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ZTHE
KATHA SAHIT SAGARAOB
OCEAN OF THE STREAMS OF STORYTBAN8LATED PBOM THE
ORIGINAL SANSKRIT
BT
C.
H.
TAWNEY,
M. A.
VOLUME
CONTENTS OF VOL. U.
BOOKCHAPTER
X.L"VII.,,t*
Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of the porter who found a bracelet
Story of the inexhaustible pitcher Story of the merchant's son, the hetsara and the wonderful ape Ala
Pag$ 10 1 2 2 4 4 101
CHAPTER
LVIII.10 1113
Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of king Yikramasiuha, the hetaera and the young Brahman Story of the faithless wife who burnt herself with her husband's body .... Story of the faithless wife who had her husband murdered Story of Vajrasara whose wife cut off his nose aud ears
1713
141416
Story of king Sinhabala and his faithless wife
14 16
17
CHAPTER
LIX.17
Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of king Sumanas, the Nishada maiden, and the learned parrot ....,, The parrot's account of his own life as a parrot
26 2621
1819 21
The
hermit's story of Somaprabha, Manorathaprabha, Episode of Manorathaprabha and Rasmimat
and Makarandika
- .
25
2223
CHAPTER
LX.27^-43 27
Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of S'uravarman who spared his guilty wife
Story of the ox abandoned in the forest, and the Story of the monkey that pulled out the wedge Story of the jackal and the drum Story of the crane and the Makara
lion,
and the two jackals
27
43
... 31,
Story of the lion and the hareStory of the louse and the flea Story of the lion, the panther, the crow and the jackal Story of the pair of titthibhaa Story of the tortoise and the two swans
32
28 30 32 33 3435 33
35 36 37
Story of the three fishStory of the monkeys, the firefly aud the bird Story of Dharmabuddhi and Dushtabuddhi Story of the crane, the snake, and the mongoose,
37 33 394141
40....
Story of the mice that ate an iron balance
41
^2
IV
CIIAITKU LXIContiBiuUion of the itory of Udayuui and hit aoa Story of tho fiooUib morohuil who nude loai-wood into ch&rcoal
446844 44
Story of tlkd Stoiy of tho man
nn who towed roMted teed
who mixed flr and water
...' of the fool
and the omamenta and the cotton
Story of the fooUah rillagora who cut down tho palm-trees Story of the braasore-finder who was blindod Story of the fool and the salt Story of the fool and his milch -cowStory of the foolish bald man and tho fool who poltod him Story of the crow, and tho king of tho pigeons, the tortoise and tho deer8tor}- of tho. .
45 46 46
464747
474.S
v)2
mouso and tho
horniit
49
51
Story of the Brahman's wifo and tho scsamo-sceds Story of the greedy jackal Story of tho wife who falsely accused her husband of murdering a Hhilla i Story of the suako who told his secret to a woman
5051..
53
50 54 55 55 56 6657 58
54555-5
Story of the bald man and the hair-rostorer Story of a foolish servant
.*
Story of tho faithless wife who was present at her Story of tho ambitious Chandiila maiden
own S'raddha
Story of tho miserly king Story of Dhavulamukha, his trading friend, and his fighting friend Story of the thirsty fool that did not drinkStory of the fool who killed his son Stor)' of tho fool and his brother Story of the Brohmachirin's son Story of the astrologer who killed his sonStory of the violent8tor>' of tho foolish king
&7
58 58 586i)
59 59,.
man who justified his character who made his daughter grow Story of tho man who recovered half a patta from his servant Storj' of the fool who took notes of a certain spot in the sea Stor>' of the king who replaced the flesh Stor}' of the woman who wanted another son Story of the servant who tasted the fruitStor}' of theStor}'
GO
6060GO 61 61
61
62
two brothers Yajnasoma and Kirtisuma of the fool who wanted a barber
626363 63
Story of the
man who
asked for nothing at
all
CHAPTER
LXII.'
Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of the war between the crows and the owlsStory of the aas in the panther's skin liow the crow diwaaded tho birds from choosing tho owl king
6
1
79
G4
65
75 65 68
Pagestory of the elephant and the hares Story of the bird, the hare, and the cat Story of the Brahman, the goat, and the rogues Story of the old incrchant and his young wife Story of the Brahman, the thief, and the Rakshasa .. Story of the carpenter and his wife Story of the mouse that was turned into a maiden Story of the snake and the frogsStory of the foolish servant Storj' of the two brothers who dividedall that they had Story of the mendicant who became emaciated from discontent Story of the fool wlio saw gold in the water
60-67.....
676868-69
697070
71-72
727374 76 76
,
75-7676
Story of the servants
who kept
rain off the trunks
767777
Story of (he fool and the cakes Story of the servant who looked after 1j^ door Story of the simpletons who ate the buffalo Story of the fool who behaved like a Brahmany drake Story of the physician
77
777878
who
tried to cure a
hunchback
......
Continuation of the story of TJdayana and his son ,.. Naravahanadatta crowned emperor of the Vidyadharas
469478473
474
BOOK
XVI.CXI..
CHAPTER
Continuation of the story of TJdayana and his son 8tory of the devoted couple Surasena and Suahena
......
479 480
^83481
Death of Chandamahasena and Angaravati Death of Udayana king of Yatsa Continuation of the story of Naravahanadatta son of Udayana
482 48S....
....,
484
485
CHAPTER CXn.Continuation of the story of Naravahanadatta son of TJdayana Story of king Chandamahasena and tho Asura's daughter..........4 85 486 488
497 488
Story Of princepAvantivardhana and the daughter of the Slatanga Story of the young Chandala who married the daughter of king Prasenajit Story of the young fisherman who married a princessStory of the Merchant's daughter
496491 493
who
fell
in love with a thief
490 491 493
495
CHAPITER CXIII.Continuation of the story of Naravahanadatta son of TJdayana Story of Taravaloka
497
SOS-
498503;
BOOK
XVII.CXIV..
