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LECTURE # 6
RAZIA NISAR NOORANI
Multimedia Digital Audio
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Outline2
AudioBasic Digital Audio Concepts
Streaming Audio Web Audio Formats
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Sound
Sound comprises the spoken word, voices, music and even noise.
It is a complex relationship involving a vibrating object (sound source), a transmission medium (usually air), a receiver (ear) and a perceptor (brain). Example banging drum.
As the sound vibrates it bumps into molecules of the surrounding medium causing pressure waves to travel away from the source in all directions
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Sound
So, Sound are rapid vibrations that are transmitted as variations in air pressure.
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Waveforms
Sound waves are manifest as waveforms A waveform that repeats itself at regular intervals is
called a periodic waveform Waveforms that do not exhibit regularity are called
noise
The unit of regularity is called a cycle This is known as Hertz (or Hz) after Heinrich Hertz
One cycle = 1 Hz Sometimes written as kHz or kiloHertz (1 kHz
= 1000 Hz)
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Waveforms
distancealong wave
Cycle
Time for one cycle
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The characteristics of sound waves
Sound is described in terms of two characteristics: Frequency Amplitude (or loudness)
Frequency the rate at which sound is measured Number of cycles per second or Hertz (Hz) Determines the pitch of the sound as heard by our
ears The higher frequency, the clearer and sharper the
soundthe higher pitch of sound
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The characteristics of sound waves
Amplitude Sound’s intensity or loudness The louder the sound, the larger amplitude.
In addition, all sounds have a duration and successive musical sounds is called rhythm
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The characteristics of sound waves
distancealong wave
Cycle
Time for one cycleAmplitude
pitch
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Example waveforms
PianoPiano
Pan flutePan flute
Snare drumSnare drum
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Capture and playbackof digital audio
Air pressurevariations
Captured viamicrophone
Air pressurevariations
ADC
Signal isconverted intobinary(discrete form)01010011010110101111
Analogueto DigitalConverter
DAC
Converts back into
voltage
Digital toAnalogueConverter
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The Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)
An ADC is a device that converts analogue signals into digital signals
An analogue signal is a continuous value It can have any single value on an infinite scale
A digital signal is a discrete value It has a finite value (usually an integer)
An ADC is synchronised to some clock
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The Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)
It will monitor the continuous analogue signal at a set rate and convert what it sees into a discrete value at that specific moment in time
The process to convert the analogue to digital sound is called Sampling. Use PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
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Digital samplingSampling frequency
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Digital samplingSampling frequency
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Sampling
Two parameters:
Sampling Rate Frequency of sampling Measure in Hertz The higher sampling rate, higher quality sound but size
storage is big. Standard Sampling rate: - 44.1 KHz for CD Audio
- 22.05 KHz - 11.025 KHz for spoken- 5.1025 KHz for audio effect
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Sampling
Size sampleThe resolution of a sample is the number of bits it uses to store a given amplitude value, e.g. 8 bits (256 different values) 16 bits (65536 different values) A higher resolution will give higher quality but will
require more memory (or disk storage)
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Quantisation
Samples are usually represented the audio sample as a integers(discrete number) or digital
S am ple po in ts
0
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Basic Terms19
TermTerm DefinitionDefinition
BitBit Binary value 0 or 1Binary value 0 or 1
Kilobit (Kb)Kilobit (Kb) 1,000 bits (approx.)1,000 bits (approx.)
ByteByte 8 bits8 bits
Kilobyte (KB)Kilobyte (KB) 1,000 bytes1,000 bytes
Megabyte Megabyte (MB)(MB)
1,000,000 bytes1,000,000 bytes
Gigabyte Gigabyte (GB)(GB)
1,000,000,000 bytes1,000,000,000 bytes
KbpsKbps Kilobits per second (1,000 bits in a Kilobits per second (1,000 bits in a second)second)
KB/secKB/sec Kilobytes per second (1,000 bytes in a Kilobytes per second (1,000 bytes in a second)second)
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Analog vs. Digital20
Analog: A signal that has a continuous nature rather than a pulsed or discrete nature. Note: Electrical or physical analogies, such as
continuously varying voltages, frequencies, or phases, may be used as analog signals.
Digital: A signal in which discrete steps are used to represent information.
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Digital Signal21
Use Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to represent an audio signal by digital data.
