlia glo-
balizaciis procesis Sesafaseblad garkveuli
safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba. xolo meore mxriv, re-
ligias ZaluZs individualuri, sazogadoebrivi da
politikuri qcevis formebi da instituciebi Se-
qmnas, rac TiToeul qveyanas globalizaciis pro-
cesSi warmatebuli monawileobis miRebis Sesa-
Zleblobas miscems. samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos
islamis mxridan bolo dros arsebuli ekonomi-
kuri pasiurobisa da politikuri radikalurobis
xelSewyobis aSkarad gamokveTili tendenciebi
(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT ufro eqstremalur gam-
ovlinebebzec), riTac aRniSnuli religia, swra-
fad progresirebadi globalizaciis pirobebSi,
swored rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-
van xelisSemSlel, Semaferxebel faqtorad iqca.
muslimTa mxridan islamuri faseulobebis
moxmobiTa da maTze dayrdnobiT xSirad gaismis
199
kritika saerTaSoriso bazrebis monopolizaciis,
meryevi an nedleulze daweuli msoflio sabazro
fasebis, gacvliT kursebze spekulaciuri kapi-
talis moZraobis gavlenisa Tu Rarib da mdidar
qveynebs Soris gazrdili napralis Sesaxeb.
Tumca meore mxares aseve arseboben globalur
ekonomikaSi integraciis muslimi momxreebi, rom-
lebic orientirdebian ganviTarebis xelSemwyob
impulsebze da sakuTar pozicias agreTve isla-
mur faseulobaTa warmodgenebiT amarTleben[1].
globalizaciis (utyuari Tu saTuo) Sedegebis
Sefaseba orive SemTxvevaSi emyareba kvalifici-
ur argumentebs, romlebic mravali wlebis ganma-
vlobaSi mimdinare sayovelTao ekonomikuri dis-
kusiebidan aris cnobili da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
maT araviTari specifikuri islamuri Sinaarsi da
datvirTva ar gaaCniaT. muslim swavlul-mecnier-
Ta amgvari damokidebuleba sakiTxis pozitiuri
mxarisadmi erTgvar Terapiul SeTavazebas war-
moadgens im muslimi kritikosebisTvis, romleb-
sac dRemde miaCniaT, rom diagnostikuri mcdari
ganviTareba im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tavidan ac-
ilebuli, Tuki isini gahyvebodnen saerTaSoriso
islamur ekonomikur principebs da musulmanur
qveynebSi Semotanili iqneboda islamuri wesri-
gi. amgvari poziciis sakadrisad Sesafaseblad,
pirvel rigSi gasarkvevia Tu rodis aris Sesa-
Zlebeli <<islamur>> principebze, wesrigsa da
sistemebze saubari. mxolod amis Semdeg (reprezen-
taciul, warmodgenil magaliTze) aris SesaZle-
beli maTi (relatiuri)mniSvnelobis mixedviT
mesame samyaros musulmanur qveynebSi arsebuli
Tanamedrove ekonomikaTa ganviTarebis mdgomare-
obisa da realuri tendenciebis Sesaxeb Sinaar-
sobrivi msjelobebis warmarTva. unda aRiniSnos,
200
rom islamuri ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba jer
kidev istoriuli ganviTarebis adreul fazaSi
yalibdeba da wminda mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT
iZens sistemur formas. masTan mimarTebaSi sain-
teresoa islamuri ekonomikis eTikis ori,- indi-
vidualuri da socialuri eTikis aspeqti. pirve-
lis, anu individualuri eTikis sferoSi arsebobs
mniSvnelovani Tanxmoba calkeulTa swori qce-
vebis wesebis Taobaze, maSin rodesac, socialuri
eTikis sferoSi, arsebiTi, nawilobrivi wesrigis
formirebis ZiriTadi problemebis irgvliv, Zlier
kontroversuli diskusiebi mimdinareobs[2]. mus-
limi Teoretikosebisa da praqtikosebis pasuxebma
globalizaciis axal gamowvevebze aqamde ara Tu
poziciaTa konvergencias, aramed ufro metad maT
Semdgom diferencirebas Seuwyo xeli. islamis
(relatiuri) mniSvnelobis mixedviT, musulmanuri
qveynebis ekonomikebis erTian globalur ekono-
mikur sivrceSi integraciasTan da mis Semdgom
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, es garkveulwilad
arTulebs calsaxa pasuxis gacemas da xsnis, Tu
ratom aris masTan kavSirSi myofi Semdgomi kv-
levebi naklebad deskrifciuli da referirebadi,
vidre interpretirebadi da zogierT adgilas ki,
aseve - spekulaciuri.
islami ganisazRvreba rogorc farTo mso-
flmxedveloba, romelic ara mxolod imqveyniuri
cxovrebisken aris mimarTluli, aramed aseve moi-
cavs amqveyniuri yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rCeva-
darigebebsa da wesebs. mas surs mtkice, Tanmim-
devruli pasuxebi gasces adamianuri egzistenciis
yvela kiTxvaze. es rasakvirvelia aseve gulisx-
mobs ekonomikis sferosac. ekonomikis eTikisa Tu
ekonomikuri wesrigis(sistemis) islamuri aspeqti
arsebiTad mkveTrad definirdeba wesebisa da nor-
201
mebis specifikuri legitimaciis procedurebze,
vidre maT Sinaarsze. moqmedebis arsi mdgomare-
obs masSi, rom wesebis legitimacia individualur,
sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo qmedebaTaTvis,
agreTve rogorc instituciaTa formebisTvis unda
warmoebdes islamis pirveladi samarTlebriv da
SemecnebiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT. es wyaroebia
yurani da suna(Sunna).yurani miiCneva RvTis sityvier gamocxadebad da
mas gaaCnia udidesi avtoriteti. ramdenadac is
Seicavs araorazrovan debulebebsa(werilebs) da
wesebs, morwmune muslimebs evalebaT maTi mtkiced
dacva. gamocxadeba yvela adamianisTvis miCneulia
regionaluri Tu istoriuli SezRudvebis gareSe.
morwmuneTa, Sesabamisad adamianTa Soris urTi-
erTdamokidebulebis Taobaze yuranSi moiZebneba
mxolod mcire konkretuli da calsaxa mowmobe-
bi; Warbobs normatiuli orientirebi, romelTa
formireba da gamoyeneba sivrciT da droiT gare-
moebebzea damokidebuli.
normatiuli orientirebis formirebisTvis suna
iZleva daskvniT, gadamwyvet miTiTebebs; is aris
winaswarmetyvel muhamedis ganmartebaTa, saqmeTa
da gacnobierebuli umoqmedobis krebuli, romel-
ic rogorc RvTis gzavnilis avTenturi inter-
pretatori yuranidan axdens damowmebas. amitom,
winaswarmetyvelTa qcevebi gzismkvlevis mniS-
vnelobis mqonea yvela Semdgomi TaobisTvis. isla-
muri moZRvrebis mixedviT, aqedan gamomdinareobs
is, rom muhameds, vidre misi drois sxva adamianebs,
ukeT SeeZlo yuranis orientirebis Tanaxmad mo-
qmedeba, wesebis SemuSaveba da ganaCenis gamotana.
axal SemTxvevaTa gadasawyvetad, romlebic manamde
winaswarmetyvelTa mier ar iyo ganxiluli, maTSi
garkveva ukve ara mxolod yuraniT, aramed RvTis
202
wminda winaswarmetyvelTa interpretaciebiTa da
aplikaciebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli. teqstis eg-
zegezas gverdiT Semodis analogia, rogorc cen-
traluri meTodi, romlis daxmarebiTac yuranis
normatiuli orientirebi axal SemTxvevaTaTvis
gamoiyeneba da Sesabamisad, TavisTavad Secvlili
cxovrebis garemoebebs eTanadeba.
gansakuTrebiT im sakiTxebis sferoSi, romlebic
exeba dasavleTis qveynebis socialur eTikas, uSu-
alo Sexedulebebi metad aRar kmara dRes, raTa
yuranis Suqze xdebodes Sefasebadi axali (tipis)
fenomenebis (mag., aqciebi da birJebi, profesiuli
kavSirebi da saerTo gadawyvetilebaSi monawile-
obis miRebis uflebebi, socialuri dazRvevebi da
saxelmwifo janmrTelobis sistemebi, regional-
izmi da globalizacia da a.S.) yvela SefasebiT
relevantur dimensiaTa gageba. amasTan, saWiroa
Rrma specialuri codna kompleqsur sistemaTa
Sesaxeb, risi molodinis qonac tradiciulad ga-
naTlebuli islamis Teologebisa Tu samarTalm-
codneTa mxridan SeuZlebelia. maTi Teologiuri
da meTodologiuri (istoriuli da lingvisturis
CaTvliT) eqspertiza Sevsebul unda iqnas ekono-
mikur da socialur mecnierebaTa codniT. isla-
muri ekonomikis eTika SeuZlebelia rom kidev
didxans arsebobdes, rogorc tradiciuli moZ-
Rvrebis wrfivi ganaxleba, radgan dRes, ise ro-
gorc adreul saukuneebSi, saWiroa mniSvnelovani
farTo Teoriuli codnis bazisi.
tradiciulma samarTlis eqspertebma (pirvel
rigSi muslimi inteleqtualebis TvalSi) dakarg-
es avtoriteti ara mxolod kompleqsuri ekono-
mikebisa da sazogadoebebis dasazRvrul gagebaTa
gamo, aramed aseve imitom, rom maT mier isalmuri
samarTlis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diferen-
203
cirebisTvis upiratesad gamoyenebuli analogiis
meTodi dinamiur sistemebSi arRvevs koncefciur
sazRvrebs. is rac adre islamuri msoflmxed-
velobis konsistencias uzrunvelyofda, ukve dRes
kontroversebisa da konfliqtebis maprovocireb-
lis funqcias asrulebs. mowesrigebul da mo-
sawesrigebel SemTxvevebs Soris rac ufro meti
arsebobs gansxvaveba, miT ufro meti analogieb-
is konstruireba aris SesaZlebeli da dasaSvebi
aseve sapirispirod. mravalferovneba Zlierde-
ba miT, rom analogiaTa dasakvnebisTvis xSirad
warmodgenebis qona aucilebelia instrumentTa
efeqtebis, instituciebis funqcionirebaTa maner-
isa Tu moqmedebaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
kompleqsur did sazogadoebebSi mxolod Teoriu-
li codnis bazisze SeiZleba iqnas formirebuli.