CHAPTERStory of king Brahmadatta and the swans
Continuation of tho story of Naravahanadatta son of Udayana...
....
605
613
.....i
...t
Story of the golden deer
CHAPTER
CXXII.
Continuation of the story of Vikramdditya king of Ujjayini ..,,,,, Story of Malaya vati tho man-hating maiden .,,,,, ,,,,,. ...tt* (*?*
586593587
593
CHAPTERStory oi Kalingasena's marriage
CXXIII., ,,
Continuation of tho story of Vikramaditya king of Ujjayini
503593611
XIUragt
How
Dcvascna obtained the magic ointmeut
i
594
Story of the grateful monkey Story of the two princesses Story of Dhanadatta Story of Ke&ta and Kandarpa Story of Kusumiyudha and Eamalalochanu
596597 598599 600601601
610 607
606
CHAPTER CXXIV.Conclusion of the story of Kalingasona's marriageStory of Chandrasvamin Conclusion of the story of Vikramaditya king of Ujjayini
611 611614617
614
612 624618
Story of Devasvamin Story of AgniSarman
;
616617
Story of MtUadeva Conclusion of the story of Naravahanadatta son of Udayana Conclusion of the Katha Sarit Sagara
618624624 625
TRANSLATIONOF THE
KATIIA SARIT SAGARAOB
OCEAN OF THE STEJIAMS OE STORY.
BOOKi.
X.^
aSCS3
5e. .
CHAPTERWe
LVII.
worship the elephantine pi-oboscis of Gane^a, not to be resisted by
a sword disponing great arrogance.* the third eye of S'iva, which, when all three were equally wildly-rolling, May blazed forth beyond the others, as he made ready his arrow upon the string,his enemies, reddened with vermilion,
for the burning of Pura, protect you. May the row of nails of the Man-lion, t curved and red with blood, when he slew his enemy, and his fiery
look askance, destroy your calamities.Storybracelet.
of the porter
who found a
Thus Naravahanadatta, the sonof the king of
Vatsa, remained in
Kausambi in happiness, with his wives, and his ministers. And one day, when he was present, a merchant living in the city, came to make aThat merrepresentation to his father, as he was sitting on his throne. cham;, of the name of llatnadatta, entered, announced by the warder, and " king, there is a poor porter bowing before the king, said as follows:
O
here, of the
is found of late to be and bestowing alms. So, out of curiosity, I took him to my eating, drinking, house, and gave him food and drink to his heart's content, and |rheu I had;
name
of Vasundhara
and suddenly he
1 read mada for nittdya. t Nrisinha, Vishnu asaumod
thia
form for tho destruction of Ilira^yakA^pu.
X
inmlehim drunk, 1 questioned him, and he gave mo this answer, I obtained I from the door of the king's palace a bracelet with splendid jewels, and picked and sold it. And I sold it for a lakh of dimrs to a merchant out one jewel named Hirapyagupta this is how I come to bo living in comfort at present.' When he bad said this, he shewed me that bracelet, which was marked with the*;
I have come to inform your majesty of the circumking's name, and therefore When the king of Vatsa heard that, he had the porter and the stance."
merchant of precious jewels summoned with all courtesy, and when he saw " Ah I remember, this bracelet slipped the bracelet, he said of hiniself arm when I was going round the city." And the courtiers asked from my " the porter, Why did you, when you had got hold of a bracelet marked;!
" with the king's name, conceal it ?" He replied, I am one who gets his living by carrying burdens, and how am I to know the letters of the king's name ?
I got hold of it, I appropriated it, being burnt up with the misery When he said this, the jewel-merchant, being reproached of poverty." " I bought it in the market, without putting for keeping the jewel, said
Wiien
any pressure on the man, and there was no royal mark upon
it,
now
it is
said that
it
belongs to the king.is
And
he has taken
five
though thousand
of the price, the rest
with me."
When
Yaugandharayana, who was
" No one is in fault present, heard this speech of Hiranyagupta's, he said in this matter. What can we say against the porter who does not know his letters ? Poverty makes men steal, and who ever gave up what he had
found
?
And
the merchant
who bought
it
from him cannot be blamed."
The
king when he heard
And
prime minister's, approved it. back his jewel from the merchant, paying him the five thousand dinars, which had been spent by the porter, and he set the porterhe tookat liberty, after taking back his bracelet, and he, having five thousand, went free from anxiety to his own house.
this decision of his
consumed
his
And
the king,
in the bottom of his heart he hated that merchant llatnadatta, as being a man who ruined those that reposed confidence in him, honoured him for his service. When they had all departed, Vasantaka came before the king, and said, " Ah when men are cursed by destiny, even the
though
!
wealth they obtain departs, for the incident of the inexhaustible pitcher has happened to this jiorter."Stor,j
of the incxhamlihU pitcher*
^^'^.
^"""^
"^8S.
insurta
nUho
after kfitam,
8
nit
compftoy of
many
Vldyaclbara females.
And
in the middle of tboie
elittering ones,in
saw a maiden charming to the eye like a digit of the moon the middle of the stars, with face like an oi>ening lotus, with rollinglie
with the swimming gait of a swan, diffusing the eyes like circling bees, waist perfume of a blue lotus, with dimples charming like waves, with with a string of pearls, -like the presiding goddess of the lovely adorned
And the prince, when he lake in Cupid's garden, appearing in bodily form. saw that charming enamoured creature, a medicine ])otcnt to revive the of love, was disturbed like the sea, when it beholds the orb of thegod moon.he approached her, saying to his ministers-i-Ah extraordinary is the variet}' in producing fair ones that is characteristic of Providence ! And when she looked at him with a sidelong look tender with passion, he!
