Download - MOTOR SYSTEMS
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MOTOR SYSTEMS• Muscles and Joints • Muscles • Moving • The Spinal Cord • Spinal Reflexes • Reciprocal Control of Opposing Muscles • Polysynaptic Adaptations and Reflexes • The Motor Cortex • The Basal Ganglia • Limbic System• The Cerebellum• Cranial Nerves
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Muscle groups are complex; attach bone to bone via tendons and ligaments
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A muscle group has many fibers
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The Neuromuscular junction (NMJ): The receptive portion of muscle-the motor end-plate
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The NMJ ( sometimes called the motor end-plate)
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nACHr
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End-plate potential
• Larger• Longer• Leads to Ca+ influx in sarcolema of muscle
– Ca+ causes muscle contraction
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Disease of the NMJ? MG
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MG
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muscle fibers encase myofibrils. The casing is called the sarcolema
Muscle group
Muscle fibermyofibril
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End-plate potential causes ca+ influx into sarcolemma
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Myofibrils in turn contain “Actin and Myosin” filaments
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When the NMJ is activated Actin-myosin interact to shorten the length of a muscle fiber
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Sliding filament model of muscular contraction
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Muscle shortens=work
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Cortical vs Spinal control of behavior
• Goal-directed
• Complex• Higher levels of control• Plastic• Numerous reflexive
behaviors are involved
• Reflexive
• Simple• Automatic• inplastic
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Spinal reflex ARCs
• Monosynaptic– stretch
• Polysynaptic– Withdrawal– Antagonist muscle groups– Synergistic muscle groups– Polysegmental relexes– Cross-spinal reflexes
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A “monosynaptic” spinal reflex arc- the Stretch reflex
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The stretch reflex involves neuromuscular “spindles”
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Stretch reflex regulates muscle tension in every muscle group
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The polysynaptic part of stretch reflexes: inhibition of Antagonist muscles
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Spinal inhibition of antagonist muscles require inhibitory interneurons
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The “withdrawal reflex arc” a polysynaptic spinal reflex
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Also involves interneurons
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And may involve more than one spinal cord segment
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And/or Cross spinal reflex arcs
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The Goli tendon organ (GTO) reflex
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Neural activity of spinal neurons related to whole muscle group activity
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Lower motor neurons “the final common pathway”
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Goal-Directed Behavior and Reflexive Behavior
Goal-Directed Reflex
Relatively Complex Relatively Simple
Consciousness? Intention Automatic
Plastic Relatively Inplastic
Requires Cortex Cortex not required
Learning /experiences are major influence
Genetics are major influence
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Goal-Directed Behaviors Require:
• Goal selection and prioritization• Resistance to distracters
-Cross-modal Sensory integration– Perception of target– Awareness of location of movable body part– Ability to aim movement of body part– Ability to detect errors and re-adjust, (use
feedback)– Ability to use feedback to control movement of
body part
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Sensory-Motor Integration in the frontal lobes
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THE DLPFC: “The conductor”Integrates cross modal input- may initiate goal-directed behaviors
Lesions of the dorsolateral frontal areas results in a number of “executive” motor impairments. These include perseveration, incoordination, motor impersistence, apraxias and hypokinesia.
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The premotor and supplementary motor ctx: “The sections”
Stimulation= complex sequences of behavior (aimless behavior)
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Damage to the secondary Motor Cortex?
• Ideomotor Apraxia• This apraxia is associated with great difficulty in the sequencing and
execution of movements. A common test of apraxia is to request the patient to demonstrate the use of a tool or household implement (e.g., "Show me how to cut with scissors"). Difficulties are apparent when the patient moves the hand randomly in space or uses the hand as the object itself, such as using the forefinger and middle finger as blades of the scissors. They have additional trouble sequencing the correct series of movements and make errors in orienting their limbs in space consistent with the desired action. Imitation of the movements of others will usually improve performance but it is still usually defective.
• Memories for skilled acts are probably stored in the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere.
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The primary motor cortex; “the instrument”
Stimulation = relatively simple fragments of behavior
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TWO MAJOR DESCENDING PATHWAYS FROM THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX: The Dorsolateral pathway
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And the VM Path.
• The VM pathway does not discretely decussate, but does branch and innervate contra lateral segments in the spinal cord.