swored amitom, obieqturobisTvis Zalzed mniS-
vnelovania, rom konkretuli samoqmedo rCevebisa
Tu calkeul SemTxvevaTa gadawyvetilebebis gan-
sasxvaveblad yuranis msgavsi adgilebidan gamoi-
yenebodes orive, rogorc analogiis meTodika, ise
Teoriuli foni, radgan yovelTvis unda iqnas gaT-
valiswinebuli gansakuTrebuli garemoebani.
konkretul SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba SeiZle-
ba miiRebodes Tanazomvadi wesebis moxmobis gziT,
romlebic konkretuli calkeuli SemTxvevisagan
damoukideblad Rirebulia. Tumca amgvari meta-
wesebi aiReba ara uSualod yuranidan da sunadan,
aramed SeiZleba rom isini wyaroTa interpretaci-
is Sedegs warmoadgenden. garemoebaTa gaTval-
iswinebiT sxva da sxva muslimma swavlulma da
inteleqtualma msgavsi interpretaciebis safuZv-
elze da analogiebisa Tu istoriuli magaliTeb-
is moxmobiT ganaviTara farTo logikuri ekono-
mikur-eTikuri sistemebi da ekonomikuri wesrigis
204
modelebi. meTodur struqturaSi es msgavsi pro-
eqtebi ukve praqtikul formirebisas Zlier naT-
lad gansxvavdebian da ase rom, tradiciuli me-
Todologiis sazRvrebi aSkara xdeba.
axal problemaTa gadawyveta ar aris warsu-
liT predeterminirebuli. dasavlel damkvirve-
blebs marTebT daemSvidobon monoliTuri is-
lamuri msoflmxedvelobis ideas, maSin rodesac
mulsimma inteleqtualebma unda uaryon Semecne-
biT-Teoriuli da normatiuli absoluturobis
pretenziebi: radgan analogiis meTodi araviTar
calsaxa, mkafio (sakiTxis) gadawyvetebs ar uSvebs,
mignebuli gadawyvetebi SeiZleba mxolod droe-
biT iqnas vargisad miCneuli da nebismieri saWi-
roebis SemTxvevaSi axali rezultatebi da ar-
gumentebi naTlad gadaxedili da gadamowmebuli.
es aris kritikuli racionalizmis pozicia, rac
uTuod imsaxurebs yuradRebas.
islami amqveyniuri cxovrebisTvis iZleva poz-
itiur faseulobaTa sistemas zogadad da SromiT
cxovrebaSi monawileobisTvis gansakuTrebiT. is-
lamuri ekonomikis eTika Tavis SinaarsSi indi-
vidualuri eTikis sferos mimarTulebiT avlens
Tanxvedras dasavlur-qristeanul warmodgenebT-
an[3.gv.349]. sakuTari saqmianoba (e.i. fizikuri da
gonebrivi Sroma) aris mniSvnelovani safuZveli
materialuri qonebisa da simdidris legitimuri
SeZenisTvis. arc individualuri adamianuri un-
arebi da arc bunebrivi resursebi gamouyeneblad,
usargeblod ar unda imyofebodes da resursebis
uyairaTod gaflangva an maTdami zerele damok-
idebuleba ar unda xdebodes. kanonierad SeZeni-
li simdidriT adgili ar unda hqondes sakuTar
amqveyniur saWiroebaTa maqsimalur dakmayofile-
205
bas: fufunebis sagnebis moxmareba aris akrZaluli,
islami mouwodebs zomierebisken da (arsebuli)
Warbi sazogadoebrivi moxmareba miiCneva (kanon-
zomierad da) damsaxurebulad. Raribebs gaaCniaT
yuranSi dasabuTebuli da institucionalurad
uzrunvelyofili ufleba sazogadoebis mxridan
solidaruli daxmarebis miRebis Taobaze. rad-
gan alahma am qveynis sikeTe yvela adamians uboZa
gansakargavad, Semosavlebisa da qonebis uTanabro
gadanawileba ar unda gaxdes Zalian didi, sxva
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos marTebs Careva da Ses-
worebebis Setana masSi.
adamians, rogorc RmerTis warmomadgenels
dedamiwaze, RvTis mier qmnilis mxolod sarge-
blobis ufleba gaaaCnia. man ar unda gaanad-
guros is, mudam unda iyos sakuTar qmedebebze
pasuximgebeli da iTvaliswinebdes momaval Tao-
baTa samarTlian moTxovnebs, rac araganaxlebadi
resursebis (wiaRiseulis, aseve wylis) mofrTx-
ilebasa da garemos dacvaze zrunvas gulisxmobs.
islamuri samarTali aRiarebs kerZo sakuTrebis
uflebas warmoebis saSualebebze. nacionalizacia
da saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis marTava dasaSve-
bia mxolod gamonaklis situaciebSi. warmoebis
faqtorebi, miwa da kapitali mxolod SromiT xdeba
produqtiuli, amitom Semosavlebis miReba mxolod
maTi flobiT ar unda xdebodes. dafinansebis, sai-
jaro Tu sxva saxis xelSekrulebebi, mwarmoebel
faqtorTa gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli Semosav-
lebi da riskebi, romlebic monawileebis irgv-
liv erTiandeba, unda akmayofilebdnen garkveul
samarTlianobis kriteriumebs. ikrZaleba imgvar
saqmianobaTa(praqtikebi) da moqmedebaTa formebi,
romlebic asocialur da sxva damazianebel, sa-
frTxis Semcvel Sedegebs ukavSirdeba. saidanac
206
sxvaTa Soris gamomdinareobs, rom bazrebze unda
batonobdes konkurencia da monopolizaciebi ki
unda iqnas paralizebuli. garda amisa, yvela saxis
transaqcia aris akrZaluli, romlebic ukavSird-
eba erTi mxaris mogebas da meore mxaris wagebas.
aseTi SeiZleba iyos azartuli TamaSebi, latarea,
spekulaciuri garigebebi da sxv.
sakiTxavia, gansazRvraven Tu ara islamuri
ekonomikis eTikis principebi muslimTa faqto-
briv qcevebs, da Tu gansazRvraven maSin ramdenad,
radgan axlo aRmosavleTis islamur saxelmwifo-
Ta ekonomikuri CamorCenilobaTa ganmapirobebel
faqtorebad SeiZleba dasaxeldes mag., investicieb-
isadmi mtrulad ganwyobili ijarasTan dakavS-
irebuli sagadasaxado sistema osmanuri imperi-
is gviandel fazaSi da evropuli kolonialuri
droidan moyolebuli rentasTan dakavSirebuli
kapitalisturi struqturebis kvlav (Semdgomi)
arseboba. islamuri religiis mxridan ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorTa Soris
rasakvirvelia aseve unda aRiniSnos procentis
akrZalva, rasac misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,
vfiqrobT, rom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
daeTmos.
procentis akrZalvis magaliTi vargisia erTi
mxriv meTodur da konceptualur problemaTa
demonstrirebisTvis, romlebic dRes <<islamuri
gadawyvetilebebis>> definiciasTan dganan kom-
pleqsurad da globalurad gadajWvul msof-
lioSi. meore mxriv, bolo wlebSi aSkara gaxda
globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesis kvaldakval
dasavleTis intensiuri gavlenebi ekonomikur qve-
sistemebsa Tu cxovrebis sferoebze, romlebSic
islamuri sistemis mxardamWerTa azriT, islamur
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT unda moxdes qcevis for-
207
maTa da instituciaTa gansakuTrebuli zomiT
legitimacia, Tumca risi realizebac yovelTvis
rTuli da safuZvliani kontroversebis sagans
warmoadgens.
yurani morwmuneTaTvis krZalavda
mevaxSeobas(riba)[4]. uprocento finansuri sis-
temis mxardamWerTaTvis am cnebiT nagulisxmevia
ara mxolod qristes aqeT me-7-e saukunis arabeTSi
gavrcelebuli mevaxSeobis praqtika, aramed nebi-
smieri procenti arsebuli sasesxo SeTanxmebasa
Tu xelSekrulebasTan. ribas akrZalvis mkacri
interpretaciis mxardamWerebic ki ver uaryofen
kapitalis potenciur produqtiulobas. Tumca
isini mianiSneben winaswarmetyvelis dros vaWarTa
Soris arsebuli didi erToblivi proeqtebis
dafinansebis Cveulebriv tipze, rac dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc sa-
kuTari kapitalis droebiTi, Sesabamisad proeqt-
Tan dakavSirebuli asigneba mogebis an wagebis
winaswarSeTanxmebuli wiliT. islamuri finan-
suri sistemis mxardamWerebi masSi xedaven pro-
centis momtani fuladi sesxebis WeSmaritad uSu-
alo da aRmatebul alternativas, da maT surT,
rom aqcionerul(sapaio) principze damyarebuli
amgvar kapitaldabandebaTa teqnika SeZlebisdag-
varad yvela finansur transaqciaTa safuZvlad
aqcion. sxvaTa Soris, amis gasamarTleblad miniS-
nebas akeTeben maszed, rom aqcioneruli(sapaio)
dafinasebis dros riskebi da Sansebi samarTli-
anad unda gadanawildes investorTa da same-
warmeo saqmianobiT dakavebul partniorebs Soris:
moqmedi mewarme Tavisufldeba, radgan investori
zaralis riskebs masTan erTad swevs, maSin rode-
sac, procentuli sesxis dros investori araviTar
risks ar swevs da zaralis anazRaureba mxolod
208
da mxolod mewarmis mier unda iqnas nakisri.
