nigeria: political/economic change
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Nigeria: Political/Economic Change. By: Alexandra Fung and Morgan Gaglianese-Woody. Introduction. Nigeria is economically dependent on British demands during and after British colonial rule Claimed independence in 1960 Independence from British demands became a challenge - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Nigeria:Political/Economic Change
By: Alexandra Fung and Morgan Gaglianese-Woody
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Introduction• Nigeria is economically
dependent on British demands during and after British colonial rule
• Claimed independence in 1960
• Independence from British demands became a challenge
• 3 eras define the challenges and changes which establish Nigeria’s independence and dependence
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3 Major Eras• Pre-Colonial (800-1860 C.E.)
• Colonial (1860-1960)
• Modern (1960-present)
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Pre-colonial EraTrade
Geography dictated social, economic, and political
development
-Northern Savanna areas –easy trade through Saharan Berber traders
-Forested areas –no availability through Saharan Berber traders
-South –close to Atlantic Ocean trade
-Slave trade from 16th-19th centuryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irn2SWBRZWQ
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Pre-colonial EraCultural Change
Islam – important gradual change through cultural diffusion
Fulani –An Islamic group that came to the north and brought an
abrupt change through a holywar
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Pre-colonial Era
Islam
• Islam is mainly dominant in Northern Nigeria
• Islam is less dominant in Western Nigeria
• Shari’ah law is NOT unanimously supported
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Pre-colonial EraFulani in the North
• 1808 –Fulani established Sokoto Caliphate
Sokoto Caliphate –a Muslim state in the north, northwest, midsection, and part of the northeast
• 1900 –Caliphate traded with Europe and soon fell under British colonial rule
• An organized central and religiously based government was established
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Pre-colonial Era
European contact in the South
• Already in contact with Europe
• Many converted to Christianity
• Atlantic Ocean trade –slave trade (16th-19th century)
• 17th century –Dutch British, French, and Spanish traders brought Africans to the New World
• Many forced to leave native land
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Colonial EraBritish rule
• Indirect rule –trained natives to maintain European-style bureaucracy
• 1860 –established a trading outlet and used Nigeria’s natural resources and cheap human labor
• Influence strongest in south –near the coast
• North Islamic government left in place
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Colonial EraEducation
• Western-style education system established• Set up by Christian missionaries
• 1934 –first higher education institution opened
• 1948 –first university established
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Colonial EraConsequences of Western-style education
• Relatively literate population
• Growing cleavage: educated and non-educated
• Growing cleavage: north and south• More schools in the south
• North not given the same opportunity for Western-style education
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Modern Nigeria (1960-Present)
• Divided into four Republics.
• Characterized by:o Military Dictatorships-
government changes hands quickly with a series of military coup d' etats.
o Ethnic conflicts- groups compete for power (Yoruba v. Igbo v. Hausa-Fulani).
o Corruption in the government
o Instabilityo The "national question"
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Modern EraThe First Republic
• Assumed power in 1960 and followed the British Parliamentary System:o House of Representatives o Senateo Supreme Courto Written constitution
• 1st Prime Minister: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa• 1st President: Nnamdi Azikiwe
*Nigeria was still a part of the British Commonwealth system.
Balewa
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Modern EraThe First Republic (Continued)
• Dec. 1964/Jan. 1965: Balewa (Hausa-Fulani) wins parliamentary majority.o corrupt, violent election.o ethnic identity emerges as primary organizing
principle for political party development.• 1966: Balewa is assassinated.
o Major General Johnson Aguyi Ironsi (Igbo) suspended constitution, banned political parties, dismantled federal system, and formed the Federal Military Government (FMG).
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Modern EraThe First Republic (Continued)
• 1966: Ironsi killed in military coup.o Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon named head of FMG and
reintroduced federal system and promised for a future Constitutional Conference.
• 1967: Biafran Civil war.o Igbos unhappy with Gowon's leadership: corruption,
high inflation, and poor economic planning.
• 1975: Gowon replaced by Murtala Muhammed (Hausa-Fulani).
Gowon
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Modern EraThe Second Republic
• 1977: Muhammed assassinated in military coup and replaced by Olusegun Obasanjo (Yoruba), who lays the groundwork for the 2nd Republic.
o 19-state Federal Republic
o American-style constitution (separation of powers and checks and balances)
• 1979: Shehu Shagari (Hausa-Fulani) democratically elected president, but was forced out of office by military coup led by Gen. Muhammad Buhari in 1983, ending the 2nd Republic.
Obasanjo
Shagari
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Modern EraThe Second Republic
(continued)
• Defining characteristics:
o Global economic recession: drop in oil prices.
o Decrease in legitimacy: Government implements unpopular austerity measures.
o Limited interest in promoting democracy and political participation.
Buhari
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Modern EraThe Third Republic
• 1983- Buhari replaces government with Supreme Military Council, dissolves legislature, and bans political activity.
• 1985- Buhari overthrown by a coup led by Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida. Increases number of states from 19 to 30 and plans for an election between two political parties to be held in 1993.
Babangida
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Modern EraThe Third Republic (continued)
• 1993- Chief Mashood Kastumawo Olawale Abiola (Yoruba) presumed to be the winner, but Babangida annulled the election due to "electoral fraud".
• Babangida is forced to resign. This aborted transition process is known as the Third Republic.
Olawale
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Modern EraThe Fourth Republic
• 1993- A caretaker government is established with Ernest Shonekan (Yoruba) as the leader, but is overthrown by Gen. Sani Abacha in a military coup.
• 1998- Abacha suddenly dies and is replaced by Gen. Abdulsalami Abubakar.
• 1999- Abubakar presides over democratic elections that result in Obasanjo as the winner, establishing the 4th Republic.
• 2003- Obasanjo reelected to presidency.
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Modern EraThe Fourth Republic (continued)
• Characterized by:o religious and ethnic violenceo corruption and voting fraudo lack of democracy
Abacha
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Modern EraCorruption and the "national question"
• Made worse by Babangida and Abacha:o maintained large foreign bank accounts with regular
deposits from the state.o funds went to the elite through patron-clientelism.o 2/3 of oil sales during the Persian Gulf War in 1991
ended up in the hands of elites.
• The "national question":o Nigeria did not develop nationalism, so there was a
possibility that Nigeria would not survive as a country.
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Vocabulary• cultural diffusion- contact with and spread of
customs and beliefs of other people.
• Fulani- a tribe which came North to Nigeria through a holy war which implemented abrupt change
• "national question"- possibility that Nigeria would not survive as a country.
• Sokoto Caliphate- a Muslim state in the north, northwest, midsection, and part of the northeast.
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Current Eventhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21425923
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Additional Source Kaiser, Paul J.. "AP Comparative Government and Politics Briefing Papers."
College Board. College Board, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2013. <http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/42256.html>.