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MEMORY
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MEMORY - KEY POINTSWhat is memory?What are the two common memory models?Why do we forget?What are some noted problems with memory?How can we improve our memory?
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Definition of MemoryAn internal record or representation of some prior event or experienceA set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters and retrieves information over time
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Two Common Memory ModelsTraditional three-stage memory modelEncoding, storage and retrieval approach
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Traditional Three-Stage ModelModel focuses on storing information for different lengths of timeThree stages are sensory, short-term memory and long-term memory
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Sensory MemoryPurpose: to retain exact image of sensory information long enough to focus on important info and transfer it to next stageAll senses have a sensory memoryDuration depends on the sense involvedCapacity is relatively large
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Short-Term MemoryPurpose - temporarily stores info until it is sent to LTMDuration - relatively limitedCapacity: 5 to 9 itemsDuration and capacity can be increased with maintenance rehearsal and/or chunkingAlso known as working memory
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Long Term MemoryPurpose is to keep info stored for long periods of timeUnlimited capacity and duration
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Memory Process ModelEncoding, Storage, Retrieval Model
How is info changed as it moves through these operations?
Process can be compared to a computer
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EncodingProcess of translating info into neural codes that will be retained in memory
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Storage The process of retaining neural coded info over time
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RetrievalThe process of recovering info from memory storage
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Encoding and the 3 Stage ModelOrganizationSTM and chunkingLTM and hierarchiesRehearsalSTM and shallow processingLTM and elaborative processing
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Storage and the 3 Stage ModelVarieties of LTMExplicit/DeclarativeImplicit/nondeclarative
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Explicit/Declarative MemoryMemories with conscious recallSemantic (general knowledge)Episodic (personal experiences)
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Implicit/Nondeclarative/Procedural Memory
Memory without awareness
Procedures involved in habits
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Retrieval and the 3 Stage ModelRetrieval Cues - trigger the retrieval processRecognitionRecallEncoding Specificity PrincipleContextMood congruenceState dependent retrieval
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Factors that Contribute to ForgettingSerial Position EffectPrimacyRecencySpacing of practiceMassed practiceDistributed practice
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Theories of ForgettingDecay TheoryInterference TheoryProactive interferenceRetroactive interferenceEncoding FailureRetrieval Failure Theory
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Key Memory ProblemsOrganic CausesInjuryDiseaseConstructive ProcessesEyewitness TestimonyRepressed Memories