Tumca muslimi ekonomistebis mier propagan-
direbuli ideali, mxolod mogeba-zaralis Tana-
monawileobaze damyarebuli finansuri sistemis
Sesaxeb, mniSvnelovani eTikuri da funqcionaluri
problemebiT aris damZimebuli. ase magaliTad,
mcire meanabreni romlebic bankebSi Semnaxvel
angariSebze(depozitebze) awarmoeben fulad Sena-
tanebs, maT bankebi vaWarTa msgavsad moepyrobian:
ramdenadac isini ndobas ucxadeben bankebs, isini
maTTan erTad iyofen rogorc bankebis mogebas, ise
wagebas. maTi anabrebis substancia samarTlebri-
vad ar aris garantirebuli. Tumca, vaWarTagan
gansxvavebiT mcire meanabreebs praqtikulad ar-
aviTari SesaZlebloba aqvT kontroli ganaxor-
cielon bankebis mier maTi fulis gamoyenebasTan
mimarTebiT, rac bunebrivia, rom eWvis gaCenis mniS-
vnelovani sababi SeiZleba gaxdes riskebisa da
Sansebis ganawilebis patiosnebasTan dakavSire-
biT.
islamuri sabanko saqmis Teoretikosebi xangr-
Zlivi drois ganmavlobaSi uaryofdnen, rom maT
mier propagandirebuli mogeba-zaralis Tana-
monawileobis bazisze dafuZnebuli dafinanseb-
is gverdiT, aseve islamuri samarTlis mixedviT
dasaSvebi dafinansebis (sxva) formebi SeiZleba
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, romlebsac ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis msgavsi Sedegebi gaaCni-
aT, rogorc Cvens mier ukve naxseneb procentul
sesxebs: Tumca dauSvebelia, rom banki kompaniaze
gascemdes procentul fulad sesxebs, romliTac
es ukanaskneli SeiZenda manqana-danadgarebsa Tu
mza nawarms maT mier gamosaSvebi produqciis kom-
leqtaciisTvis, magram samarTlebrivad ar aris
sakamaTo, Tu banki kompanias gauyidis am manqana-
209
danadgarebsa da mza nawarms; garda amisa, mogviane-
biT kompaniisgan bankSi gadasaxdeli fasi, bankis
mier gacemuli jamur Rirebulebaze metia. ekono-
mikurad fasTa sxvaoba Seesabameba moziduli ka-
pitalis Semosavlidan miRebul procents, magram
samarTlebrivad ar arsebobs aranairi sasesxo
xelSekruleba da banki iRebs ara akrZalul pro-
cents, aramed aRwevs dasaSveb mogebas savaWro
firmidan. dafinansebis es teqnika myari fuladi
namatiT, islamur bankebSi Zalzed farTod aris
gavrcelebuli.
marTalia islamuri sabanko saqmis[5] Teor-
etikosebi akritikeben arsebul bankebs savaWro
firmebis dafinansebiTi praqtikis gamo, radgan
isini amiT aSkarad uxveven idealisken mimava-
li gzidan. magram maT ar SeuZliaT aCvenon, am
gavrcelebuli praqtikis dauSvebloba, maT mier
calsaxa upiratesobis gamovlenisa Tu sayovel-
Taod, pirvelxarisxovnad aRiarebuli normatiuli
orientirebis darRvevis mizeziT. Tumca, rodesac
mimdinare sabanko praqtika garkveuli perspeqtive-
bidan arasasurvelia, magram ara dauSvebeli, Sei-
Zleba vivaraudoT, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
is mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebs: TiTqmis yvela
islamurma bankma unda SeinarCunos da daamtki-
cos safinanso sistemaSi sasesxo procentze
bazirebul da konvencionalur bankebze Tavisi
upiratesoba. sxvaTa Soris, islamur bankebs Seu-
ZliaT Seamciron saSemosavlo riskebi, dazogon
sakontrolo(sazedamxedvelo) xarjebi da marti-
vad gadaWran depozitebisa(fuladi Senatanebi) da
dafinansebebis drosTan dakavSirebuli kongru-
enciis problemebi. rodesac es asea da amasTan,
rodesac mewarmeTa ara umniSvnelo nawils ain-
teresebs mogeba, vidre moraluri principebis pa-
210
tiviscema, kumulacia swored rom Zalzed cud
riskebs warmoadgens bankebTan, romlebic mogebisa
da zaralis Tanamonawileobis principis ufar-
Toes gamoyenebaze zrunaven; ar aris gamoricxu-
li: kompaniebi sarisko proeqtebiT mzad iyvnen am
proeqtebis Tanmxlebi riskebi gaunawilon bankebs,
maSin rodesac firmebi gansakuTrebuli mogebis
miRebis molodinebiT arCeven dafinansebisTvis
Cveulebriv myari(fiqsirebuli) Tanxa gadaixadon
da damatebiTi mogeba TavisTvis daitovon. es Sesa-
Zloa mivides iqamde, rom grZelvadian perspeqti-
vaSi moralurad mosawoni qcevebi bankebisTvis ar
iyos Rirebuli da moralur aqtiorebs mouwioT
ekonomikuri negativis miReba da masTan Segueba.
eTika da samarTali msgavs sistemaSi Cans aSkarad
ar aris kompatibluri(Tanaarsebadi). rogorc Cans,
mogeba-zaralis Tanamonawileobis modelis mxar-
damWerebi translireben koncepts, romelic ekono-
mikuri aqtiorebis mkveTrad gamokveTili social-
uri kontroliT misaRebia mcire jgufebisTvis,
xolo miuRebeli da arasaimedo didi jgufebi-
sTvis, romlebSic moqmedebebi anonimuri bazrebis
Sesaxeb koordinirdeba.
(Tana)monawileobasa Tu gazrdil dafinanse-
baze dafuZnebuli sabanko sistemis teqnikur-kon-
cefcionaluri mTavari problema mdgomareobs
masSi, rom orive xelSekrulebis tipi uSualod
ar gamodgeba bankebs Soris arsebul saldoTa da-
sabalanseblad: konvencionalur(tradicionalur)
sistemaSi bankebs SeuZliaT sakuTar gankargule-
bebSi myofi saSualebebis, romelTaTvisac mokle
droisTvis(axlo momavalSi) aranairi mimzidveli
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT, - xelsayre-
li, rentabeluri proeqtebis mqone bankebisTvis
gadacema: da piriqiT, bankebs SeuZliaT mokleva-
211
dian likvidobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleni
sxva bankebis kreditebiT daZlion. bankebs So-
ris arsebuli moklevadiani likvidobis trans-
ferebis mimarTuleba da moculoba procentiT
regulirdeba. muslimi ekonomistebi da sabanko
saqmis praqtikosebi transaqciaTa am saxeobis
mniSvnelobas islamuri finansuri sistemis efeq-
tianobisTvis mTlianad, da calkeuli finansuri
instituciis rentabelobisTvis, didi drois gan-
mavlobaSi arasaTanadod afasebdnen. TandaTano-
biT es Seicvala, rodesac mas islamuri bankebis
mxridan adgili hqonda rogorc procentiT de-
terminirebul ekonomikebSi(mag., egvipte, iordania,
bahreini, TurqeTi, malaizia), aseve islamizire-
bul sistemebSi(gansakuTrebiT pakistani da ira-
ni), raSic Teoriul diskusiebTan erTad pirvel
rigSi praqtikul gamocdilebaTa damsaxurebaa.
rogorc Cans Zalzed Zneli aRmoCnda moklevadi-
ani likvidobis menejmentis instrumentTan, Sesa-
bamisad uprocento fulis bazarTan dakavSire-
biT bankis praqtikosebis survilTa asruleba.
radgan es bankTaSoris likvidobis moklevadian
transmisias Seexeba, erTi mxriv gamoricxavs dafi-
nasebis teqnikaTa pirdapir gamoyenebas, romlebic
realuri aqtivis (farTo moxmarebis saqonlis/sa-
gnebisa da warmoebis saSualebaTa) Sesaxeb savaW-
ro da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebs emyareba. meore
mxriv likvidobis moTxovnadi bankis mogebaSi (Tu
zaralSi) monawileoba aseve ar aris damajerebe-
li gadawyvetileba, radgan is jer pirvelad mniS-
vnelovani droiTi CamorCenebiT ganisazRvreba da
moklevadiani likvidobis transmisiis efeqturi
fasi mxolod Semdeg SeiZleba iqnas dadgenili.
praqtika daiwyo imis sapasuxod, rom ganeviTare-
binaT relatiurad rTuli finansuri struqturebi
212
(fondebiT, e.i. saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebiTa da
savaWaro serTifikatebiT), raTa <<islamuri>> baz-
ris procentis akrZalvis formaluri, Sesabamisad
samarTlebrivi dacviT SeeqmnaT moklevadiani fa-
siani likvidobis daTmobebi bankebs Soris, rac
funqcionalur fulad bazrebze procentis baziss
unda Seesabamebodes, anu unda iyos misi ekvivalenti.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs is, rom wlebis win sakmao
moculobiT konvencionaluri arabuli da dasav-
luri bankebi monawileobdnen uprocento fuladi
bazrebis konstruqciis ganviTarebaSi, romleb-
sac am saqmianobiT (maT Soris uprocento ganyo-
filebebis anu islamuri Svilobilebis dafuZne-
biT) da sazogadod sakuTari myofobiT bazrebze,
surdaT islamuri qveynebis gaZliereba da mzar-
dad progresirebad e.w. Submarket-ze(gansazRvruli
produqciis jgufisa da momsaxurebis saxeobis
bazari) monawileobis miRebineba. konvecionaluri
bankebisTvis islamis (relatiuri) mniSvneloba
maTi globalizaciis strategiebis farglebSi
mdgomareobs masSi, rom riba-akrZalva gansazRvravs
aSkara lukretivul(momgebian;xelsayrel) bazris
segments. piriqiT, isini konfrontireben(xels uS-
lian) islamur bankebs globaluri konkurenci-
iT da awarmoeben efeqtur wnexs uprocentod mo-
muSave safinanso instituciebis mimarT. islamur
bankebs ar SeuZliaT am wnexis acileba, ramdena-
dac maT marTebT imis gaTvaliswineba, rom mus-
limur qveynebSi Znelad arsebobs mudam <<seku-
larulze>> orientirebul xelisuflebaTagan
sanqcirebuli privilegiebi da proteqciebi. ami-
tom, islamuri bankebis umetesoba mihyveba kooper-
aciisa da akomodaciis strategiebs, raTa isinic
aseve dabrundnen (sakuTar Tu sxa bankebisgan Se-
moTavazebul) fuladi bazris konstruqciaSi ma-
213
Tive likvidobis menejmentisTvis.
islamuri ekonomikis sistemur-konstituirebad
sferoSi adgili aqvs konvencionaluri da islam-
uri bankebis instrumentTa Soris momaval ekonomi-
kur daaxloebas; gansxvavebebi jer kidev arsebobs
retorikaSi, Sesabamisad klienturasTan damokide-
bulebasa da nawilobriv, formalurad uprocento
safondo da saserTifikato modelebis rTul
samarTlebriv konstruqciebSi. ase mowyobil da
momarTul islamur sabanko sistemebs, - gansa-
kuTrebiT spekulaciuri transaqciebis miuxeda-
vad, - SeuZliaT praqtikulad msgavsi sawarmoebis
erTnairi komerciuli pirobebiT dafinanseba da
teqnikuri efeqtianobis asamaRleblad, konven-
cionaluri sistemis msgavsad, isini ekonomokuri
ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT metad aRarc xelSem-
wyobi da arc xelSemSleli faqtoris rols iTa-
maSeben. amdenad, Tu islami ekonomikur institu-
ciaTa sferoSi <<samarTlebriv wvrilmanebamde>>
reducirdeba, is ar iTamaSebs substanciur rols
globalizaciis procesSi. msgavsi tendencia savs-
ebiT imsaxurebs dakvirvebas, romelic aseve mus-
limi iuristebis mxridan aris garantirebuli
da fuladi bazrebis konstruqciis Sesabamisi
analogiisTvis - koncipirebuli.