And
asked her
WhenInit
Who arc you, auspicious one, and why have you come here " the maiden heard that, she said, Listen, 1 will tell you."is
"
?'*
" There
a town of gold on the Himalayas,
named Kanchana^ringa.
there lives a king of the Vidyadharas, named Spba^lkayasas, who ia kind to the wretched, the unprotected, and those who seek his aid. just, and that I am his daughter, born to him by the queen Hemaprabha, in Know
consequence of a boon granted by Gauri. And child, and having five brothers, and being dear tohis advice propitiating Gauri with
I,
being the youngestfather as hislife,
my
vows and hymns. She, being kept by bestowed on me all the magic sciences, and deigned to address me pleased, thus Thy might in science shall be tenfold that of thy father, and thy husband shall be Naravahanadatta, the son of the king of Vatsa, the future emperor of the Vidyddharas ? After the consort of S^iva had said this, she disappeared, and by her favour I obtained the sciences and gradually grew up. And last night the goddess ap^ieared to me and commanded me To-morrow, my daughter, thou must go and visit thy husband, and thou must return here the same day, for in a month thy father, who has long'
'
The goddess, after entertained this intention, will give thee in marriage.* giving me this command, disajjpeared, and the night came to an end so here;
I
am
come, your Highness, to pay you asaid this, S'aktiya&is flewcity.
visit.
So now I
will depart."*
Having
up into the heaven with her attendants,
and returned to her father's
But Naravahanadatta, being eager to marry her, went in disappointed, And Gomukha, seeing tliat he considering the month as long as a yiiffa. was despondent, said to him, ** Listen, prince, I will tell you a delightfulstory."Storif of king Stimanas, the * maiden, and the Uartud parrot
Nhhdda
In old time there was a city
named Kanchanapuri, and
in
it
there
in
Im
Cp. tho falcon in Chaucer's Squire's Tale and the parallels quoted by Skeat Introduction to Chaucvr'ii rnorobdca Tulo tScc, p. xlvii.
19lived a great king named Sumanas. He was of extraordinary splendour, and crossing difficult and inaccessible regions, he conquered the fortresses and fastnesses of his foes. Once, as he was sitting in "The hall of assembly, the
warder said to him
"
King, the daughter of the king of the
Nishadas, named Muktalata, is standing outside the door with a parrot in a cage, accompanied by her brother Viraprabha, and wishes to see your
The king said "Let her enter," and, introduced by the the Bhilla maiden entered the enclosure of the king's hall of warder, And all there, when they saw her beauty, thought " This assembly.Majesty."is not a mortal maiden, And she surely this is some heavenly nymph." bowed before the king and spoke as follows " King, here is a parrot that knows the four Vedas, called S'astraganja, a poet skilled in all the sciences and in the graceful arts, and I have brought him here to-day by the
order of king Maya, so receive him." With these words she handed over the parrot, and it was brought by the warder near the king, as he had a curiosity to see it, and it recited the following s'loka : " King, this is natural, that the black-faced smoke of thy valour should
be continually increased by the windy sighs of the widows of thy enemies, but this is strange, that the strong flame of thy valour blazes in the teu cardinal points all the more fiercely on account of the overflowing of thecopious tears wrung from them by the humiliation of defeat." When the parrot had recited this sloka, it began to reflect, and said"
again,recite."
What
do you wish to know
? tell
me from what
s'dstra I shall
Then the king was much astonished, but his minister said " I suspect, my lord, this is some rishi of ancient days become a parrot on account of a curse, but owing to his piety he remembers his former birth, and so recollects what he formerly read." When the ministers said this to the king, the" I feel curiosity, my good parrot, tell me your king said to the parrot How comes it that in your parrot story, where is your place of birth ?
condition youtearstell
know
the sdstras ?:
Whois
are
you ?"tell,
and slowly spoke " The story it in obedience to thy command.The parrot's account of hit ownlife
sad to
parrot shed king, but listen, I will
Then the
a parrot.
bles the Vedas, in that
many
Near the Himalayas, O king, t^ere is a roAmt tree, which resembirds take refuge in its branches that extendat
through the heaven, as Brahmans in the various branches of the sacred There a cock-parrot used to dwell with his hen, and to that tradition.* I was born, by the influence of my evil works in a former life. And pairas soon as I was born, the hen-parrot,*
my
mother, died, butand iakhd.
my
old father
An
elaborate
pun on
dv\;'a
20and fostered me tenderly. And be continued to wbat remained over from tbe fruits brougbt by the otber parrots, and giving some to me. Once on a time, there came tbere to bunt a terrible army of Bhillas,putbis wing,;
mo under
live tbere, eating
making a noise with cows' horns strongly blown and the whole of that great wood was like an army 'fleeing in rout, with terriBed antelopes fordust-stained banners, and
the
bushy
tails
in fear, resembling cJioiories, as the host of Pulindas
of the cliamari deer, agitated rubbed upon it to
And after the army of S'avaras had spent slay various living creatures. day in the hunting-grounds, in tbe sport of death, tliey returned with the loads of flesh which they had obtained. But a certain agedthe
who had not obtained any flesh, saw the tree in the evening, and being hungry, approached it, and he quickly climbed up it, and kept dragging parrots and other birds from their nests, killing them, and flinging them on the ground. And when I saw birn coming near, like the minister&avara,in fear underneath tbe wing of my father. And meanwhile the ruffian came near our nest, and dragged out my father, and wringing his neck, flung him down on the ground at tbe foot of tbe tree. And I fell with my father, and slipping out from underneath Then tlie his wing, I slowly crept in my fear into tbe grass and leaves.
of
Yama, I slowly crept
in the
rascally Bhilla came down, and roasted some of tbe parrots and ate them, and others he carried off to bis own village. Then my fear was at an end, but I spent a night long from grief, and in the morning, when tbe flaming eye* of tbe world bad mounted high in tbe heaven, I, being thirsty, went to tbe bank of a neighbouring lake full of lotuses, tumbling frequently, clinging to the earth with
my
wings, and there I saw on the sand of the lake a hermit, named Marichi, who had just bathed, as it were my good works in a former state of existence. He, when he saw me, refreshed me with drops of
water flung inof pity, carried
myme
face,
and, putting
me
in
tbe hollow of a
leaf,
out
to his hermitage.
