Download - Level 3 Grammar Review
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Prepositions
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#1 rule of prepositionsPrepositions are ALWAYS followed by a Noun Phrase.
at the store with my best friendfor swimming interested in my singing
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Warning!There are approximately 150 different prepositions. While it is not currently possible to spend time on each. This presentation will provide a summary of common prepositions, including uses and some differences in each.
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Uses1. prepositions of time and place2. prepositions of direction and manner3. adjectives using prepositions4. verbs using prepositions5. other phrasal prepositions
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in
on
at
Time Location...the 1900’s...the 2013...December
...Africa
...Nepal
...Muncie
...May 5th
...Tuesday...the third floor...Main Street
...5pm
...7:32 am...the hospital...854 Main St
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over/aboveonto
toward
to
into
under/below/beneath
through
ininside of
within
out of
from
away from
beside
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General Concepts with some Prepositions
to = towardsfrom = awaywith = together; usingfor = purpose; reasonof = connected to
off/down = negative; not working
on/up = positive; working
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Adjectives with PrepositionsSome adjectives will appear together with a preposition. These phrases are considered one idea.
● good/bad at● good/bad for● good/bad with● famous for● responsible for● capable of● fond of● angry with
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Examples of Adjective with Prepositions
Are you good at English?
She’s famous for her singing.
I am very fond of coffee.
He is very angry with you right now.
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Verbs with prepositionsVerbs with prepositions, also known as “phrasal verbs”, do not follow all of the same grammatical patterns. Sometimes, especially in many questions, the preposition will not appear with a noun afterwards.
*look up *turn up *shut down*cover up*turn on/off *give up *eat out
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Examples of verbs with prepositions● The student began to nod off in class.
● You’re my friend! Drop over anytime.
● I hope to save up enough money for a new car.
● Can you please turn the T.V. off?
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Other Phrasal Prepositions● according to→ who said it● in reference to→ what is it about● apart from→ not in the same group● in addition to→ also● prior to→ before● because of→ because with a noun instead
of a sentence
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Relative ClausesLevel 3+ (A.K.A. Adjective Clauses)
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Clauses: A ReviewA clause is a group of words that include a subject and a verb.
A sentence is also known as an independent clause. It is independent (=does not need anything), and it has a subject and verb.
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What is a relative clause?A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a clause that describes a noun.
The dancing girl is pretty.The girl who is dancing is pretty.
Both the adjective and the relative clause are describing the same thing.
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Relative Clause: FormA relative clause is a combination of two sentences.
The book is about America.+ The book is on sale.= The book that is on sale is about America.
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How does it work?The book is about America. + The book is on sale.
The book is on sale.The book
is about America.
The book = thatthat is on sale.The book
is about America.
= The book that is on sale is about America.
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Verb TensesLevel 3+
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What are “verb tenses”“Verb Tense” is a combination of “time” and “aspect” of an action.● “time” refers to past and present--some
would include future● “aspect” refers to simple, progressive, and
perfect
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Time in Verb TenseThe time in verb tense is mainly present and past.
Future time is shown by using will (a modal) or be going to/be V+ing (progressive forms)
NOTE: The first word in the verb phrase will show time.
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Present TimeMost present time verbs use the base form.● walk→ I walk everyday.● have→ We have seen it
He, she, and it subjects add an -s/-es to the verb.● walk→ She walks everyday.● be→ He is working right now.
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Past TimePast time phrases are noted by adding -ed (or using an irregular form)
walk→ walkedrun→ ranhave→ hadbe→ was/were
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Future TimeFuture is usually noted by using the modal will or the progressive be going to
walk→ will walk [be] going to walk
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Future Time pt 2However, it is important to understand that future can be implied in a number of ways.
Other ModalsWe can go there tomorrow.
Present ProgressiveThey are meeting next Wednesday.
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Aspects of VerbsThe three aspects of verbs include:● Simple● Progressive● Perfect
NOTE: Perfect and Progressive may be used together (i.e., “perfect progressive”).
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Simple Aspect Simple aspect will not modify the main verb. Only the rules of time will apply.
walk→ walk/walks/walked
This is used to state basic information such as facts, beliefs, knowledge, opinions, etc.
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Simple UsagePresent is used to talk about:● habits/routine
o She studies two hours a day.o They will meet on weekends.
● statements of fact/opiniono We lived in Hawaii.o The sun is a star.o I like pizza.
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Progressive AspectProgressive aspect focus on the action in the verb. It refers to a state-of-being at the time of the action.
Form: [be] + main verb (present participle)walk→ am walking, is walking, are walking, were walking, was walking
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Progressive UsageProgressive is used to talk about:● at the time:
o We are working on a project right now.o Last night, they were dancing at the party.
● state of being:o He is being so annoying!o I was feeling kind of tired.
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Perfect AspectPerfect forms focus on possible completion of an action. Perfect verbs will have a start and end point.
Form: [have] + main verb (past participle)walk→ have walked, has walked, had walked
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Perfect UsagePerfect aspect is used to talk about:● completion
o We have won!o They have built a new headquarters downtown.
● events in the pasto After I had eaten lunch, my friends invited me to join
them.
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Perfect ProgressivePerfect Progressive combines focus on action with a sense of possible completion.
Form: [have] + been + main verb (present participle)walk→ have been walking, has been walking, had been walking
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Perfect Progressive UsagePerfect Progressive is used to talk about:● recently completed
o I have been looking for you.● incomplete
o She has been preparing for her driving test.● new habits
o He has been running every morning.
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Verb OrderVerbs will always follow the same pattern.
Any verbs that are used will have a specific effect on the verb that follows.
All variants are optional, except the main verb.
The first word will indicate the time frame.
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Verb OrderModal (followed by the base form)
Perfect (followed by the past participle)Progressive (followed by the present
participle)
Passive* (followed by the past
participle)
Main Verb*Passive is not discussed in this
presentation.
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Examples of Verb OrderI walk.I am walking.I have been walking.I could have been walking.
She jogs.She can jog.She might be jogging.She would have jogged.She may have been jogging.
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Key Points to Remember● Tense = Time Frame + Aspect
● Verbs must be applied in a specific order.
● The first word in the Verb Phrase will indicate the Time Frame.