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DL vs VM descending motor paths
• Dorsolateral
• Decussates at medullary pyramids
• Distal muscle groups• More direct• More volitional control• Higher resolution of
control
• Ventromedial
• Does not cross• Medial muscle groups• Gives off spinal
collaterals• Yoking• Lower resolution of
control
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Other Motor Pathways
• In addition there are other motor paths that have relays in the brainstem
• These other paths innervate nuclei of the RAS, cranial nerve nuclei, etc…
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Descending paths get additional inputs
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Both pathways terminate in spinal cord segments
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According to part of the body they control
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On lower motor neurons (alpha motor neurons)
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Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)disease of the alpha motor neurons
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ALS
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Alpha motor neurons project to form part of spinal nerve pairs
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Terminate on muscle fibers
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At each spinal segment
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BASAL GANGLIA
• Nigro-striatal Pathway• Striato-Pallidal pathway
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Basal Ganglia
• Neostriatum– Caudate (kaw-date) nucleus and putamen (pew-TAY-men)
• Globus Pallidus ( GLOB-us PAL-i-dos)
• Substantia nigra (included by functional not anatomical relationship)
• Subthalamus• others
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Basal ganglia- Complex ccts
The basal ganglia are involved in motor regulation, but are only one component of the control of behavior. The way in which the basal ganglia controls movement is complicated and not completely understood, but at his time may be fairly described as the gate-keeper of movement. Disorders of the basal ganglia can either lead to too much behavior or too little behavior.
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Basal Ganglia-Neostriatum ( composed of the caudate nucleus and the Putamen)
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The Nigro-striatal pathway- the behavioral “grease” system
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The Globus Pallidus ( the striato-pallidal circuit= the behavioral “brakes” system)
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Basal Ganglia Syndromestoo much or too little behavior
• Damage to the Nigro-striatal pathway– Parkinsons (not enough behavior)
– http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=GGIC,GGIC:2007-01,GGIC:en&um=1&q=parkinsons&ndsp=20&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#
– http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=GGIC,GGIC:2007-01,GGIC:en&um=1&q=parkinsons&ndsp=20&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#
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Basal Ganglia syndromes
• Strato-Pallidal Pathway- too much behavior
– Huntingtons– Tourettes’– Balisms– Others
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• Huntington's Chorea is principally characterized by hyperkinesias - abnormal, purposeless, involuntary motor movements that can occur spontaneously or only when the patient is trying to do something. These movements may be repetitive or non-repetitive.
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Tourettes Syndrome
• TS usually becomes apparent in children between ages 2 to 15, with approximately 50% of patients affected by age 7. The age of symptom onset is typically before the age of 18. TS is more frequent in males than females by a ratio of about 3 or 4 to 1. The disorder is thought to affect 0.1% to 1.0% of individuals in the general population.
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Tourettes• Motor tics
Initially, patients develop sudden, rapid, recurrent, involuntary movements (motor tics), particularly of the head and facial area. At symptom onset, motor tics usually consist of abrupt, brief, isolated movements known as simple motor tics, such as repeated eye blinking or facial twitching. Simple motor tics may also include repeated neck stretching, head jerking, or shoulder shrugging. Less commonly, motor tics are more "coordinated," with distinct movements involving several muscle groups, such as repetitive squatting, skipping, or hopping. These tics, referred to as complex motor tics, may also include repetitive touching of others, deep knee bending, jumping, smelling of objects, hand gesturing, head shaking, leg kicking, or turning in a circle. In addition to affecting the head and facial area, motor tics also affect other parts of the body, such as the shoulders, torso, arms, and legs. The anatomical locations of motor tics may change over time. Rarely, motor tics evolve to include behaviors that may result in self-injury, such as excessive scratching and lip biting.
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Vocal tics
•Vocal tics are sudden, involuntary, recurrent, often relatively loud vocalizations. Vocal tics usually begin as single, simple sounds that may eventually progress to involve more complex phrases and vocalizations. For example, patients may initially develop simple vocal tics, including grunting, throat clearing, sighing, barking, hissing, sniffing, tongue clicking, or snorting. Complex vocal tics may involve repeating certain phrases or words out of context, one's own words or sounds (palilalia), or the last words or phrases spoken by others (echolalia). Rarely, there may be involuntary, explosive cursing or compulsive utterance of obscene words or phrases (coprolalia).
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LIMBIC STRUCTURES
• AMYGDALAHIPPOCAMPUSSEPTUM
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AFFECTIVE IMPUSLES
• The 4-F’s, but different