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MEXICOPolitical and Economic
Change
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TYPE of change
Political change violent, authoritarian, and eventually more democratic
Economic change rapid with industrialization, becoming less dependent on U.S. and on oil
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ERAS of CHANGE
Colonialism
Independence through Revolution (19th century)
Since revolution (20th century)
Since one-party domination (21st century)
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Colonial history
Cultural heterogeneityElaborate social hierarchyMestizo: mix of Spaniard and
indigenousRemote areas still primarily Amer-
indian
CatholicismMissions, converting Indians to
ChristianityUnifying factor
Economic dependencyOn Spain
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How was development in Mexico
different to colonial development
in the British Colonies?
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19th centuryIndependence – “Porfiriato”
Political rights of the peasantry36 presidents in 22 years!! Instability and legitimacy issuesRise of military rule (most infamous:
Santa Ana)Domination by the U.S. after Treaty of
GuadalupeLiberals vs. Conservatives
Benito Juarez (liberal general) vs. Mexico under Maximilian (conservative monarchy 1864-1867)
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How was early Mexican history different from the
U.S.?
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“The Porfiriato” (1876-1911)
Came in by military coup d’êtatAccompanied by “cientificos” – to
bring scientific and economic progress to Mexico
StabilityAuthoritarianForeign investment and economic
growthGrowing gap between rich and poorEnded by elite coup d’êtat
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A necessary dictatorship?
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Revolutionary chaos: 1910-1934
Characterized by warlordism & popular uprising
Patron-client system “Caudillos” – military strongmen with
their followers (Zapata, Pancho Villa, etc) Constitution of 1917
Democratic system, but ineffective with assassinations
Conflict with Catholic Church Movement against Catholics leads to
Cristeros Rebellion Establishment of PRI
Under Calles, agreement of caudillos for sextenio rule
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Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940
Redistribution of land “ejido” collective land grants
Nationalization of industry - PEMEXInvestment in public works
Modernization: roads, electricity to rural areas
Encouragement of peasant and union organization Style of corporatism to represent
interests in gov’tConcentration of power
Resigned freely after his sexenio – LEGITIMACY
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Could this have happened
earlier?
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Técnicos and the Pendulum Theory
Pendulum Theory PRI presidents following Cardenas Swaying between SOCIALIST REFORM and
FREE MARKET DEVELOPMENT through 1970s (Modernization vs. Dependency Theory?)
“técnicos” – educated, business-oriented leaders Lead country towards MODERNIZATION NEOLIBERALISM – free markets
balanced budget privatization
free trade limited government regulation
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“The mexican miracle”
A valid assessment?
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1980s
OIL BUST!!
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CRISIS!!
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN MEXICO!!
CONFLICTS BETWEEN Políticos AND Técnicos
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Change since 2000
End of 60+ years of PRI rule
Conservative swing with PAN
Vicente Fox – the “new image” – oops!
The Salinas scandals
Economic diversification
PRI reform – on the rise again?
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Still the“Mexican
MIRACLE”?