There Pulastya, the bead of the
hermitage, laughed when he saw me, and being asked by the other hermits, " When I beheld why be laughed, having supernatural insight, he said in consequence of a curse, I laughed out this parrot, who is a parrot of sorrow, but after I have said my daily prayers, I will tell a story
connected with him, which shall cause him to remember bis former birth, and the occurrences of his former lives." After saying this, the hermit Pulastya rose up for his daily prayer, and, after he had performed bis dailyFor the conception of the sun as an eye see Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers pp 62, 53. The idea is common in English poetry. See for instance Milton, P. L. V. 171, Spenser's Faery Queene, I, 3, 4. For instances iu olaaaical poetry, see Ovid, Met. IV, 228, Ar. Nub. 286, Soph. Tr. 101.Tind des Gottcrtranks,
21the hermits, the great sage told this story prayer, being again solicited by
concerning me.Thf hermit t story of Somaprabha, Manorathaprabhd, and Maharaudikd, where. in it appears who the parrot was in a former''
.
, ,
There lived
Kara a king named Jyotishprabha, who ruled the earth with supreme
in the citv of i t i
Ratni.
authority, as far as the sea, the mine There was born to him, by his queen named Harshavati, a son, wbose birth was due to the favour of S'iva propitiated by severe asceticism.
of jewels.
Because the queen saw in a dream the moon entering her mouth, the kinggave his son the name of Somaprabha. And the prince gradually grew up with ambrosial qualities, furnishing a feast to the eyes of the subjects. And his father Jyotishprabha, seeing that he was brave, young, beloved
by the
subjects,
and able to bear the weight of empire, gladly anointed
him.'
crown-prince. And he gave him as minister the virtuous son of his own minister named Prabhakara. On that
Priyankara, the occasion Matali
descended from the heaven with a celestial horse, and coming up to Soma" You are a Vidyadhara, a friend of Indra's, born on prabha, said to him:
earth, and he has sent you an excellent horse named Asusravas, the son of if you mount it, TJchchhaih^ravas, in memory of his former friendship After the charioteer of Indra had will be invincible by your foes." you said this, he gave Somaprabha that splendid horse, and after receiving due honour, he flew up to heaven again.;
in feasting, and the next " the duty of a Kshatriya is to his father the king ; father, day not complete without a desire for conquest, so permit me to march out to the conquest of the regions." When his father Jyotishprabha heard that,said
Then Somaprabha spent that day pleasantly
My
he was pleased, and consented, and made arrangements for his expedition. Then Somaprabha bowed before his father, and marched out on an auspicious day, with his forces, for the conquest of the regions, mounted on thehorse given by Indra. And by the help of his splendid horse, he conquered the kings of every part of the world, and being irresistible in might, he He bent his bow and the necks of his stripped them of their jewels.
the bow was unbent again, but the heads of ; his enemies were never again uplifted. Then, as he was returning in triumph, on a path which led him near the Himalayas, he made his army encamp, and went hunting in a wood.
enemies at the same time
chance would have it, he saw there a Kinnara, made of a splendid and he pursued him on his horse given by Indra, with the object of capturing him. The Kinnara entered a cavern in the mountain, and was lost to view, but the prince was carried far away by that horse.as
And
jewel,
And when
the world, had reached the western peak,
the sun, after diffusing illumination over the quarters of where he meets the evening
tlie prince, boing tired, managed, though with difficulty, to return, and he buhcld a great lake, and wishing to pass the night on its shores, ha dismounted from his horse. And after he had given grass and water to the horse, and had taken fruits and water hiuiself, and felt rested, ho suddenly heard from a certain quarter the sound of a song. Out of curiosity he went in the direction of the sound, and saw at no great distance a heavenly
twilight,
ment,
nymph, singing in front of a lint/a of S^iva. He said to himself in astonish*' Wiio may this lovely one he ?" And she, seeing that he was of noble " Tell me, who are you ? How did you appearance, said to him bashfully
reach alone this inaccessible place ?" When he heard this, he told his " Tell me, who are you and what is your story, and asked her in turn, business in this wood ?" When he asked this question, the heavenly maiden aid " If have noble to hear
you
any
desire,
sir,
my
tale, listen, I will tell
it ;"
after this preface she began to speak with a gushing flood of tears. There is here, on the table-land Episode of Manorathaprabhd and Raimitmt. of the Himalayas, a city named Kan-
chanabha, and in
it
there dwells a king of the Vidyadharas
named Padmakd^.
