Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Quicker
RWTH Aachen University – Unit of Technology of Fuels
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress 2016
Circular Economy Meets Energy Union
16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
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Quelle: www.propubs.com/industries/global-landfill-mining/conferences/introduction
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Content
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I. Introduction
i. Project structure
ii. Goals & Approach
II. RDF-Production
i. Landfill material excavation
ii. Mechanical treatment of landfill material
III. Trials for thermal recovery of RDF
i. Waste incineration plant EEW Hannover
ii. RDF power plant Bernburg
iii. Cement plant CEMEX Beckum
IV. Conclusion
Introduction
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Introduction
Project structure
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• Funding from Federal Ministry of Education and Research
• Program
„r³ – Innovative Technologies for Resource
Efficiency – Strategic Metals and Minerals“
• Project period: August 2012 – July 2015
• Project partners
Companies
Universities
Institutes
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Introduction
Ambition & Approach
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• Development of methods for recovery of selected resources from
municipal waste and slag landfills
• Excavation and treatment of 8,000 Mg old-deposit (80s to 2010s)
• Study on landfill reclamation and resource usage:
Technology
Ecology
Economy
• Preparation of guidelines for the implementation of landfill mining projects
• Our task
Thermal recycling of RDF-fractions generated from landfill material
Pyrolytic treatment of mechanically generated metal concentrates
(disintegration of composite material)
Landfill material excavation
RDF-Production
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Landfill Pohlsche Heide District Minden-Lübecke
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1988-1991
1995-2002
1991-1995
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Landfill material excavation
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Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Landfill material excavation
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Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Landfill material excavation
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Mechanical treatment of landfill material
RDF-Production
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Mechanical & thermal treatment of landfill material – Overview
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Vor-konditionierung
Rohdeponat K1, 2 und 3
MBAPohlsche Heide LVP
Sortieranlage
HKW Minden
8000 t
Gewerbeabfall-sortieranlage
Zwischenlager
Deponat-EBS
ca. 180 t
ca. 25 t
FluffProduktion
EEW Hannover Zementwerk
ca. 100 t
Kunststoffe
ca. 75 t
Leichtfraktion Schwerfraktion
Folien
ca. 75 t
Frischmüll (Hannover)
Frisch-EBS (Minden)
Zumischung
ca. 80 t
Zumischung
EAB Bernburg
ca. 200 t
Leichtfraktion
Raw landfill material
K1, 2 and 3
Interim
storage
Pre-
conditioning
MBT Pohlsche
Heide
Landfill material RDFFresh RDF (Minden)
Admixture
Plastics Foils
Lightweight fraction Heavy fraction
CHP Minden
Admixture
Fluff
production
Cement
plant
Fresh waste
Lightweight fraction
Lightweight
packaging
sortingplant
Commercial
waste
sorting plant
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
• Sampling according to LAGA PN 98: Several samples (320 liter)
Mechanical treatment of landfill material – Output
RDF material analysis (from mechanical-biological waste treatment plant in Pohlsche Heide)
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Foil
Sorting
residue
Fines
Non-ferrous
Iron
Plastics 3D
Minerals
Wood
TextilesPaper and board
20 to 40 mm
40 to 60 mm
60 to 80 mm
< 20 mm
> 80 mm
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Mechanical treatment of landfill material – Output
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Plastics 3-D
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Mechanical treatment of landfill material – Output
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Foils
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Mechanical treatment of landfill material – Output
High calorific material
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Calorific value [kJ/kg] 9.800 – 17.300
Chlorine content [%] up to 2,5
Ash content [%] ca. 30 – 42
Water content [%] ca. 11 – 40
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Mechanical treatment of landfill material – Output
Fines
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Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Mechanical treatment of landfill material – Output
Sorting residue
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Waste-to-energy plant EEW Hannover
Combustion trials
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
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Plant layout
Wa
ste
Bottom
ash
Lime
milk Dust
Boiler
Spray absorber
Fabric filter
Induced draft
Entrained flow
reactor
Filter dust
Rec
ircu
latio
n
Clean gas
ChimneyA
C
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Input
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• Mono-combustion of landfill material RDF from MBT
• Combustion of crude landfill material in mixture with fresh waste
Ratio Landfill material : Fresh waste
1 : 10, 1 : 5, 1 : 3
Mixture 1:3Landfill material RDFFresh waste
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Input
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Landfill material RDFFresh waste
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Landfill material RDFFresh waste
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Flame image
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Landfill material – Fresh
waste 1 : 3
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Bottom ash
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Slag from landfill material
Slag from fresh waste
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00
Ste
am
mass f
low
[Mg
/h]
Referenzzeitraum 1 Versuchszeitraum Referenzzeitraum 2
Crude landfill material/ Fresh waste mixtureRDF from landfill material
Steam
Reference period 1 Trial period Reference period 2
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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• HCl raw gas values (mean values over trial time)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Referenzvorher
Mono-EBS 1:10 1:5 1:3 Referenznachher
HC
lconcentr
atio
n[m
g/m
³i.N
.]
Crude landfill material/ Fresh waste mixture
HClRaw gas
Reference
period 1Reference
period 2
Mono
RDF
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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• HCl clean gas values (mean values over trial time) HClClean gas
0
5
10
15
Referenzvorher
Mono-EBS 1:10 1:5 1:3 Referenznachher
HC
lconcentr
ation
[mg/m
³i.N
.]
Limit value
Reference
period 1Reference
period 2
Mono
RDF
Crude landfill material/ Fresh waste mixture
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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• SO2 raw gas values (mean values over trial time)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Referenzvorher
Mono-EBS 1:10 1:5 1:3 Referenznachher
SO
2concentr
atio
n[m
g/m
³i.N
.]