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ADC & DAC22
Figure 4.3 Conversion from Analog to Digital requires an Analog-to-Digital Converter
Figure 4.4 Conversion from Digital to Analog requires a Digital-to-Analog Converter
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Basic Digital Audio Concepts23
Sampling rate Number of sample taken of a signal in a given
time (usually one second)Bit depth
Describes the accuracy of the audio dataChannels
E.g. Stereo has two channelsBit rate
Measured in kilobits per second (Kbps) is a function of the bit depth and sampling rate
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Sampling rate24
The more sample taken per second, the higher the accuracy.
Typically measured in kilohertz (KHz).CD audio has 44,100 samples per second
(44.1KHz).8 KHz produces lower quality radio sound.Standard sampling rates include “8KHz”,
“11.025KHz”, …The high-end 96K is used in DVD, but is not
applicable to the Web.
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Sampling Rate25
demo
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Bit depth26
Also called “sampling resolution” or “word length”.
The more bits, the better is the quality of the audio (and a larger file of course).
Common bit depths are 8-bit (telephone like), 16-bit (CD quality), and 20, 24, 32, 48-bit depths.
How many signal can a 8-bit and a 16-bit data represent? 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111
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Quantization27
demo
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Channels28
Audio file can support one to six channels of audio formats.
Mono – one channelStereo – two channelsSome others – three, four channels.Six channels – 5.1-channel surround sound.More multi-channel formats announce in
the coming years.
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Channel Examples29
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Bit rate30
Audio files are measured in terms of bit rate which is measured in kilobits per second (Kbps).
It can be calculated by dividing the file size by the time (in second) to play the audio clip. E.g. 3Mb file play in 30 seconds 3000k / 30 = 100kbps.
Quality at different compression rates
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Optimizing for the Web31
Length of the audio clip Keep the audio clip as short as possible. E.g. just keep the most sweetest part of your greeting.
Number of channels A mono audio file is halved the space of a stereo file. Depends on your actual needs.
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Optimizing for the Web32
Bit depth Audio file on the Web are usually 8-bits. Half the size of a 16-bit file.
Sampling rate Half the sampling rate will also halve the space
needed. Voice only audio file can be reduced to 8KHz. 22 KHz music clips are acceptable.
Putting all things together: Mono, 8-bit, 22KHz, MP3 compression.
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Calculate audio size33
8-bit mono: seconds x KHz16-bit mono: (seconds x KHz) x 28-bit stereo: (seconds x KHz) x 216-bit stereo: ([seconds x KHz] x 2)x2E.g. the file size of 30 seconds of 16-bit,
11KHz mono audio: (30 x 11) x 2 = 660K.
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Streaming Audio34
What is it? Play almost immediately after the request,
continues playing the transferring data.Advantages:
Address the problem of long download time. Control distribution and protect copyright,
because the user cannot get a copy of the file.Disadvantages:
Sound quality may be be affected by low speed or unstable Internet connection.
Reference
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What is Streaming?35
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How does it work?Streaming audio
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Web browser
Web server
RealAudioServer
Web browser requesta RealAudio fromthe web server
Packet are sent to a buffer on the receivingComputer, the RealPlayer will play the soundFile when buffer full
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Quality Comparison37
http://www.cit.cornell.edu/atc/itsupport/streamcompare.shtml
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Web Audio Formats38
WAV/AIFF (.wav/.aif/.aiff) The Waveform Audio File format (.wav) was developed
by Microsoft, supports arbitrary sampling rates and bit depths.
The Audio Interchange File format (.aif, .aiff) was developed for Macintosh platform.
They are less likely used on the Web, because people use “mp3” or “streaming”.
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WAV/AIFF39
Try the Bell-lab synthesis link.http://www.bell-labs.com/project/tts/
voices.html
Select theAudio format
http://www.nuance.com/prodserv/demo_vocalizer.html
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MP3 (.mp3)40
Able to maintain excellent sound quality at very small file sizes.
The compression reduces an audio file to one-tenth of its original size. E.g. 40MB file 3.5MB
MP3 is actually MPEG-1 Layer-IIIGood for distribution of HQ audio.Demo: www.mp3.com
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What is MP3 digital encoding?41
MP3 is actually the file extension for MPEG, audio layer 3. Layer 3 is one of three coding schemes (layer 1, layer 2, and layer 3) for the compression of audio signals. Layer 3 uses perceptual audio coding and psychoacoustic compression to remove all superfluous information. (More specifically, it removes the redundant and irrelevant parts of a sound signal--the stuff the human ear doesn't hear anyway). It also adds a MDCT (Modified Discrete Cosine Transform) that implements a filter bank, increasing the frequency resolution 18 times higher than that of layer 2.