Know that I am the daughter of that king by his queen Hemaprabha, and that my name is Mimorathaprabha, and my father loves me more than his life. I, by the power of my science, used to visit, with ray female companions,theisles, and the principal mountains, and the woods, and the gardens, and after amusing myself, I made a point of returning every day at my father's meal-time, at the third watch of the day, to my palace. Once on a time I arrived here as I was roaming about, and I saw on the shore o
the lake a hermit's son with his companion. And being summoned by the splendour of his beauty, as if by a female messenger, I approached him, And then I sat down, and my and he welcomed me with a wistful look.friend, perceiving the feelings of both,
companion,;
"
Who
are
you,
noble
" said Not far from here, my Bamed Didhitimat. He, being subject to a strict vow of chastity, was seen once, when he came to bathe in this lake, by the goddess S^ri, who came there As she could not obtain him in the flesh, as he was a at the same time. strict ascetic, and yet longed for him earnestly with her mind, she con-
put this question to him throngh his And his companion tell me ?" friend, there lives in a hermitage a hermitsir,
ceived a mind-born son.'
And
him,
I
have obtained this son by looking at you
she took that son to Didhitimat, saying to receive it.' And after;
And the hermit gladly giving the sou to the hermit, S'ri disappeared. aeceived the son, so easily obtained, and gave him the name of Uasminiat, and gradually reared him, and after investing him with the sacred thread,in this
taught him out of love all the sciences. Know that you see before you young hermit that very Ba^mimat the son of S'ri, come hei'e with
28
me
on a pleasure journey." When my friend had heard this from the him in turn, told my name and youth's friend, she, being questioned by descent as I have now told it to you.
Then I and the hermit's son became still more in love with one another from hearing one another's descent, and while we were lingering there, a " liise up, your father, fair one, is second attendant came and said to me,waiting for you in the dining-room of the palace." When I heard that, I " I will return quickly," and leaving the youth there, I went into the said And when I came out, having taken a very presence of my father out of fear. the first attendant came to me and said of her own accord " littlefood,:
The
friend of that hermit's son came here, my friend, and standing at the door of llasniimat has sent the court said to me in a state of hurried excitement'
me
here now, bestowing on
me
the power of travelling in the:
air,
which he
inheritsstate
Manorathaprabha by love and cannot retain his breath a moment longer, without thatlife.'
from
his father, to see
he
is
reduced to a terriblefather's palace, and,
mistress of his
"
The moment
I
heard this, I left
my
accompanied by that friend of the hermit's son, who showed me the way, and my attendant, I came here, and when I arrived here, I saw that that hermit's son, separated from me, had resigned, at the rising of the moon, the So I, grieved by separation from him, was blaming my nectar of his life.vital frame,
very
and longing to enter the fire with his body. But at that a man, with a body like a mass of flame, descended from the sky, and flew up to heaven with his body. Then I was desirous to hurl myself into the fire alone, but at that moment a voice issued from the air here " Manorathaprabha, do not do this thing, for at the appointed time thou shalt be re-united to this thy hermit's son." On hearing this, I gave up the idea of suicide, and here I remaia
moment
;
full of hope, waiting for
him, engaged in the worship of S'iva. And as for the friend of the hermit's son, he has disappeared somewhere. When the Yidyadhara maiden had said this, Somaprabha said to her, " Then, why do you remain alone, where is that female attendant of yours ? When the Vidyadhara maiden heard this, she answered " There is a king:
named Sinhavikrama, and he has a matchless daughter named Makarandika; she is a friend of mine, dear as my life, who sympaof the Vidyadharas,thizes with
So I sent backreason
my grief, and she to-day sent her attendant to learn tidings of me. my own attendant to her, with her attendant it is for that that I am at present alone." As she was saying this, she pointed;
out to Somaprabha her attendant descending from heaven. And she made the attendant, after she had told her news, strew a bed of leaves for Somaprabha, and also give grass to his horse.
Then, after passing the night, they rose up in the morning, and saw approaching a Vidyadhara, who had descended from heaven. And that
24VidyAclhara, whose
name was"
"Dcvajaya, after sitting down, spoke thus to
Manoratliaprabbii, king Sinbavikrama informs you Wanorathaprabliii that your friend, bis daughter Makarandikd, out of love for you, refuses So be wishes you to go to marry until you have obtained a bridegroom.
there and admonish her, that she may be ready to marry." When the VidyAdbara maiden heard this, she prepared to go, out of regard for her friend, and " Virtuous one, I have a curiosity to see the then Somaprabha said to her:
Vidyadhara world so take me there, and let my horse remain here supWhen she heard that, she consented, and taking her plied with grass." attendant with her, she flew through the air, with Somaprabha, who was:
carried in the
arms of Devajaya.
she arrived there, Makarandika welcomed her, and seeing Soma" Who is tliis ?" And when prabha, asked, Manorathaprabha told bis story, of Makarandika was immediately captivated by him. the heart He, forhis part,
When
thought in his mind, deeming he had come upon Good Fortune in form " Who is the fortunate man destined to be her bridegroom ?" bodily Then, in confidential conversation, Manorathaprabha put the following " Fair one, why do you not wish to be marquestion to Makarandika " ried ?" And she, when she heard this, answered How could I desire;:
marriage until you have accepted a bridegroom, for you are dearer to me than life ?" When Makarandika said this in an affectionate manner,
^lanoratbaprabhd said
"
I have chosen
a bridegroom, fair one
;
I
am
waiting here in hopes of union with him." When she said this, Maka" I will do as randika said you direct."* Then Manorathaprablm, seeing the real state of her feelings, said to " friend, Somaprabha has come here as your guest, after wandering her, through the world, so you must entertain him as a guest with becoming " When Makarandika heard this, she said I have already hospitality." bestowed on him, by way of hospitality, every thing but myself, but let
My
:
him accept me,
When she said this, Manorathaprabha if he is willing." Then told their love to her father, and arranged a marriage between them.Somaprabha recovered
now
may
" I must his spirits, and delighted said to her go to your hermitage, for possibly my army, commanded by minister, come there tracking my course, and if they do not find me, they may:
my
So I will depart, and after I have return, suspecting sometliing untoward. learned the tidings of the host, 1 will return, and certainly marry Makarandika on an auspicious day." When Manorathaprabha heard that, she consented, and took him back to her own hermitage, making Devajaya carry him in his arms.* I read tvadvdkynm with the Sanskrit College MS. and ahitaianki tachtha ina. 141 with the same
MS.