Tumca es ganviTareba mravalricxovani muslimi
ekonomistebisa da ideologebis kritikis sagans
warmoadgens, romlebic pirvel rigSi distribuci-
uli wesebis mixedviT islamis SezRudvebs <<baz-
ris wminda efeqtianobis>> winaaRmdeg, miiCneven
kanonierad da ekonomikuri gavlenis struqtureb-
sa da ganawilebis urTierToebebs gvaxseneben.
isini miuTiTeben maszed, rom ara mxolod isla-
muri samyaros qveynebs Soris arsebobs keTil-
dReobis mkveTri gansxvaveba, aramed aseve umetes
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qveynebSi. isini ekonomikis Semdgom ganviTarebas
xedaven islamuri qveynebis saerTo resursebis op-
timalur realizaciaSi Sida moxmarebisTvis (e.i.
regionalizacia globalizaciis nacvlad). maTi
survilia specialurad islamuri sabanko sis-
temis imgvarad mowyoba, rom is arsebuli elitis
miRma xels uwyobdes moqmed mewarmeebsa da loka-
luri ekonomikebis ganviTarebis uwyvet process.
amgvari pozicia SeiZleba <<islamis suliTac>>
ki iqnas gamarTlebuli da aseve kompatibeluria
ekonomikur-eTikuri principebiT. es ar aris pirve-
ladi wyaroebis erTaderTi SesaZlo interpreta-
cia. pirveladi(damwyebi) kontroversebis dasasru-
lis prognozireba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan
analogiis tradiciuli meTodi islamuri samarT-
lis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis Tavis zRvars aR-
wevs. Tanamedrove racionaluri argumentebisken
mZlavri Semobruneba, Sesabamisad istoriuli
magaliTebisgan mkveTri gamijvna-gaTavisufleba
warmoadgens gardauval Seuqcevad process, rasac
ukve Tavad tradicionaluri saxelisuflo Tu sxva
gavleniani struqturebic aRar ayeneben eWvqveS.
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli mimarTuleba hpovebs
warmatebas da miaRwevs aRiarebas, mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs islamis (relatiur) mniSvnelobas
da mis gansxvavebulobas ekonomikis globali-
zaciisTvis. mas (islams) SeuZlia dasavluri baz-
ris racionalitetis gzis mosaZebnad/mosamzade-
blad gadadgas Semdgomi qmediTi nabijebi, an
gamoiwvios politikuri kontr-moZraoba, romelic
anti-dasavlur procesebSi trnansformirdeba. ra-
sakvirvelia, ukanaskneli aris ufro politikur
ZalTa balansis, vidre sxva ZiriTad faseulobaTa
gamoxatuleba.
im pirobebSi, rodesac mravalsaukunovani me-
215
Todologiis SenarCuneba iZleva instrumentebis
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, romelic aseve is-
lamur safinanso instituciebs, Sesabamisad safi-
nanso sistemebs rTavs globalizaciis procesSi
monawileobis nebas, islamur wyaroTa <<Tanamed-
rove>> interpretatorebi, romlebic jiutad dga-
nan mogeba-zaralis monawileobis konceptebze, Se-
Zlebisdagvarad abrkoleben islamur ekonomikaTa
modernizirebis procesebs, da es xdeba swored
maSin, roca maTi modelebi avlens funqcionalur
deficits da awarmoebs arastabilurobas. amis
Taobaze SesaZlebeli iqneboda racionaluri dis-
putebis gamarTva, raSic monawileobas aseve mi-
iRebdnen dasavleli mecnierebi da riTac sakuTar
wvlils Seitandnen Tanamedrove mecnierebebis in-
teleqtualur globalizaciaSi.
literatura
1. A. Ahmad, K. R. Awan (Editor), Lectures on Islamic Economics, Jeddah., 1992.
2. M. A. Haneef, Contempory Islamic Economic Thought, Petaling Jaya, 1995.
3. A. Ghanie Ghaussy, Die islamische Wirtschaftsethik und Wirtschaftslehre, Jahrbuch für Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. 34, H. 3, Lucius and LuciusVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, 1983.
4. Das Zinsverbot ‘Riba’ im Islamic Banking – Islamic Banking Blog., islamicbankingblog.de/das-zinsverbot-riba-im-islamic-banking/.
5. S. Al-Harran, Leading Issues in Islamic Banking and Fi-nance, Petaling Jaya., 1995.
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b o l o T q m a
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis msoflio bazre-bze aRmocendeba maRali konkurenciuli wnexi. globalurad qceul kapitalizmis pirobebSi, kom-paniis kompaniasTan konkurenciis nacvlad, meto-qeoba mimdinareobs sxvadasxva nacionalur ekono-mikebs Soris. es niSnavs rogorc sistemaTa gare, ise calkeuli kompaniis SigniT mimdinare urTierTo-bebs: winaaRmdegobebi interesTa Soris mZafrdeba da ekonomikurad Zlierebsa da sustebs Soris ar-sebuli CamorCena izrdeba. aCqarebuli globali-zaciis pirobebSi yvela ekonomikuri aqtiori aR-moCnda mkacri wnexis qveS, an morgeboda msoflio bazrebis racionalitets, an mieRo mzardad margin-aluri bazris pozicia. globalizacia Tavazobs Sansebs codnis safuZvlebis(Know-haw) universal-izaciisTvis, rac aqamde didwilad mxolod mowi-nave, Tumca xSirad institucionalurad sklero-zul dasavlur industriul sazogadoebebSi iyo SemorCenili, da rac biznes-urTierTobebisTvis iZleva gadaadgilebis meti Tavisuflebis Sesa-Zleblobas. rodesac aziuri <<vefxvi>>-sazog-adoebebi, rogoricaa honkongi, taivani, singapuri da malaizia, aseve laTinuri amerikis axali in-dustriuli qveynebi ukve sakmao xania rac mim-wodeblebis saxiT Cndebian msoflio bazrebze da maTi xarjebis upiratesobis safuZvelze dasav-leTis klasikur industriul sazogadoebebTan mimarTebiT, uwinaresad ki mZime mrewvelobaSi floben garkveul preferenciebs, swored es aris Sansebis egalizaciisken gadadgmuli pirveli na-biji samarTlian msoflio ekonomikur wesrigSi, romelic gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wle-bidan dawyebuli, didi eklesiebisa da sxva reli-giuri sazogadoebebis mier warmoebul social-
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ur-eTikur debatebSi yovelTvis aqtualur da moTxovnad sakiTxs warmoadgens.
globalizacia xels uwyobs xelovnurad, pro-teqcionisturi kanonmdeblobiT gamowveuli saqonelgacvlisa da kapitalis moZraobis SezRud-vaTa demontaJs, elitur komunikaciaTa denacion-alizacias da tradiciulad, TnamedroveobasTan Tavsebadi kompetenciebis SeZenis SesaZleblobebs moklebuli socialuri jgufebisTvis iZleva kvalifikaciis miRebis mravalgvar saSualebas. is axal aqtiorebs, mag., teqnikur inteligencias mesame samyarosa da axal industriul qveynebSi uxsnis bazrebTan wvdomis karebs, romelic Zveli industriuli sazogadoebebisa da proteqcional-isturi barierebis wyalobiT maTTvis aqamde daxu-ruli iyo. magram, is aseve gamoricxavs konkuren-ciis uunaro mimwodeblebis Semdgom warmatebul monawileobas bazrebze. is moqmedebs bazris Ti-Toeuli xdomilebis msgavsad, saqonlisa da momsax-urebis zogierTi mimwodeblisTvis inkluziurad, sxvebisTvis - eqskluziurad. sabazro ekono-mikis logika efuZneba mas, rom axali sakomunika-cio teqnologiebiT mzardi mobiluri kapitali cdilobs ipovos iafi warmoebis faqtorebi. ami-tom, globalizacia bevr Zvel industriul sazog-adoebaSi iwvevs samuSao adgilebis ganadgurebas, radgan isini relatiurad maRali sagadasaxado qvotebiTa da xarjebiT socialuri saxelmwifos transferisTvis sakmaod Zviria gamxdari, da aqam-de relatiurad marginalur sazogadoebebSi xels uwyobs axali saSualo fenis mniSvnelovan sam-uSao adgilTa Seqmnasa da gaZlierebas. globali-zacia am sazogadoebebSi aseve xels uwyobs gaum-jobesebuli sajaro infrastruqturaTa Seqmnas, mag., transportisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi, da wvlili Seaqvs saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-
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bebis gafarToebisa da ganaTlebis standartis am-aRlebis saqmeSi. amasTan iTvleba: erTis mogeba yovelTvis meoris wagebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. globalizacia ar aris amdenad <<usamarTlo>>, radgan axal aqtiorebs bazrebis gaxsnilobis xarisxis mixedviT gaaCniaT axali Sansebi. ma-gram, bazrebis globaluri konkurenciisa da ka-pitalizmis formebs Soris metoqeobis pirobebSi Zvel aqtiorebs mxolod maSin SeeZlebaT darCnen konkurentunarianebad, Tu maT axal konkurenci-ul pirobebTan da Sinagan ganaxlebebTan uwyveti Seguebis unari eqnebaT. gansakuTrebiT saerTo keTildReobaze orientirebuli tipis kapitalis-tur-industriul sazogadoebebs globalizaciis procesebi aiZulebs maTi socialur-saxelmwifoe-briv instituciaTa struqturis yovlismomcveli reformebis gatarebas. es procesebi axdens Sromis bazris axal dramatul dezorganizacias da ga-naTlebul, funqciur, moqmed elitasa da im jgufebs Soris socialur daZabulobaTa radikalur gamw-vavebas, romlebsac mwiri ganaTlebis gamo metad aRar gaaCniaT wvdoma globalurad qceul Sromis bazrebTan. amitom, politikurad memarcxene orien-taciis mqone globalizaciis procesis kritiko-sebi germaniaSi saubroben e.w. damdeg << Fünftel-Gesellschaft>>-is Sesaxeb, romelSic namemkvidrali socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi ZiriTadi konsensusi aris miviwyebuli. isini germanuli <<socialuri sabazro ekonomikis>> tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT SeniSnaven: <<globalizaciis reformatoruli simptomia respublikis dauwereli sazoadoebrivi xelSekruleba, romelic zemodan qvemoT gadan-awilebis gziT icavs socialuri uTanasworobis sazRvrebs>>[1,gv.16].
