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Joint Structure
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Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
Fibrous (synarthroses): lacks a joint cavity and the articulating bones are held very closely together by fibrous connective tissue; they permit little or no movement– sutures– syndesmoses– gomphoses
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SuturesSutures
found between the bones of the skull and are united by a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
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SyndesmosesSyndesmoses
fibrous connective tissue forms an interosseous membrane or ligament (distal articulation of the tibia and fibula, shafts of radius and ulna)
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GomphosesGomphoses
cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (teeth)
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Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): lacks a joint cavity and the articulating bones are tightly connected by cartilage – synchrondrosis– symphyses
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SynchrondrosisSynchrondrosis
connecting material is hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
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SymphysesSymphyses
connecting material is a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis; bodies of vertebrae)
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Classification of Joints
• Synovial (diarthroses): joint cavity (space between the articulating bones) is present; freely movable. – Gliding– Hinge– Pivot– Ellipsoidal– Saddle– Ball and socket
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Synovial Joints are
freely movable
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Gliding• side-to-side and back-and-forth
movements (biaxial); articulating surfaces are usually flat (intercarpal, intertarsal, sternum and clavicle)
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Synovial Joints
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Hinge• motions are flexion/extension
(monoaxial); convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another (elbow, knee)
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Synovial Joints
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Pivot• rotational movement (monoaxial);
rounded, pointed, or concave surface fits into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament (atlas and axis)
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Synovial Joints
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Ellipsoidal• side-to-side and back-and-forth
movements (biaxial); oval shaped condyle fits into an elliptical cavity (wrist)
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Synovial Joints
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Saddle• side-to-side and back-and-forth
movements (biaxial); articular surfaces concave in one direction and convex in opposite direction (CMC of thumb)
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Synovial Joints
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Ball and socket• movement in 3 planes (triaxial); ball
like surface fits into a cuplike depression (shoulder and hip)
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Synovial Joints
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Components of Synovial Joints
• articular cartilage: covers surfaces of articulating bones but does not bind them together
• articular capsule: surrounds the articular surfaces and encloses the joint cavity– outer layer (fibrous capsule): attached to the
periosteum of articulating bones at a variable distance from the edge of the articulating cartilage
– inner layer (synovial membrane): secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint and provides nourishment for the articular cartilage
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Components of Synovial Joints
• joint (synovial) cavity: enclosed space that surrounds the 2 articulating surfaces; contains the slippery lubricating fluid called synovial fluid
• ligaments: thickened collagenous bands connecting bone to bone– extracapsular ligaments are outside of the articular
capsule (MCL, LCL)– intracapsular ligaments directly attach the 2
articulating surfaces (ACL, PCL)
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Components of Synovial Joints
• articular discs (menisci): pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones; help maintain the stability of a joint and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction; not all synovial joints have them
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Components of Synovial Joints
• bursae: saclike structures that contain synovial fluid to help reduce friction between:– skin and bone– tendons and bones– muscles and bones– ligaments and bones
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