In the meanwhile his minister Priyankara came there with the army, tracking his footsteps. And while Soniaprabha, in delight, was recounting his adventures to his minister, whom he met there, 4 messenger came from his father, with a written message that he was to return quickly. Thea,
by the advice of his minister, he went with his army back to his own city, in order not to disobey his father's command, and as he started, he said to " Manorathaprabha and Devajaya, I will return as soon as I have seeafather."
mj
Then Devajaya went and informed Makarandikaconsequence she becameafflicted
of that, and in
with the sorrow of separation. She took no pleasure in the garden, nor in singing, nor in the society of her ladiesin-waiting, nor did she listen to the amusing voices of the parrots she did;
did she care about adorning herself. And though her parents earnestly admonished her, she did not recover her spirits. And she soon left her couch of lotus-fibres, and wandered about like an not take food;
much
less
insane woman, causing distress to her parents. And when she would not listen to their words, though they tried to console her, her parents in their " You shall fall for some time among anger pronounced this curse on her,
the unfortunate race of the Nishadas, with this very body of yours, witliout the power of remembering your former birth." When thus cursed by her house of a Nishada, and became that parents, Makarandika entered the
very
moment
a Nishada maiden.
And
lier
father
Sinhavikrama, the king
of the Vidyadharas, repented, and through grief for her died, and so did his Now that king of the Vidyadharas was in a former birth a rithi wife.
who knewsin he has
all
the sdstras, butthis parrot,
now on accountand
of
some remnant of formerremembers what
become
his wife also has been born as a wild sow,austerities,
and
this parrot,
owing to the power of former
it learned in a former life. " So I But he laughed, considering the marvellous results of his works. as soon as he has told this tale in the court of a king. shall be released,
And Somaprabha shall obtain the parrot's daughter in his Vidyadhara birth, Makarandika, who has now become a Nishada female. And Manorathaa kinghas now become prabha also shall obtain the hermit's son llasmimat, who but Somaprabha, as soon as he had seen his father, returned to her his hermitage, and remains there propitiating S'iva in order to recover;
beloved."
rememberedMarichi,
"When the hermit Pulastya had my birtli, and was plunged
said
in grief
thus much, he ceased, and I and joy. Then the hermit
me.
who carried me out of And when my wings grew, 4
pity to the liermitage, took me and reared 1 flew about hither and thither with the
26
And learning. falling into the hands of a NishMa, I have in course of time reached your And now m}' evil works have spei/t their force, having been brought court.flightiness natural to a bird,* displacing the miracle of
mj
with
into the body of a bird. the learned and eloquent parrot had finished tliis tale in the of the court, king Siimanas suddenly felt his soul filled with presence
me
When
astonishment, and disturbed with love.
In the meanwhile"llise
S'iva,
being
Somaprabha in a dream presence of king Sumauas, there thoupleased, said to
up, king, and go into the wilt find thy beloved. For the
maiden, named Makarandika, has Nishada maiden, named ^luktalata, who has become a parrot, to the thee, her curse will come to an end,
become, by the curse of her father, a and she has gone with her own father,court of the king.
and she
will
And when she sees remember her existence
as a Vidyddhara maiden, and then a union will take place between you, the Having joy of which will be increased by your recognizing one another."said this to that king, S'iva, to Manorathaprabha, who alsoall his worshippers, said in his hermitage, " The hermit's son Rasmimat, whom thou didst accept as thy bridegroom, has been born again under the name of Sumanas, so go to him and obtain him, fair one ;is
who
merciful to
was living
he
will at once remember his former birth, when he beholds thee." So Somaprabha and the Vidyadhara maiden, being separately commanded in a dream by S'iva, went immediately to the court of that Sumanas. And there Makarandika, on beholding Somaprabha, immediately remembered her former birth, and being released from her long curse, and recovering her heavenly body, she embraced him. And Somaprabha, having, by the
favour of
S'iva, obtained that daughter of the Vidyadhara prince, as if she were the incarnate fortune of heavenly enjoyment, embraced her, and And king Sumanas, having considered himself to have attained his object. beheld Manorathaprabha, remembered his foi-mer birth, and entered his for-
mer body,
from heaven, and became liasmimat the son of the once more united with his beloved, for whom he had long yearned, he entered his own hermitage, and king Somaprabhathatfell
chief of hermits.
And
departed witii his beloved to his own city. And the parrot too body of a bird, and went to the home earned by his asceticism."
left
the
Thus you see that the appointed union of human beings certainly When Naravatakes place in this world, though vast spaces intervene." hanadatta heard this wonderful, romantic, and agreeable story from his ownminister*
Gomukha,
as he
was longing
for S'aktiya^as,
he was
much
pleased.
Cp. Aristophanes, Aves, pp. 169, 170.iyOpwiroi 6pytsluTTaiBfiryrot, v(r6fi.tvot,
iriKfiopTos, ivSiy ovStiroT'tv rairrf. fxivuv.
27
CHAPTERThen thechief minister
LX.
Gomukha, having told the story of the tw^o " Some ordinary men even, Vidyddhara maidens, said to Naravahanadatta, towards the three worlds, resist with firm resolution being kindly disposedthe disturbance of love and other passions.SCoty of S'uravarmangutlty wife.
who tpared
hit
For the king Kuladhara once}iad a servant of distinguished valour,
a young
man of good family, named S^uravarman. And one day, as he was returning from war, he entered his house suddenly, and found his wife alone with his friend. And when he saw it, he restrained his wrath, and in hisself-control reflected,
What is the use of slaying this animal who has beof punishing this wicked woman ? too should After he had thus reflected, he I saddle my soul with a load of guilt ?" " I will kill whichever of left them both unharmed and said to them, youtrayed his friend ?