aseve, neoliberaluri ekonomikis Zalzed gav-leniani inteleqtuali kritikosi safrangeTSi
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pier bordie <<globalizaciis miTosis>> Sede-gebs evropuli socialuri saxelmwifosTvis mi-iCnevs damRupvelad. misi azriT <<is welfare state-is monapovris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi metoqis iaraRia>>[2,gv.43]. krizisis sxva analitikosebi, romlebic <<wminda kapitalizmisTvis>> damaxasi-aTebel socialuri saxelmwifos konceptebze amax-vileben yuradRebas, miuTiTeben imis sapirispirod, rom ara globalizaciis procesebiT nawarmoebi gare wnexi axdens raime gavlenas masze, aramed pirvel rigSi Sida sazogadoebrivi cvlileba-Ta procesebi da gansakuTrebiT, swrafad mzardi struqturuli umuSevroba iwvevs memkvidreobiT miRebuli socialuri saxelmwifo instituciebis erozias. <<globalizacia arasaimedo SromiTi urTierTobisTvis ki ar aris pasuxismgebeli, ara-med piriqiT: Cveni sakuTari midrekileba Sromis samyaros Secvlisaken, globalizacias srulad ux-snis saWiro sivrces da imisTvis agebs is pasuxs, rom Tavi Seircxvina>>[3,gv.15]. igive analitiko-sebi aseve miuTiTeben maszec, rom gamZafrebuli msoflio konkurencia, nacionalur-saxelmwifoe-brivad organizebul saxalxo meurneobebs, Sesa-bamisad kapitalizmis gansxvavebul tipebs Soris iwvevs aqamde ucnob socialur daZabulobasa da ganxeTqilebebs.
globalizaciis procesebi aiZulebs Zvel in-dustriul sazogadoebebs arsebiTi cvlile-bebisken da memkvidreobiT miRebul instituci-ur struqturaTa farTo reformebisaken. isini droTa ganmavlobaSi gardaiqmnebian informaciis, ganaTlebisa da codnis sazogadoebebad, sadac socialuri Sansebi da Semosavlebi mkeTrad difer-encirebuli profesiuli kompetenciebiT ganisaz-Rvreba. aseT sazogadoebebSi individs moeTxoveba ukiduresad maRali fleqsibeloba. moTxovnaTa
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profilebis, maRal mobilobaTa mzaobis, life long learning-is unarianobisa da mmarTvelobiTi da sa-warmoo struqturebis Rrma gardaqmnis swrafi, ma-gram gangrZobadi cvlilebebi iTxovs <<fleqsibe-luri adamianis>>[4] axal tips, romelic rogorc <<TviTmewarme>>, nawilobriv Zveli kapitalistu-ri mewarmis Tvisebebs, nawilobriv ki permanentu-li sarevizio mzadyofnis msgavs axal Rirsebebs saWiroebs. amave dros, OECD-is codnis sazogadoe-bebSi bevri adamiani kvlav socialur aqtivobaTa miRma aRmoCnda, radgan isini moklebulni arian sazogadoebrivi aRmasvlisTvis aucilebel ga-naTlebis kompeteneciebs, xolo Zveli warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoTa martivi samuSaoebi, globaluri out-sourcing-Si iafi muSaxelis qveyneb-Si eqsportirdeba, maSinac ki, Tu am codnis sazog-adoebebSi marginalizebuli jgufebi SedarebiT dabal anazRaurebasa da Sesabamisad bevrad ufro dabal socialur standarts iReben. eklesiebisT-vis da sxva religiuri sazogadoebebisTvis es sa-zogadoebebi warmoadgens did gamowvevebs. Tuki isini, qristeanuli Zmobis eTosis azriTa da maTi socialur-eTikuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad Zli-eris sustTan mimarTebaSi kvlav aRiareben soli-darobis valdebulebebs da surT socialur-sax-elmwifoebrivi ZiriTadi ideebis wminda modelis dacva, maSin maT aucileblad unda miiRon axali instituciuri wesrigis ZiebaSi monawileoba, sa-dac Zveli socialuri saxelmwifos msgavsad erTi mxriv, bazari Zalzed mcired regulirdeba da iz-Rudeba (mxolod ase SeiZlia wminda kapitalizmi globalurad kvlav konkurentunariani gaxdes Tu darCes) da meore mxriv, realurad marginalize-bul jgufebs SesTavazon dacva da mxardaWera. amasTan, eklesiebs uwindelze metad da Zlier mar-TebT koncentrirdnen amocanaze, romelic sazoga-
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doebis memkvidreobiT miRebuli <<socialuri kap-italis>> mofrTxilebasa da zrdaSi mdgomareobs. sazogadoebis <<socialuri kapitalis>> irgvliv warmoebul axal debatebSi kvlav da kvlav esmeba xazi mas, rom sazogadoeba Tu socialuri jgufi mxolod maSin rCeba swavlis unariani da SeuZlia reformebis procesTa organizeba da politikuri mowyoba, rodesac am sazogadoebisa Tu socialur jgufTa wevrebs gaaCniaT elementaruli ndoba interaqciaSi myof partniorTa mimarT da aseve SeuZliaT maTi ndobis mopovebac. religiuri enebi, romlebic cxovrebis ZiriTad struqturaTa el-ementarul saimedobas warmoadgenen simbolurad, asaxaven amgvari ndobis formirebis mniSvnelovan, savaldebulo mediums.
diskusia ekonomikuri globalizaciisa da religiuri cvlilebebis procesTa Soris urTi-erTdamokidebulebisa da konfliqtis Taobaze ukanasknel wlebSi pirvel rigSi koncentrir-da sakiTxze, Tu aziuri crony capitalism-is swrafad miRweul did warmatebas ramdenad Seuwyo xeli konfucianizmiT aRbeWdilma ekonomikurma eTikam. Teoretikosebma konfucianur tradiciebSi dain-axes efeqtianobis uzrunvelmyofeli <<spirit of chi-nese capitalism >>[5] ( Sdr. Redding 1990) da amasTan mimarTebiT frensis fukoiama mianiSnebda konfu-cianizmiT aRbeWdili CineTis socialuri kapi-talis, rogorc swrafi kapitalisturi revolu-ciisTvis gadamwyvet pirobaze CineTis samxreT metropoliebSi. <<qveynis socialuri kapitaliT ,,aRWurva“ gadamwyveti iqneboda misive ekonomi-kuri struqturisTvis da aseve, qveynis mdgomare-obisTvis msoflio kapitalisturi Sromis ganawilebaSi. socialuri kapitali efuZneba ara-racionalur Cveulebebs da saTaves iRebs iseTi ,,iracionaluri“ fenomenebidan, rogoric aris sx-
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vadasxva religia da tradiciuli eTika. rogorc Cans, es warmoadgens saWiro winapirobas Tanamed-rove ekonomikuri da politikuri instituciebis funqcionirebisTvis>>[6,gv.381]. maSin, sakiTxi re-ligiurad dasabuTebuli <<Cinuri kapitalizmis sulis>> Taobaze SeiZleba dazustebul iqnas ro-gorc sakiTxi konfucianizmis specifikuri Sanseb-is Sesaxeb, rac gulisxmobs ekonomikur aqtiorTa Soris ndobis Seqmnasa Tu mxardaWeras elementa-ruli kulturuli fundamentis uzrunvelsayofad, romelic yvela interaqciaSi bazrebze yovelTvis unda iqnas navaraudebi/daSvebuli.