Crude landfill material/ Fresh waste mixture
SO2
Raw gas
Reference
period 1Reference
period 2
Mono
RDF
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
0
20
40
60
80
100
Referenzvorher
Mono-EBS 1:10 1:5 1:3 Referenznachher
CO
concentr
atio
n[m
g/m
³ i.N
.]Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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• CO values (mean values over trial time)
Crude landfill material/ Fresh waste mixture
CO
Reference
period 1Reference
period 2
Mono
RDF
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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• Moisture (mean values over trial time)
15
16
17
18
19
20
Referenzvorher
Mono-EBS 1:10 1:5 1:3 Referenznachher
Wasserg
ehalt im
RG
[V
ol.-%
]
Moisture
Reference
period 1Reference
period 2
Mono
RDF
Crude landfill material/ Fresh waste mixture
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EEW Hannover
Results
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• RDF monocombustion possible
• Raw gas values of RDF mono-combustion
HCl: significant increase by a factor of 2-3 Exceedance of emission limit
SO2: moderate increase
• Increase of lime milk consumption (ca. factor 2)
• Flue gas moisture noticeably higher
• Target value in steam production not reached because of low calorific value
• Crude landfill material only applicable in very high dilution with fresh waste (>1:10)
• Opinion of operator:
Combustion of landfill material RDF in 1 : 1 mixture with fresh waste
should be no problem
Refuse-derived fuel power plant Bernburg
Combustion trials
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Plant layout
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Quelle: www.eew-energyfromwaste.com 2014
SNCR
BICAR
HOK
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Input
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• Mono-combustion of landfill material RDF from preconditioning
1 year storage (drying!) and post-screening (about 50 % mass loss!!!)
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Input
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RDF from fresh waste RDF from landfill material
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Input
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RDF from landfill materialRDF from fresh waste
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Flame image
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RDF from landfill materialRDF from fresh waste
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Results
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• Steam production
Combustion of RDF from
landfill material
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Results
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• Emissions
HClHCl
Bicarbonate consumption
SO2
Combustion of RDF from
landfill material
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test EAB Bernburg
Results
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• Mono-combustion possible: No difference to normal operation
• No problems with material logistics
Reason: Material was comparatively dry (1 year storage)
• Raw gas values RDF mono-combustion
HCl: significant increase by a factor of 2-3 to 2.400 – 4.700 mg/m³i.N.
SO2: unremarkable
• Consumption increase of sodium bicarbonate (ca. factor 2-3)
• Stable steam generation
• Operating staff:
„Combustion behavior of landfill material RDF better than some fresh RDF“
Cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Combustion trials
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Plant layout
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Quelle: CEMEX Deutschland 2014
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Input
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• High-calorific material with 13 - 15 MJ/kg
• 2 Mg/h (= ca. 5 % of total FWL)
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Input
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RDF from fresh waste RDF from landfill material
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Results
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• Troubles in conveying
Significant tendency to agglomeration
Bridging over screw conveyors
Blocking beyond rotary valve
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Ergebnisse
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Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Results
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• Troubles in conveying
Significant tendency to agglomeration
Bridging by discharge screw conveyors (isolated)
Frequent damer to reduce impact on rotary valve
• Too high chlorine values
Values from analysis of CEMEX sampling: Average value: 2,45 %!
Too high chlorine content in hot meal
Too much chlorine in bypass dust
Cl values in clinker (still) okay
• Massive incrustations in preheater tower
Higher pressure drop and personnel effort
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Combustion test cement plant CEMEX Beckum
Results
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• Due to difficult material handling reduction in throughput from 2 to 1,5 Mg/h
• Conveying problems and chlorine concentration led to test termination
• Conclusion
Troubles in conveying
Chlorine is biggest problem
Heavy metal content often above acceptance criterion
Drying necessary
• Operator: „Material is not applicable“
Complex treatment
Conclusion
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Conclusion
Landfill material
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• Very heterogeneous with different compositions
Much inert material due to soil cover (ash content, fines)
High moisture content
High content of chlorine (from „0“ to 2,5 %) and sulfur possible
Dull and brittle plastic consistency (lack of plasticizer?)
• Untreated landfill material is only applicable in very high mixture
• Treatment to RDF necessary
Crushing
Fractioning (fine and heavy product separation)
Metal separation
(Storage for) Drying?
• (Very) low RDF production
Landfill Mining: An Option to Trigger Resources?
Peter Quicker
8th CEWEP Waste-to-Energy Congress | 16-17 June 2016 Rotterdam
Interim conclusion
Thermal treatment
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• Incineration in WtE plant possible
• Recommended conditions
Treatment with separation of fines and metals
Drying (perhaps by storage) appears to be advantageous
Incinerator
- Classical WtE technology with variable grate
- With great effort (and in mixture) also for simpler systems applicable
Increase in raw gas values and consumptions of adsorbents expected
• Combustion of untreated material seems not to be reasonable
But what can be done with the separated fines?
• Application in cement plants not possible
• Landfill Mining only for material and energy recovery is unrealistic
Economical not feasible
Many thanks to
EEW Energy from Waste GmbH
CEMEX Deutschland AG
Pader Entsorgung GmbH & Co. KG
and Energie Anlage Bernburg GmbH
for the support with the trials
and
the authorities granting aid PTJ and BMBF
for the funding.
Thank youfor your attention
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Quicker
RWTH Aachen University
52056 Aachen
www.teer.rwth-aachen.de