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MP3 Players42
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Apple QuickTime Audio (.mov)43
QuickTime is a well-known video format, but it can create audio-only movies.
QuickTime is a container format, which is able to store still images, movie formats, … Excellent compression, true streaming
Netscape and IE have Plug-in now.Quicktime : demo
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MIDI (.mid/.midi)44
MIDI stands for “Musical Instrument Digital Interface” which is developed for electronic musical instruments.
MIDI files are very compact and very good for low-bandwidth delivery.
Instruments are “piano, drums, bass, orchestral strings, …”
It is very attractive for adding MIDI file to your website with very little download time.
Demo: www.findmidis.com
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MIDI45
http://www.findmidis.com/
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RealMedia/RealAudio (.rm/.ra)46
RealAudio is a server-based streaming audio format.
The RealServer responses to the requests and delivers the streaming packets, including the bandwidth negotiation.
A robust RealServer can support thousands of simultaneous listeners.
Good for continuous-playing audio and live broadcasts to a large group of people.
Example: RTHK Radio
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RealMedia/RealAudio47
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Windows Media (.wma/.asf)48
Windows Media is a streaming system.It wraps all media elements into a Active
Streaming File (.asf).Audio may be saved as non-streaming
Windows Media Audio format (.wma).Good for continuous-play audio.The encoder and player is Free, shipped with
Windows OS.
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Windows Media49
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Choosing an audio format50
Audio NeedsAudio Needs Suggested formatsSuggested formats
Short voice greetingsShort voice greetings WAV, AIFF, MP3WAV, AIFF, MP3
News broadcastsNews broadcasts Streaming solutions Streaming solutions (RealAudio, Windows Media)(RealAudio, Windows Media)
Background musicBackground music MIDI, WAVMIDI, WAV
Music samples for some Music samples for some audienceaudience
MP3 or QuickTimeMP3 or QuickTime
Radio-style or Live Radio-style or Live broadcastingbroadcasting
RealMedia SystemRealMedia System
Musical E-greeting cardMusical E-greeting card MIDI, WAVMIDI, WAV
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Add Audio to your Web Page51
A simple link <A HREF=“audio/song.wav”>Play the song </A> <A HREF=“music.mp3”><IMG SRC=“buttons/play.gif”></A>
Background Sound <BGSOUND SRC=“audio/song.mid” LOOP=3>
Link to RealMedia <A HREF=“song.ram”>Link to the song</A> pnm://domainname.com/song.rm
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Digital audio editing software
One of the most powerful and professional PC-based packages is a tool called Sound Forge
http://www.sonicfoundry.com/
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Editing Digital Audio
TrimmingSplicing and assemblyVolume adjustmentsFormat conversionResampling or downsamplingFade ins and fade outsEqualizationTime StretchingDigital Signal processingReversing Sounds
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Editing Digital Audio
Simple audio editing software allows: Recording of digital audio segments Trimming Splicing and assembly Volume adjustments of the entire segment Reversing Sounds Copy, cut, paste and delete segments of digital audio
Others audio editing software: COOL Edit Pro Gold Wave PROSONIQ SonicWORX Samplitude Studio
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How audio can be used effectively
Examples of uses of audio:
Cautions and warningsIt is a good medium for alerting users to critical information. Some uses include: Sounding an alarm when a limit is reached Alerting users when data is entered incorrectly
Music and Sound EffectsThese make multimedia interaction more real. Some uses include:
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How audio can be used effectively
Musical background for a video segment Birds Songs accompanying photographs in
biological field training.
Sound-related data. Some uses include: Helping mechanics diagnose engine trouble Training medical students to recognize different
breathing sounds
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How audio can be used effectively
Direct voice communication. Some uses include: Leaving a voice message for other users of an
application Consulting with an expert during a troubleshooting
procedure.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of using audio
Sound adds life to any multimedia application and plays important role in effective marketing presentations.
Advantages
Ensure important information is noticed
Add interest
Can communicate more directly than other media
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Advantages and Disadvantages of using audio
Disadvantages
Easily overused
Requires special equipment for quality production
Not as memorable as visual media
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Summary
There are two main types of digital audio Sampled audio
Captured by sampling an analogue waveform at a set rate
MIDI data Instructions on how to perform some musical
compositionSampled audio requires more storage space
than MIDI information
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