es aseve analogiorad iTvleba sxva religiurad axsnadi kulturebiTvisac. ruseTisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva qveynebis SesaZlo kapital-istur take off-Tan mimarTebiT ukanasknel wlebSi intensiuri gaxda Zieba puritanuli, mxolod sa-kuTari profesiiT(saqmiT) dainteresebuli ad-aminis orTodoqsul-qristeanul variantTan da Sesabamisad, kapitalizmTan Tavsebadi ekonomikuri habitusis religiur SemxeblobasTan mimarTebiT. xsnis WeSmaritebis orTodoqsul-qristeanul konceptebSi, Sesabamisad RvTiur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul morwmuneTa realuri monawileobis warmodgenebSi imgvar elementTa povnis imedi, rom-lebic ekonomikurad relevantur wuTisofliur, amqveyniur asketizms uwyobs xels, rasakvirvelia dRemde uimedod rCeba. amasTan, samwuxarod or-Todoqsuli morwmuneobis kulturas TiTqmis ar Seaqvs wvlili elementaruli socialuri ndobis waxaliseba/mxardaWerisa da ,,socialuri kapital-is“ zrdis kuTxiT. sul mcire dasavlur anali-tikosTa warmodgeniT orTodoqsuli qristeanoba asaxavs qristeanul gadmocemaTa formas, romelic ufro arsebulis ekonomikur tradicionalizmsa da kvietistur mimReblobas axalisebs, vidre - in-
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ovaciur mzaobasa da samewarmeo racionalitets.dasasruls, kamaTma islamuri ganmanaTleblo-
bis, islamuri sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri mod-ernizirebisa da gadasavlurobis, iseve rogorc fundamentalisturi reislamisizirebis revolu-ciaTa Sesaxeb aseve moaxdina provocireba sakiTx-isa, - religiuri tradiciebis reformulirebiT xom ar yalibdeba kapitalizmis adekvaturi ekono-mikuri habitusis specifikuri islamuri forma? es debatebi islamis rolze (ufro zustad: is-lamur tradiciaTa gansxvavebul mkafio gamox-atvebze) ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesebSi, gasuli saukunis oTxmociani wlebidan moyole-buli Zalzed diferencirebulad warimarTa, ramac gansxvavebul islamur kulturul sivrceTa So-ris gansxvavebuli analitikuri asaxva hpova erTi mxriv, dasavluri kapitalis SeRwevisa da gavlenis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli fundamental-isturi mobilizaciis moZraobebis dafiqsirebis da meore mxriv, islamur umciresobaTa mniSvnelo-vani nawilis warmatebul kapitalisturi trans-formaciis procesebSi aRmosavleT aziur vefxve-bad wodebul sxvadasxva saxelwifos magaliTze. wina aRmosavleTisa da Crdilo afrikis islam-istur-fundamentalistur saprotesto moZrao-bebTan mimarTebiT mravalma dasavlelma anali-tikosma moaxdina imgvari Tezis formulireba, rom <<islami>> tradiciuli procentis akrZalvis da SariaTTan kavSiris wyalobiT yofiliyo gardau-vali modernizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili da darCeniliyo ekonomikis winakapitalistur tradi-cionalur formebTan dakavSirebuli, - aRmoCnda miuRweveli. mixedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli islamuri fundamentalizmebi, Teologiuri mima-rTulebis rogorc politikur-kulturuli ise modernul-antimodernuli reaqciebi dominanti
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tradiciuli sazogadoebebis kulturul gadasav-lurebasa da kapitalistur transformaciaze Sei-Zleba iqnas gagebuli, isini garedan momavali mod-ernizaciis Sokze upiratesad tramvulad, mkveTri gamijvniT, tradiciuli WeSmaritebis revitalize-biTa da religiuri identurobis reprezentaciebis mkacri formebiT reagireben. es ZiriTadad Seexeba aziuri qveynebis im islamur sazogadoebebs, sa-dac mkafiod sacnobia upiartesad modernizaciis procesiT wagebuli fenis, rogoric aris bazris movaWreTa, wvrili maRaziebisa da saxelosnoebis mflobelTa, Tu urbanul cetrebSi samuSaos Zeb-nis gamo sakuTari sacxovreblis iZulebiT damto-vi da maTgan umetesi, e. w. Slums-Si anu uRaribesTa kvartlebSi sabralod mcxovrebi an araform-alur seqtorSi ukmari Semosavlebis maZiebelTa umZimesi socialuri Sedegebi. magram, bolo drois kulturul-samecniero mimarTulebis islamis kv-levebma dasavleT evropis qveynebis islamur, isve rogorc aRmosavleT aziis gansxvavebul sazoga-doebebTan mimarTebiT uwinaresad aCvena, rom is-lamuri tradiciebis mimdevari axali saSualo fenis garkveuli jgufebi aseve zrunaven imazec, rom dakavdnen aqtualuri Sromis eTikisa da ka-pitalizmis sulis formirebiT. rogorc sfeci-fikuri islamuri sabanko saqmis Sesaxeb warmoe-bul diskusiebSi[7], aseve aziaSi swrafad mzardi axali religiuri moZraobebis Taobaze mimdinare debatebSi[8] da samxreTaziuli <<plural societies>>[9](analitikuri konceftisTvis Sdr. Furnivall 1980:86-96) progresirebadi pluralizebisas TvalsaCino gaxda kapitalizmTan TanxvedraSi myofi islam-uri identurobis axali formebi sazogadoebis ekonomikurad mZlavr, maRalefqtian axal saSualo fenaSi. religia am adamianebs urbanuli cxovre-bis sivrceSi da axal yofiT pirobebSi arsebobis
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mravalgvar riskebTan mimarTebiT sTavazobs fsi-qikur usafrTxoebasa da socialur sayrdens.
religiasa da kapitalistur globalizacias Soris SesaZlo urTierTzemoqmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebul yvela am debatebSi cxadi gaxda: glo-balizaciasTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebebis is kapitalisturi transformacia, romelic am drom-de mxolod kapitalizmis zRvarze iyo gaazrebuli, Tavis mxriv aseve gadamwyvet zemoqmedebas axdens Tavissave religiur sazogadoebebze. moderni-zaciis konfliqtebi umetesad asaxvas poulobs religiuri sazogadoebebis Sinagan diferencire-basa da religiuri cxovrebis samyaroTa plural-izebaSi. maSasadame, tipologiurad danaxuli fun-damentalizmis speqtri erTi mxriv warmoadgens mimarTulebas, romelSic religiuri tradicia yvela dasavluris sapirispirod upirobo iden-turobis gamoxatuleba-mtkicebulobiT da misgan gamijvnis sasargeblod aris reformulirebuli, xolo meore mxriv - imgvar midgomas, sadac ad-gili aqvs religiuri gadmocemebis gardaqmnasa da ganaxlebas, romlebic axal saSualo Tu gabur-Juaziebul jgufebs maT kapitalisturad trans-formirebul cxovrebis samyaroSi sTavazoben cxovrebis warmarTvis Tanabar Sansebs, religiuri cvlilebis sinkretizmebsa da konversiis pro-cesebs. amasTan zogadad iTvleba: religiuri sim-boluri enebi umetesad saocrad maRali xarisxis fleqsibelobiT xasiaTdebian. Zveli konvenciebis miuxedavad maTi wminda teqstebis interpretacieb-Si isini Seicavs gacilebiT met modernizaciis farul potencials, vidre dasavleli inteleqtu-alebis perspeqtivebSi xdeboda maTi aRqma. e. w. ori-entalizmis debatebma niSandoblivad aCvena, rom mravali dasavluri mosazreba islamuri axsnadi kulturebis savaraudo konstitutiuri CamorCenis
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Taobaze, upiratesad mxolod Zveli oqcidenta-luri aRqmis perspqtivaTa refleqss warmoadgens (Osterhammel 1988). maSasadame, fundamentalistur-revoluciuri islamuri sazogadoebis gverdiT, is-lamuri ganmanaTleblobidan iSva missave wiaRidan endogenizirebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi. aRmosavleT aziaSi ekonomikurad warmatebuli is-lamuri jgufebis mentalitetisa da ekonomikuri habitusis mecnierulma Seswavlam aCvena Semdegi: zemoT aRniSnulma jgufebma samociani wlebidan SeZles istoriul mocemulobaSi unikaluri da yvelasagan gamorCeuli, dramatulad sustad ganvi-Tarebuli Rataki sazogadoebebidan[10](Myrdal 1968; deutsche Kurzfassung: Asiatisches Drama, 1973 ) keTildReo-bis mqone relatiurad mdidari saSualo fenis Seqmna, rasac isini upiratesad uarze, asketizmze, simtkicesa da cxovrebis racionalurad warmarT-vaze damyarebul struqturulad puritanuli yofis wess unda umadlodnen. aRmosavleTis azi-ur vefxvebad wodebuli saxelmwifoebis ekono-mikuri saswaulis Sesaxeb momzadebul sakuTar moxsenebaSi 1993 wels msoflio banki Seecada daesabuTebina, rom samocdaaTiani wlebidan wli-uri 7% da oTxmociani wlebidan wliuri 9% sas-waulebrivad qmediT zrdis maRal tempebs pir-vel rigSi ganapirobebda axali saSualo fenebis Sromis maRali motivacia, Tavdadebuli Sroma, intensiuri ganswavla, miznobrivi danazogebi da sxva jgufTa wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, mzadyofna uarze(World Bank 1993)[11]. oTxi wlis Semdeg aziuri ganviTarebis bankis mier es analizi specialurad iqna damowmebuli da miniSneba gakeTebuli reli-giuri tradiciebis maRal Semoqmed Zalaze, msgav-si Sromis eTikis formirebisTvis(Asian Development Bank 1997)[12]. amasTan, am kuTxiT sainteresoa ara mxolod konfucianizmi da islamuri tradicie-
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bi, aramed aseve qristeanobis axali qarizmatuli formaciebi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi, spiritualurad reformirebuli religiuri tradiciebi pirvel rigSi emsaxureboda gaburJuebuli anu saSualo socialuri fenis Zvel qvelobaTa (rogoric aris disciplina, muyaiToba da ganviTareba-aRmasvlaze orientireba) dajildoebas da amave dros - sol-idarobis arsebul qselTa mofrTxilebasa Tu axlis Seqmnas, raTa amiT SesaZlebeli yofili-yo ekonomikur modernizaciasTan dakavSirebuli maRali socialuri xarjebisa da misi Sedege-biT gamowveuli simZimis sul mcire, nawilobriv mainc daZleva. cvlilebebis gasaazreblad, inter-pretaciis maTTvis SeTavazebiT isini kisrulobd-nen erTgvari Suamavlis funqcias da maTi, xSirad Zlier intensiurad praqticirebuli religiuri rwmenebis, zemoT aRniSnul faseulobebTan Sekav-Sirebas. <<aziuri saswauli>>[13] aseve unda umad-lodes memkvidreobiT miRebuli religiis ganax-lebasa da transformacias.
e.w. <<protestantuli budizmic>>[14] sanimuSod reprezentirebs religiuri gadmocemebis spir-itualuri ganaxlebisa da kulturuli sinTezis Sedegad miRebuli imavdroulad samoqalaqo-bur-Juaziuli Sromis eTikis Semdgar ganviTarebas. protestantuli normebis sinkretuli adaptaci-iT aris memkvidreobiT miRebuli wuTisoflsagan gandgomisa da amqveyniuri cxovrebis uarmyofeli budisturi tendenciebi ugulvebelyofili. yove-live zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom TiToeuli socialuri jgufi Zli-erdeba Tavis identobaSi, romelic pirvel rigSi konstruqciulad reagirebs kapitalistur bazris racionalitetTan Seguebis gare zewolebze da cdilobs axal bazrebze damkvidrebas.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis <<socialuri ka-
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pitalis>> Sesaxeb mimdinare amerikul debateb-Si[15] mravaljer iqna miTiTebuli maszed, rom religia gadamwyveti mediumia adamianTa Soris saimedoobisa da ndobis struqturaTa Sesaqmne-lad. ndoba aZlierebs adamianebis samoqalaqo engaJements(valdebuleba/aqtivoba), xels uwyobs socialuri qselis Seqmnas da saSualebas aZlevT maT ganaxorcielon sazogadoebrivi winsvlis aqtiuri TviT-menejmenti, ris sailustraciod yovelTvis saxeldeboda da saxeldeba iaponiis ekonomikuri warmatebisa da aRmosavleT aziis vefxvebad wodebuli saxelmwifoTa eqstremalu-rad swrafi kapitalisturi e.w. take off brwyinva-le magaliTebi. religiuri tradiciebi da gansa-kuTrebiT konfucianizmi, maTi xsnis sikeTeTa da <<network kapitalism>>-is kulturuli faseulobebis safuZvelze Zlier xels uwyobda maRali sabazro dinamikis arsebobas, rac mWidrod iyo dakavSire-buli modernizaciis Tanamdevi krizisebis gamanei-tralebel, Tumca erTgvarad SezRudul socialur, ganskuTrebiT ki ojaxur struqturebTan. sinamd-vileSi konfucianuri faseulobebi SesaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda imisTvis, rom patriarqaluri ojax-uri klanebisgan Semdgar kapitalistur kompaniebs efunqcioniraT Seuferxeblad da amave dros kom-paniebSi warmoebuliyo TanamSromlebis Zalzed maRali loialurobis xarisxi. risi gamoZaxilic iyo is, rom xSirad socialur xarjebs kompaniebis nacvlad Tavad am kompaniis TanamSromlebi fara-vdnen.
