Manuela M. Marin1, Richard Parncutt2 and Christian Kaernbach3
1,2Department of Musicology, University of Graz, Austria3Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Germany
Emotion and unfamiliar music:Electrophysiological and psychological responses to Persian and Western music by Persian and Western listeners
SMPC 2007, August 3 Montreal, Quebec
page 204/22/23 SMPC 2007, Montreal, Quebec
Emotion in familiar and unfamiliar music
familiar musical styles tend to be preferred (Peretz et al., 1998) and rated as more pleasant (Ritossa & Rickard, 2004)
stronger and more diverse emotions in familiar music (Gabrielsson & Lindström Wik, 2003)
familiarity and liking: joy, calm, movement & funforeignness and dislike: anger, madness, fear & chaos
(Parncutt & Marin, 2006)
musical arousal ratings may depend on familiarity (Ritossa & Rickard, 2004)
sensitivity to emotions in unfamiliar music: acoustic cues more important than culture-specific
(Balkwill et al., 2004)
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Skin conductance & musical emotions
studies on tonic levels of EDA (SCL): focus on mood
few studies on phasic levels of EDA (SCR): focus on emotion depends mainly upon stimulus arousal
(environmental sounds, affective pictures)
familiar musical style: SCRs are stronger for stimulating emotions than for relaxing
emotions (Khalfa et al., 2002)
musical structure and SCL: low vs. high arousal:
accentuation, tempo, rhythmic articulation
(Gomez & Danuser, 2007)
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Familar vs. unfamiliar music - Question
Are there differences in psychological and physiological reactions to familiar
and unfamiliar music?
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Musical stimuli
three instrumental musical styles: Western tonal (18th-19th century) Western atonal (20th century) classical traditional Persian
more than one instrument, no orchestra no electronic instruments wide range of composers 5 emotion categories:
peacefulness, joy, sadness, fear, anger
5 excerpts per emotion; 25 excerpts per style duration of 5s; 200ms fade-in and fade-out equalization of loudness
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Pilot study
collection of musical stimuli: tonal and atonal excerpts by 6 music students
and the 1st author collection of Persian excerpts by 7 Persian musicians
80 excerpts in Western tonal and atonal styles, rated by 14 music teachers of a conservatory
58 excerpts in classical traditional Persian style, rated by 16 Persian musicians
ratings of emotion category (peacefulness, joy, sadness, fear, anger) emotion intensity (5-point rating scale)
criteria for selection 75% of musicians must agree on a specific emotion emotion intensity (1 = weak, …, 5 = strong): >3
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Participants
29 Austrian participants 13 males, 16 females mean age: 29.4 years, SD = 4.27 equal distribution of non-musicians and amateur musicians like listening to Western classical music
18 Persian (Iranian) participants 9 males, 9 females average time of residence in Austria: 5.4 years, SD = 2.98 mean age: 25.9 years, SD = 5.00 mainly non-musicians like listening to Persian music
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Psychological measurements
Ratings for each stimulus onto the computer…
familiarity (5-point rating scale) arousal (SAM, Self-Assessment Manikin) pleasantness/valence emotion word (peacefulness, joy, sadness, fear, anger) emotional intensity (5-point rating scale) liking (5-point rating scale)
Questionnaires
Beck Depression Inventory, Hautzinger et al.,1995 Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire, Steyr et al.,1997 self-developed questionnaire
musical practice, musical preference, listening habits…
(SAM)
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Procedure
participants were tested individually, 1.5-2 hours double-insulated cabine (sound, electro-magnetic) headphones (AGK, K240 Studio) measurement of temperature and humidity before
and after measuring SCRs
(1) Edinburgh-Handedness-Inventory (Oldfield, 1971)
(2) Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire(3) SCR measurements
a) Resting period: ~ 5 minutesb) SCR measurements: 25 minutes
(4) Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire(5) rating of musical stimuli onto the computer(6) questionnaires, pencil and paper versions
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Analysis of EDA-data
Ledalab Leipzig electro-dermal activity laboratory
Version 2.00 07/2007
(Kaernbach & Benedek)
time window relative to the event: 1-7s threshold of minimum amplitude for SCRs: 0.02 microsiemens more than 25% out of 100% possible SCRs
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Familiarity with musical styles
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 2
Mea
n ra
ting
fam
iliar
ity
Western tonal music
Western atonal music
Persian music
Austrians Persians
very familiar
foreign
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Austrians (N=28):Average values of pleasantness and arousal
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Arousal
Ple
asan
tnes
s
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
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Persians (N=15):Average values of pleasantness and arousal
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Arousal
Ple
asan
tnes
s
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
page 1404/22/23 SMPC 2007, Montreal, Quebec
Austrians (N=28):Average values of familiarity and liking
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Familiarity
Liki
ng
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
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Persians (N=15): Average values of familiarity and liking
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Familiarity
Liki
ng
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
page 1604/22/23 SMPC 2007, Montreal, Quebec
Austrians (N=28):Average values of familiarity and arousal
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Familiarity
Aro
usa
l
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
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Persians (N=15):Average values of familiarity and arousal
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Familiarity
Aro
us
al
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
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Austrians (N=28): Average values for liking and pleasantness
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Pleasantness
Lik
ing
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
page 1904/22/23 SMPC 2007, Montreal, Quebec
Persians (N=15): Average values of liking and pleasantness
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Pleasantness
Lik
ing
Tonal - Peacefulness
Tonal - Joy
Tonal - Fear
Tonal - Sadness
Tonal - Anger
Atonal - Peacefulness
Atonal - Joy
Atonal - Fear
Atonal - Sadness
Atonal - Anger
Persian - Peacefulness
Persian - Joy
Persian - Fear
Persian - Sadness
Persian - Anger
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Austrians‘ SCRs to different styles
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
Western tonal Western atonal Persian
Ski
n c
on
du
ctan
ce r
esp
on
ses
[mic
rosi
emen
s]
peacefulness
joy
fear
sadness
anger
page 2104/22/23 SMPC 2007, Montreal, Quebec
Persians‘ SCRs to different styles
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
Western tonal Western atonal Persian
sk
in c
on
du
cta
nc
e r
es
po
ns
e [
mic
ros
iem
en
s]
peacefulness
joy
fear
sadness
anger
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Emotion category & unfamiliar styles
Western listeners: Persian music:
high agreement on peacefulness and joy, disagreement on other categories
Western atonal music: high agreement on joy and fear, disagreement on other
categories
Persian listeners: Western tonal music:
high agreement on joy, disagreement on other categories
Western atonal music: no agreement for all categories
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Conclusion
familiarity with a musical style modulates ratings of pleasantness, liking and arousal
no significant effect of familiarity with style on skin conductance responses
joy seems to be the most easily recognizable emotion in an unfamiliar style
Thank you for your attention!
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Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)
5-point rating scales
Arousal:
Pleasantness:
(Lang, 1980; Bradley & Lang, 1994)