"
Or
Why
you come in my sight again. went away to some distant but S'uravarman married another wife, and lived there in comfort.
two I
see again.
You mustthem
neither of
Whenplace,
he said this and"
let
depart, they
Thus, prince, a
man who conquers wrathis
and a man, who displays prudence,
never harmed.
will not be subject to grief ; Even in the case of
animals prudence produces success, not valour.
In proof of
it,
hear this
story about the lion, and the bull, and other animals."Story ofthe
Ox abandoned
in
the
Forest*
merchant's son.
There was in a certain city a rich Once on a time, as
to him,
he was going to the city of Mathura to trade, a draught-bull belonging named Sanjivaka, as it was dragging the yoke vigorously, broke it, and so slipped in the path, which had become muddy by a mountain torrent
The merchant's son, seeing flowing into it, and fell and bruised its limbs. that the bull was unable to move on account of its bruises, and not sucit up from the ground, at last in despair and left it there. And, as fate would have it, the bull slowly revived, and rose up, and by eatiijg tender grass recovered its former condition. And it went to the bank of the Yamuna, and by eating green grass and wandering about at will, it became fat and strong. And it roamed
ceeding in his attempts to raiseoff
went
about there, with full hump, wantoning, like the bull of bills with its horns, and bellowing frequently.* ThisIs
S'iva, tearing
up ant-
also found in tho Panchatantra 100.
and the Hitopade^.
See Benfey'sPaD-
corresponds to separation of friends," Johnson's Translation, p. 40, and to the Ist book of the Panchatantra. In si. 15, I read, with Di. Keru, t'othpan.
chatantra. Vol. I, (Einleitung), p. the 2nd book of the Hitopadoga, "
In
fact tho present chapter
The
8
NowPiiigalaka,
beasts had
at that time there lived in a neiglibonring wood a lion named who had subdued the forest i)j his might ; and that king of two jackals for ministers the name of the one was Damanaka,;
and the name of the other was Karatuka. That lion, going one day to the bank of the Yamuna to drink water, heard close to him the roar of And when the lion heard the roar of that bull, never that bull Sanjivaka. heard before, resounding through the air, he thought, " What animalsound P Surely some great creature dwells here, so I will depart, saw me, it might slay me, or expel me from the forest." Theretipon the lion quickly returned to the forest without drinking water, and continued in a state of fear, hiding his feelings from his followers.this
makes
for
if it
secretly to
Then the wise jackal* Damanaka, the minister of that king, said Our master went to drink Kara^aka the second minister,**;
water"VVe
this
so how comes it that he has so quickly returned without drinking ? must ask him the reason." Then Karataka said " What business ia of ours ? Have you not heard the story of the ape that drew out the
wedge ?"Story of the monkey that pulled out thewedffe.f
Ijad
In a certain town, a merchant begun to build a temple to a
divinity,
and had accumulated much timber.
The workmen
there, after
sawing through the upper half of a plank, placed a wedge in it, and leaving In the meanwhile a monkey came there and it thus suspended, went home.
bounded up out of mischief, and sat on the plank, the parts of which were And he sat in the gap between the two parts, separated by the wedge. as if in the mouth of death, and in purposeless mischief pulled out the wedge. Then he fell with the plank, the wedge of which had been pulledout,
and was
killed,
having his limbs crushed by the flying together of the
separated parts.
Weber supposes that tho Indians borrowed all the fables representing the jackal a wise animal, as he is not particularly cunning. He thinks that they took the Western stories about the fox, and substituted for that animal the jackal. Benfey
M
argues that this does not prove that these fables are not of Indian origin. German stories represent the lion as king of beasts, though it is not a German animal. (Benfey's Panchatantra,Yol.I, pp. 102, 103). Sec also DeGubematis, Zoological Mythology, p. 122.
t This story is found in the Hitopadesa, the Panchatantra, the nah, Anvar-i-Suhaili, Livro des Lumieros, p. 61, Cabinet des and other collections (Benfey's Panchatantra, Vol. I, p. 105.) For Panchatantra, see Benfey, Vol. II, p. 9, for that of the Hitopade&i,tion, p. 44.
Kalilah andF^es,
Dim
tra.
p.
120.
X This corresponds to the 21st of the first book in Benfey's translation. Vol. II, Cp Arabic version (Wolff, I, 98, Knatchbull, 166.), Symeon Soth, 33,
6
42baknoe
made of a tbousaml palas of iron and depositing it in the oare of a certain merchant, ho wont to another land. And when, on his return, ho came to that merchant to demand back his balance, the mer" It chant said to him has been eaten by mice." He repeated, " It is; :
wm
quite true, the iron, of which it was composed, was particularly sweet, and 80 the mice ate it." This he said with an outward show of sorrow, laughing in his heart. Then the merchant's son asked him to give him
Bome food, and he, being in a good temper, consented to give him some. Then the merchant's son went to bathe, taking with him the son of that merchant, who was a mere child, and whom he persuaded to come with him by And after he had bathed, the wise mergiving him a dish of dmalakas. chant's son deposited the boy in the house of a friend, and returned alone to the house of that merchant. And the merchant said to him, " Where He replied, '* A kite swooped down from the air is that son of mine ?" and carried him off." The merchant in a rage said, " You have concealed my son," and so he took him into the king's judgment-hall and there The officers of the court the merchant's son made the same statement. " This is But the said, impossible, how could a kite carry off a boy ?" " In a merchant's son answered country where a large balance of iron was eaten by mice, a kite might carry off an elephant, much more a boy."* When the ofl&cers heard that, they asked about it, out of curiosity, and made the merchant restore the balance to the owner, and he, for his part,;
;
restored the merchant's child.see, persons of eminent ability attain their ends by an But you, by your reckless impetuosity, have brought our master danger." When Damanaka heard this from Karataka, he laughed and'
Thus, you
artifice.
intosaid
"
Do
not talk like this
!