sxva formiT es aseve exeba iaponuri warmoebis kulturas[16]. konfucianizmma tradiciulad ga-naviTara piradi pasuxismgeblobis eTika sazoga-doebaSi. kargi adamiani movale iyo bejiTi swavl-iTa da mkacri ganwmendis gziT gamoemuSavebina da srulyofili gaexada gulwrfelobis, erTgulebis,
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sibrZnis, moyvasis siyvarulis, patiosnebis, wesi-erebisa da TviTdisciplinis msgavsi qvelobani. kapitalizmis martivi formis sargeblobisTvis es eTosi Tavidanve ayalibebda xelosnebisa Tu msgavsi socialuri wris mizanswrafuli xalxis samyaros[17]), romelSic ojaxebi Tu ojaxuri gaer-Tianebebi dRemde gadamwyvet organizaciul er-Tobas warmoadgenen. aziuri <<network capitalism>>-is dramatulma krizisma amave dros cxadi gaxada konfucianelobiT inspirirebuli Tu legiti-mirebuli ekonomikuri habitusis didi Crdilo-vani mxareebi (aziuri krizisis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa analizisTvis).[18] CineTSi kasaciuri saCivari konfucianur faseulobebze didwilad emsaxureba mxolod avtoritaruli batonobis stabilurobas[19,gv.425-448].
konfucianuri qvelobaniT Zlierdeba swored rom SemakavSirebeli struqturebi, iqmneba brwyinvale Sromis eTika da yalibdeba dagrovebis(danazogis) norma, romlebic dasavluri perspeqtiviT umagal-iToa. aseve, aziur vefxvebad wodebul qveynebSi sazogadoebebis ukiduresad swrafi kapitali-zaciis ( e.i. xelfasis mimRebTa wilis zrdis), da TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi eqvsidan aT pro-centamde ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis wyalo-biT SesaZlebeli gaxda memkvidreobiT miRebuli siRatakis problemis sazogadod daZleva da adreul Tu indoeTisa da bangladeSis msgavs sa-zogadoebTan SedarebiT relatiurad SeZlebuli saSualo fenis axal formaciaTa Seqmna. Tumca, vefxv-sazogadoebebs nawilobriv daemuqraT axali socialuri dayofani Tu danawevrebi, radgan gan-viTarebis sawyis fazaSi aSkara iyo Semosavleb-isa da qonebis nawilobriv politikurad prob-lematuri koncentracia mxolod Zalzed mcire ojaxebisa Tu klanebis xelSi, maTi politikuri
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kultura didwilad kvlav mianiSnebda mxolod diqtaturebis ganviTarebaze, sadac adamianis el-ementaruli uflebebi iyo ugulvebelyofili, da maTi uswrafesi ekonomikuri bumis Tanamdevi gax-ldaT misgan gamowveuli mZime ekologiuri prob-lemebi, romelTa pozitiuri gadaWrac sakmaod did materialur da humanur xarjebTan aRmoCn-da dakavSirebuli. ekonomikurma krizisma aCvena konfucianuri ekonomikis eTikis simyife: ojaxur struqturebs ara mxolod socialuri probleme-bis daZlevis SesaZlebloba hqondaT, aramed mis paralelurad warimarTa klanuri ekonomikisa da korufciis institucionalizaciis Seuqceva-di procesi. maT aseve warmatebiT moaxerxes dae-faraT brutaluri, ulmobeli eqspluatacia da xeli SeewyoT uZraobisTvis. isini mfarvelobas uwevdnen gamofituli sawarmoo struqturebis konservacias da axalisebdnen moraluri riskis politikas, e.i. ekonomikurad iracionalur, Tavisu-fal bazrebze ganuxorcielebel zRvargadasul davalianebasa da sakmaod sarisko kreditTa gace-mas. efeqturi bazrebisTvis aucilebeli informa-ciebis transparentulobis arseboba e.w. <<network capitalism>>-is pirobebSi ufro metad iyo blokire-buli vidre nebismieri zewolisgan Tavisufali da mxardaWerili. <<aziuri krizisi>> xasiaTdeboda elementaruli struqturuli deficitiT CarCo wesrigis formirebisas. umetesad samarTlebri-vi instituciebis gverdiT adgili hqonda gansa-kuTrebiT korporaciuli xelisuflebis (corporate governance) struqturebis rudimentul ganviTare-bas. sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda efeqturi instituciebi finansuri seqtoris sazedamxedvelod da buRal-truli angariSgebisa da auditoruli momsaxure-bis organizaciebi, romlebic gamWvirvalobisa da informaciis saimedoobisTvis izrunebdnen.
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ekonomikis anglo-amerikul modelSi es swored rom piriqiT aris, ramdenadac instituciis sax-iT did wilad aq yvelgan moqmedebs SeuzRudavi Ria konkurencia, romelic TiToeul aqtiors ai-Zulebs maRali transparentulobisken, riTac is amave dros maT problemis mignebisa da gadaWris saukeTeso SesaZleblobas sTavazobs. rasakvirve-lia, anglo-amerikuli modeli moklebulia far-Tod SesaZlebeli deregulirebuli konkurenciu-li kapitalizmis bevr komunitarul struqturas, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda yoveli ada-mianis Semokreba, romelTac faqtobrivad metad aRar gaaCniaT bazrebTan wvdoma. Sromis bazrebis Tanmimdevruli deregulireba wminda modelTan mimarTebiT xels uwyobs mravali tradiciulad marginalizirebuli jgufis bazarze warmateba-realizebas. magram, mraval xelmocarulTagans SeuZlia mxolod relatiurad aramdgrad, upi-ratesad religiuri sazogadoebebisa da eklesieb-isgan Semdgar mcire zomis saqvelmoqmedo qseleb-Si integrireba. amitom, anglo-amerikuli modelis kritikuli diagnozis Tanaxmad, gasuli saukunis samocdaaTiani wlebis neoliberaluri revolu-ciis Semdeg saWiroa Seiqmnas socialuri Tan-asworobis axali Sualeduri organizaciebi. e.w. <<Thatcherist Revolution>>[20,gv. 279-297] da ekonomikis institucionaluri matricis transformaciis Semdeg, ramac upiratesad moZvelebuli social-uri saxelmwifo instituciebis gamanadgureblis, bazrebis deregulirebisa da socialuri konsen-susis dafuZnebul formaTa mrRvevlis funqcia Seasrula[21], neo-keinzianizmis Teoretikosebi, ro-gorebic arian pier bordie, jon gelbreiti, an-toni gidensi, riCard miunxi, iurgen habermasi da ulrix beki Seecadnen moeZebnaT <<mesame gza>>, kvlav SeeqmnaT axali CarCo-wesrigi, romelSic
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efeqturi Sualeduri instituciebi Seasrulebd-nen SemakavSirebeli Zalis rols da xels Seu-wyobdnen <<solidaruli sazogadoebis>> Seqmnis process[22](ix. Boourdieu 1998; Galbraith 1998; Giddens 1998; Habermas 1998; Münch 1998; Beck 1998; Bühl 1998; Tichz 1998). amasTan neoliberaluri ekono-mikis fundamenturi Sexedulebebi SenarCunebul iqna im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT mosazrebeSi xaz-gasmulia individebis Zalzed maRali pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis roli maTi socialuri uzrunve-lyofis kuTxiT da sadac, socialuri integraciis mimarTulebiT saxelmwifoze bevrad aqtiur pozi-cias misgan damoukidebeli Suamavali organiza-ciebi ikavebs. socialuri samarTlianobis norma-tiuli principebis gamokveTaSi TvalsaCino xdeba wminda modelis impulsebi, riTac axali <<mesame gzis>> mravali es eskizi germanuli social-uri saxelmwifo tradiciebis Zlier kritikuli xedviT xasiaTdeba: gasuli saukunis evropuli ekonomikuri integraciis TvalsazrisiT da misiT gaaqtiurebulma debatebma saerTo evropuli so-cialuri CarCo-wesrigis[23] Sesaxeb, gansakuTre-biT zustad aCvena germanuli modelis etaturi ZiriTadi orientiris sazRvrebi da sisusteni[24]. gamomdinare iqidan, rom sakiTxi dResac ar kar-gavs Tavis aqtualobas dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, umweoTa da daxmarebis msaWiroebel pirTa so-cialuri usafrTxoebis dacvisa da socialuri integraciisTvis aucilebelia yuradRebis gamax-vileba e.w. <<non profit-Sektors>>-is tipis organiza-ciebis gaZlierebis mxriv[25].
msoflioSi mimdinare aqtualuri debatebi sami Tu oTxi kapitalizmis formaTa Taobaze, arsebi-Tad aris orientirebuli Semdegi konceptualuri sakiTxis irgvliv: globalizaciis Semdgom pro-cesebSi bolos da bolos formirdeba Tu ara
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kapitalizmis erTiani, unificirebuli ( Tavisi maRali sabazro efeqtianobidan gamomdinare, Sesa-Zloa gansakuTrebiT warmatebul anglo-amerikul formaze dafuZnebuli ) ekonomikuri modeli, Tu momavali, Semdgomi diferencirebis wyalobiT, ka-pitalizmis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebuli nimuSebiT iqneba warmodgenili. amasTan dakavSirebiT mecnier-ekonomistebSi dRem-de ar arsebobs erTiani, Sejererebuli mosazreba da gamomdinare aqedan, maTi pasuxebi aris Zlier kontroversuli. erTi mxriv isini mianiSneben te-qnologiurad Sepirobebuli unificirebis wnexze, rogoric aris mag., globaluri kompiuterizacia da msoflio sainformacio qselis kidev ufro Semdgomi gafarToebiT miRebuli zemoqmedebis efeqti. meore mxriv, isini xazgasmiT aRniSnaven mas, rom adamianebi da sistemebi problemebze Zlier gansxvavebuli gadaWris strategiebiT rea-gireben da swored krizisul situaciebSi <<rw-menaTa kulisebidan>> Zalzed Zlier imarTebiam, romlebic mudam religiur-kulturuli niSniT arian kodirebulni. rac ufro meti mecnier-ekon-omisti miuTiTebs ekonomikuri racionalitetisa da Tu implicituri normatiuli aqsiomis kul-turuli wanamZRvrebis Sesaxeb savaraudod miz-nobriv-racionalurad marTul wminda sabazro procesebSi, miT ufro gadaixrebian isini imgvari prognozisken, rom kapitalisturi globalizaciis Semdgomi ganviTareba axali diferencirebis Zvre-biTa da kapitalizmis kulturulad divergentuli formebis momzadebiT SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes[26]( Sdr. Berger/Dore 1997; Crouch/Streeck 1997; Bernholz da sxv. 1998 ).
