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Landfill solutions in the Netherlands
History and strategy of Dutch landfill minimization
October 2009 © NVRD
Erik de Baedts
NVRD Managing DirectorMWE President ISWA Board Member
Royal Dutch Solid Waste Association
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Contents
• Landfill in the Netherlands: historic overview• Towards landfill minimization• Organizational, regulatory and financial
measures• Avoiding practices• Contemporary situation• Future perspectives
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Royal Dutch Solid Waste Association• Members:
– Municipalities (190 members) – Public waste management companies, mainly local and regional
(127 members = almost 100%)
=> covering over 90% of all Dutch Municipalities and over 95% population
– Other waste management organisations, 152 members, national network• Represents the (public) waste management sector • Aims from a public perspective:
– Pro-active policy development and serving of interests– Knowledge centre for waste management– Network for professionalization of waste management activities– Enhancing the image of the waste management sector
with its dynamics, innovation and societal interest
• European activities : Municipal Waste Europe, active member• International activities : ISWA, active member for long
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Historic overview
CBS/Senternovem
Landfilling and incineration in the Netherlands 1985-2007 (million tons)
0
2
4
6
8
10
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16
18
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Landfilling Incineration
Million
tons
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Development of waste treatment in NL
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Discharge: 1%
Landfill: 4%
Recovery: 83%
Million
tons
Incineration: 12%
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Historic overview (II)
• Before 1970: every municipality operated their own landfill site• VAM: Large national landfill capacity in Wijster (Drenthe) • Late 1960’s: environmental awareness; raise of green policies;
Stricter requirements for emissions to soil • From 1970-1990: municipal cooperation• At the same time increasing focus on environmental protection• Introduction of a waste hierarchy or ‘Ladder van Lansink’ (1979)
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Ad Lansink
Waste hierarchy
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Historic overview (III)
• 1979: introduction of the Waste Law: household waste was to be treated in own province.• Directive: waste reduction and separation• Led to search for new ways of waste processing• Ending contracts with the Wijster landfill site not renewed• Result: decreasing landfill through 1980’s
• Halfway the 1980’s: no more waste import to Drenthe• 1990-2000: increase of incineration capacity; aftercare obligation;
waste amounts to landfill reduced considerably• 1980’s: 200 landfill sites 2000: 25 landfill sites in operation• By the beginning of the 1990’s: Capacity of waste incineration
plants not fully used: landfilling was still cheaper• Hence: national regulation needed!
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Organizational measures
• AOO (from 1990): Alliance for organized waste policy– Cooperation between all levels of government,
waste companies and environmental organizations– Concrete policy framework– Monitoring and evaluation of waste management
programmes
• Environmental Management Act (1993)– Adoption of waste hierarchy– Separate collection of organic household waste compulsory
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Organizational measures (II)
• LAP (National waste management plan) since 2003– Integration of hazardous and non-hazardous waste policies– Consists of three parts:
• Policy framework with policy headlines for waste prevention and management
• 34 sector plans for specific waste categories• Two capacity plans for incineration and landfill
• Municipalities had time to develop cooperation and invest in human resources and expertise
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Weighbridge and registration
Inspection Leachate treatment plant
Landfill gas extraction
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Regulatory measures
• Landfill ban by law (1995): no more municipal waste to landfill• Residues permitted to landfill• Problems:
– Broad interpretation of residues
– Ban as long as incineration plants have capacity
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Processing costs (per 1000 kg, taxes not included)
• Landfilling € 20• Composting € 20• Digestate € 30• Incineration € 60-130 down to….
• Recycling € 80 market value secondary product
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Financial measures
• Landfill taxes (1995)• As a part of a ‘green’ policy
initially not so much as a solution for the landfill issue• Differentiated: Higher tax for non-ignitable and reusable waste• Problems:
– Non-reuseable waste cheaper: waste ‘re-labelling’ to reduce costs
– From 2001: export to Germany (tax free landfilling);
(mainly business waste)
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Effects of landfill taxes (1995)
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Avoiding practices
• Broad interpretation of the from landfill ban excepted residues • Export to countries with no landfill ban• Re-labelling of waste: ‘clean’ streams became residues, mixing• Intentional waste pollution lower landfill taxes • Container overload to create the illusion of a higher weight density
(hazardous waste is heavier and could still be landfilled..)• Strong inspection and maintenance regime required…
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Landfilling and incineration in the Netherlands 1985-2007 (million tons)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Landfilling Incineration
Environmental Management Act
Waste separation initiatives
Landfill ban and taxes German landfill ban
Increasing incineration capacity
Waste export
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Contemporary situation
• German landfill-ban since 2005• Differentiated landfill fees:
– High tax: ignitable and recyclable waste
– Low tax: non-ignitable and not recyclable, inert waste
• Vast amount of new incineration plants were built• Overcapacity incineration• From regional to national responsibility; centralization (Welschen)• Earning capacity of landfill sites at stake: Public utility
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Conclusions
• Power & success of Dutch waste management policy:– Consultation and orientation between all authorities– Combination of financial and regulatory instruments
• Authorities kept control over start (collection) and end (landfill) of the waste management chain.
• Authorities had a good grip on realisation of policy targets for municipal solid waste.
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Future perspectives
• Avoid pitfalls; tackle avoiding practices:
“It takes a thief to catch a thief”
• Towards recycling, reuse and prevention• Invest in waste separation for recycling and tackle overcapacity
in incineration in NL. Import of Italian waste?!• Clear and integral organization and policy structures
(like AOO and LAP) of vital importance
to tackle future waste management issues
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Future development: sustainable landfill
• No unacceptable emission during and after operation• Solve environmental problems with own generation• Achieve a stable situation after completion• End aftercare when that situation is reached• www.sustainablelandfillfoundation.eu
• Transform landfills into recycling centres
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Past
Present
Future
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Design
Carpet Production/Fashion
Retail
Consumption
2009 © NVRD
Design
Resources
Production
Marketing
Consumption
Resources
Sector Design
Industry
Consumption
Textile Aluminium Electronics
- Knowledge
- Sorting (treatment)
- Logistics
X/Y/Z Instruments
Ecodesign
Producers Responsibility?
Reimbursement schemes?
Positive triggers?
Waste Management