What
chanceis
victorious in a fight with a bull ? There
is there of a lion's not being a considerable difference between
a
lion,
whose body
is
adorned with numerous scars of wounds from the
tusks of infuriated elephants, and a tame ox, whose body has been pricked by the goad." While the jackals were carrying on this discussion, the
John
of Capua, e., 4, German translation (Ulm, 1483) H., II, b., Firenzuola, 82, Doni, 113, Anvar-i-Suhaili, 187, Livrc dea Lumidres, 135, Cabinet des Fees, XVII, 853, Robert, Fables in^dites, II, 193196. It is the Ist of the (Benfey, I,
283).
IXth Book of La Font^iine's FabloB, Lo depositairo infid61o. The argument reminds one of that in " Die Kluge Bauemtochter," (Grimm's Marchcn, 94). The king adjudges a foal to the proprietor of some oxen, because it was found with his beasts. The real owner fishes in the road with a net. The king demands an explanation. He says, " It is just as easy for me to catch fish on dryland, as for
two oxen to produce a foal." 8eo also Das Miirchen vom sprechondom Bauche, Kuden'a Uutvr don Olivonbaumcn, pp. 83, 84.
48
When he was slain, Damanaka recovered lion killed the bull Sanjlvaka. his position of minister without a rival, and remained for -ft long timeabout the i^erson of the king of beasts in perfect happiness. Naravahanadatta much enjoyed hearing from his prime minister Gomukha this wonderful story, which was full o statecraft, and characterized by
consummate
ability.
Note
to
Chapter 60.
The fables of Pilpay.
Wilson in his collected works, (Vol. IV, p. 139) remarks that wo have in tho Katha Sarit Sagara an earlier representative of tho original collection of Indian fables, than oven tho Panchatantra, as it agrees bettor with the Kalilah and Dimnah than the Panchatantni does. The earliest Indian form of tho Panchatantra appears to have been translated into Pohlevi in the time of tho king of Persia, Khushru Naushirvans (between 631 and 672 A. D.) upon this the Arabic translation was based. It wa;
bdited
by
Silvestro do
Sacy under the
title,
" Calila et
Dimna ou
Fables do Bidpai,"
and has been translated into Gorman by Wolff, and into English by KnatchbuU There are many recensions of the Arabic translation as of tho Panchatantra. (Benfey is of opinion that originally tho latter work consisted of more than five sections.) Tho oldest translation of tho Arabic version is the Greek ono by Symeon Soth, which was made about 1080, A. D. (Bonfey, Einleitung, p. 8, with note). The Latin translation of Possinus was made from this. Perhaps the most important translation of It must have been made about 1250. all is the Hebrew translation of Rabbi Joel. It has never been edited, with the exception of a small fragment, and is practically represented by the Latin translation of John of Capua, made between 1263 and 1278. Benfey considers that tho first German translation was made from a MS. of this. The oldest German translation has no date. The second appeared at Ulm in 1483. Another version, probably not based upon any of these, is a poetical paraphrase, the Alter Aesopus of Baldo, edited by Edel^stand du M^ril in his Poesios inedites du Moyen Age. There is a Spanish translation from the Arabic, perhaps through an unknown Latin version, which appeared about 1251. A portion has been published by Rodriguez De Castro. Possibly Raimond's Latin translation was based partly on this, and partly on the Latin translation of the Hebrew by John of Capua. The Arabic version was translated into Persian by Nasr Allah in the 12th century. Upon it is based the Anvar-i-Sohaili of Husain Vaiz, which was writtenIt has been translated into English by East wick. (Hertford (The above note is summarized from Benfey's Einleitung). See also Rhys Davids' Buddhist Birth Stories, Introduction, pp. xciii and xciv. He says that the Arabio version was made from the Syriac.
three centuries later.
1854).
4i
CHAPTER
LXr.
to solace
Then the minister Gomukha again said him while pining for S^aktiya^;
of a wise person,
now
to Naravdhanadatta, in order " Prince, you have heard a tale hear a tale about a fool."
Story 0/ the foolish merchant who madealoet-wood into charcoal*
^
certain rich
blockhead of a son.
merchant had a He, once on
a time, went to the island of Ka^aha to trade, and among his wares there was a great quantity of fragrant aloes-wood. And after he had sold the rest of his wares, he could not find any one to take the aloes-wood off hisbands, for the people who live there are not acquainted with that article of commerce. Then, seeing people buying charcoal from the woodmen, the fool burnt his stock of aloes-wood and reduced it to charcoal. Thenit for the price which charcoal usually fetched, and returning home, boasted of his cleverness, and became a laughing-stock to everybody. " 1 have told you of the man who burnt aloes-wood, now hear the tale of the cultivator of sesame."
he sold
There was a certain villager who was a cultivator, and very nearly an idiot. He one day roasted some sesame-seeds, and, finding them nice to eat, he sowed a large number of roasted seeds, hoping that similar ones would come up. When they did not come up, on account of their having been roasted, he found that he had lost his substance, and people laughedStory of the *^^-f
man who sowed
roasted
at him. " I have spoken of the sesame-cultivator, threw fire into water."Story of the fool
now hear aboutsilly
the
man who
who mixed
fire
and
There was a
man, who, one
^