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiaTmcodneebsa da ekonomikis/biznesis eTikosebs ar ZaluZT am davis gadaWra, maT mainc SeuZliaT wamoayenon hipoTeza
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kacobriobis maRaldiferencirebul religiur samyarosTan mimarTebiT: kulturul-samecniero mimarTulebiT informirebuli religiis kvlevis perspeqtivaSi, religiisa da kulturis kvleva me-tyvelebs im savaraudo niSnebze, rom teqnikuri da ekonomikuri konvergenciis procesebi aseve mudam iqneba kulturuli diferencirebis axali Zvre-bis Tanamdevi. ekonomikuri miznis racionalite-tis gaZlierebuli ganxorcieleba, religiurad motivirebuli da artikulirebuli sapirispiro reaqciebiT, yovelTvis winaaRmdegobrivad ukavS-irdeba adamianis mosalodnel farTo funqcion-alizacias. bazris racionalitetisa da mkacri konkurenciis eqspansiis kvaldakval, bazris saz-Rvrebi sul ufro da ufro cnobili xdeba. amasTan, globalizaciis procesebis mzardi aCqareba sac-naurs xdis yvela im religiuri sazogadoebis Za-las, romlebic moiTxoven rogorc transnacion-aluri struqturebis mSenebloba-ganviTarebasTan mimarTebiT garkveul regulireba-normirebas, ise bazris dinamikis SezRudva-reglamentirebas. axal-ma debatebma e. w. <<new institutionalism>>-is Sesaxeb ekonomikaSi damajereblad gamoaCina is, rom msgav-si wesebi da wesrigis struqturebi TiTqosda ara TavisTavad, wmindad bazris sakuTari dinamikidan iwarmoeba, aramed ekonomikuri procesebis efeq-turobis gulisTvis saWiroebs transsazRvriTi politikuri konsensusis formirebas, bazrebisa da instituciebis usafrTxo funqcionirebis uz-runvelsayofad iTxovs wesebis dadgenas SesaZlo qonfliqtebis mSvidobiani gadaWrisTvis[27] (Sdr. Terberg 1994; Reuter 1994; Pluemper 1996; Boyer/Drachen 1996; Holingsworth/Boyer 1997).
teqnologiuri, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri kon-vergenciis procesebi da kapitalistur modern-izaciasTan umetesad dakavSirebuli, Tanamdevi
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maRali socialur-kulturuli xarjebi garkveul sazogadoebriv jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki morw-mune adamianebTan wuTisoflisgan ganridebis ten-dencias uwyobs xels, rac amqveyniuri cxovrebidan religiuri distancirebis Zvel formaTa revital-izebas iwvevs. religiur simbolur enebSi modern-izaciis paTologiebisTvis rac ufro meti aqcen-ti gakeTdeba (SesaZlo zrunviTa da warmoebiT) sensibelobis mimarT, miT ufro mimzidveli gaxde-bian saTanado religiuri sazogadoebebi martivi <<Sesaqmes konformuli>> cxovrebis stiliTa da ganviTarebis konceptebis mxardaWeriT, romelSic <<community culture>>-is tradiciebis azriT, mar-ginalizebuli jgufebis <<empowerment>>-s aqvs mxardaWera. amasTan, mniSvnelobas da wonas iZenen Zveli religiuri eTikis ierarqiuli formebi, romelTa Tanaxmad <<religiuri virtuozebisa>> Tu sasuliero Tanamdebobis pirTa mxridan mkac-ri moraluri (TviT)aRzrda-ganaTleba aris mosa-lodneli kapitalistur samyarosTan mravalgvar kompromisze wasul <<SecdomilTa>> mimarT. rac ufro Cqardeba drois mdinareba da globaluri kapitalizmi axdens Zveli kulturuli tradic-iebisa da instituciebis danaRmvas, miT ufro won-vadi da mniSvnelovani xdeba kulturebi dakargu-lis mogonebebiT, romlebic enebsa da ritualebSi kvlav cocxloben Zveli religiebis simboluri kapitalis saxiT.
sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan ganirCevian ara mxolod maTi religiuri tradiciebisa da xsnis sikeTeTa SinaarsiT, aramed aseve sazogadoebriv jgufTa morwmuneobis xarisxiT. sustad ganviTare-bul qveynebSi Sesabamisi religiuri tradiciis ekonomikuri eTika gacilebiT did rols TamaSobs, vidre OECD-is codnis sazogadoebebSi. religiebi, romlebic TiTqosda kultivireben racionaluri
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TviTkontrolis puritanul habituss, sakuTar sa-zogadoebebSi SesaZloa aZlierebdnen kapital-istur take off-is Zalebis mxardaWerasa da stim-ulirebas, maSin rodesac wmindad wuTisoflis damtevebel religiur ZalebTan mimarTebiT maTi mxridan blokirebas hqondes adgili. Zlier gansx-vavebuli evropuli sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis gza da a.S.S.-is religiis istoria aCvenebs, rom religiuri tradiciebi aseve ganviTarebuli ka-pitalizmis pirobebSic inarCuneben mniSvnelovan gavlenas CarCo-wesrigTa formirebaze. marTalia, religiuri axsnadi sistemebis pluralizaciiT eklesiebis gavlena bazarsa da socialur, Sesa-bamisad politikur instituciaTa urTierTobis Taobaze arsebul sajaro debatebSi bazris dina-mikis SezRudvis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT SesaZle-belia iyos sakmaod sagrZnobi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, isini gverds ver auvlen memkvidreobiT miRebuli qristeanuli Zmobis eTosis mocemul kavSirSi kv-lavac bazriT nawarmoebi Semosavlebis da San-sebis ganawilebis socialur valdebulebebsa da koreqturebs. Zveli industriuli sazogadoebebis codnisa da ganaTlebis sazogadoebebad gardaqm-nis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT marTebT sakuTari re-ligiuri interpretaciis arsis SeTavazebisa da eTikuri konceptebis uwindelze ufro Zlier ko-municireba verbalur aliteraciebSi, romlebic Zvel religiur tradiciebsa da mraval axal dag-rovil codnas Soris arsebuli Zlier farTod kognituri intervalis daZlevas xdian SesaZle-bels. maT, iseve rogorc sxva religiuri sazog-adoebebis warmomadgenlebma unda ganaviTaron eTika, romelic kapitalisturi eqspansiis dRemde arsebul, konstruqciul, keTildReobis mxardamWer efeqtebze metad iZleva umweoTa zrunvis garkveviT Sexsenebis aRqmis SesaZleblobas. sabolood, glo-
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balizaciis Seuqcevad procesebSi religiis Se-sustebis nacvlad, ekonomikuri damokidebulebis zewoliT adgili aqvs misi formis cvlilebas. ramdenadac, aseve globaluri kapitalizmis krea-tiul inovaciur agentebsa da <<fleqsibelur adamianebs>> kvlavac dasWirdebaT WeSmaritebis faruli konteqstebi da simbolur enebze damok-idebuli darCeba yvela miznis racionaliteti, romlebSic maT Tanamedrove cxovrebis mzardi gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis, mravali axali mobilobis riskebisa da adamianis mudmivi, dro-ismiRmieri elementaruli, arsebuli cxovrebiseu-li STabeWdilebebis Sedegad miRebuli ZiriTadi daskvnebis, tkivilisa da siyvarulis, dabadebisa da gardacvalebis gamocdilebaTa axsna SeeZlebaT. amasTan dakavSirebiT marTebuli iqneba aRiniS-nos, rom globaluri kapitalizmis samyaro war-moadgens aseve mraval mcire sasicocxlo garemos, romlebic, erTi mxriv ekonomikur SezRudvebsa da siZneleebs, xolo meore mxriv adamianebis TviTin-terpretaciebsa da dauokebel survilTa Soris arsebuli gadauWreli winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaT-deba da yovel gansakuTrebul formaSi amgvarad aris gansazRvruli.
vercerTi religia Tu religiuri eTika Se-Zlebs daemorCilos globaluri kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetis batonobas. religiebi kv-lavac darCebian gansxvavebuli aRqmisa da kri-tikis Zalebad. Tumca isini Tavis mxriv kvlavac moaxdenen mravalgvar gavlenas ekonomikis mzar-dad Zlier, dinamiur Zalebze.
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Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tavi 1. induizmi1.1 induizmis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.2 induizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Tavi 2. budizmi2.1 budizmis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.2 budizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Tavi 3. konfucianizmi da Cinuri religia3.1 konfucianizmis/daoizmis arsi . . . . . . . . 803.2 konfucianizmis/daoizmis socialur- ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Tavi 4. iudaizmi4.1 iudaizmis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154.2 iudaizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Tavi 5. qristeanoba5.1 qristeanobis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.2 qristeanobis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.2.1 marTlmadidebloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.2.2 kaTolicizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585.2.3 protestantizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Tavi 6. islami6.1 islamis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906.2 islamis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
boloTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
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Vasil Khizanishvili
World religions and economics(Retrospection in context of the religions-economic ethics)
The present textbook <<world religions and economics>> is the novelty and the first inter-disciplinary research to this direction in Cau-casus, which was performed at the Universities of Freiburg and Tübin-gen under the patronage of Prof. Bernhard Uhde and Prof. Hermann Lichtenberger and by KAAD financing.
In the work presented in relation to dominant confession are dis-cussed and analyzed in a different cultural-geographical areas existent motives and forms of the economic behaviors, which gives the oppor-tunity to better explain and understand the nature of the national and transnational economic approaches.
The above-mentioned book is destined for the students and Profes-sors . It is also important for middle and general education.
Major Editor : Prof. Elguja Meqvabishvili (Tbilisi State University)Editors : Prof. Hermann Lichtenberger (Universität Tübingen) Prof. Bernhard Uhde (Universität Freiburg)Reviewers: Assist. Prof. Maia Burdiashvili (Telavi State Univerity) Assoc. Prof. Loid Karchava (Caucasus International University)
The textbook was published by Mr. Zurab Feiqrishvili financial supporting.