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Joel Castillo Gómez
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Course Structure
I. Theoretical basis
II. Digital Circuits
• II.1 Combinational Circuits.
• II.2 Sequential Circuits.
III. Industrial logic.
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Thematic Content
4. Industrial Logic
4.1 Pneumatic Logic Circuits4.2 Electrical Logic Circuits4.3 Ladder Diagram.4.4 The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)4.5 IEC 1131 standard for programming PLC's.4.6 Timers and counters, set of instructions, functions and data blocks.4.7 PLC programming techniques.4.8 Grafcet and Petri Nets.
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Example
Create a pneumatic circuit that:
Starts with a button
There is a double acting cylinder that moves
forward when button is pushed.
The cylinder returns to its starting position
when the end of the cylinder is reached.
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Thematic Content
4. Industrial Logic
4.1 Pneumatic Logic Circuits4.2 Electrical Logic Circuits4.3 Ladder Diagram.4.4 The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)4.5 IEC 1131 standard for programming PLC's.4.6 Timers and counters, set of instructions, functions and data blocks.4.7 PLC programming techniques.4.8 Grafcet and Petri Nets.
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Symbols
The symbology in electrical circuits is very important because it standardizes the way we represent the circuits in any system or facility.
There are different standards world wide, however, in México we use the NOM-001-SEMP-1994 norm.
Part of this norm defines the symbologyto use in the representation of electrical circuits.
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols (comparison)
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Thematic Content
4. Industrial Logic
4.1 Pneumatic Logic Circuits4.2 Electrical Logic Circuits4.3 Ladder Diagram.4.4 The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)4.5 IEC 1131 standard for programming PLC's.4.6 Timers and counters, set of instructions, functions and data blocks.4.7 PLC programming techniques.4.8 Grafcet and Petri Nets.
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Ladder Diagram
Relay control circuits are drawn using
ladder diagrams.
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Basic logic gates in LAD
AND
OR
NOT
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SR Memory (Reset dominant)
M=(S + M) R’
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Sequential circuits (Cascade)
Another way to represent
sequential circuits is:
with circles which represent “states”.
Arrows which represent transitions.
The function is:
Each state represent an action or
“step” of the system.
It is recommended only one step
active at a time.
The transitions are the conditions
associated to “jump” to the next
step/state.
E0
E1
E2
T0
T1
T2
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Sequential circuits (Cascade)
Solution:
You will use a SR memory with reset
dominant.
The SETs of the memories (states)
will be the following:
○ Start condition (only for initial state)
○ The transition associated to the
previous state along with the state
itself.
The RESETs of the memories:
○ The next state has been activated
Finally, the outputs are activated
with the associated states status.
E0
E1
E2
T0
T1
T2
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Sequential circuits (Cascade)
M=(S+M) R’
For E0:
S=E2 T2 + Start
R=E1, so:
E0=(E2 T2 + Start + E0) E1’
For E1:
S=E0 T0
R=E2, so:
E1=(E0 T0 + E1) E2’
E0
E1
E2
T0
T1
T2
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Sequential circuits (Cascade)
General solution
E_curr=(E_prev T_prev + E_curr) E_next’
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Example
Design an electric ladder diagram to control the previous diagram as follows. When a start button is pressed cylinder A moves, once it reaches the + position, B moves, once it reaches the + position both cylinders return.
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Thematic Content
4. Industrial Logic
4.1 Pneumatic Logic Circuits4.2 Electrical Logic Circuits4.3 Ladder Diagram.4.4 The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)4.5 IEC 1131 standard for programming PLC's.4.6 Timers and counters, set of instructions, functions and data blocks.4.7 PLC programming techniques.4.8 Grafcet and Petri Nets.
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PLC
Intro
Basic components
Memory
I/O Modules
Addressing
Programming
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PLC Intro
PLCs = Programmable logic controllers
PLC’s are microcomputer-like
instruments, used to control industrial
equipment.
PLC’s is a software-based relay control
circuit.
Advantages: Programs can be easily
changed for new jobs (flexibility)
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PLC Intro
PLC’s Microcomputers
Designed especially for industrial
environments.
Are not built to operate reliably
under industrial conditions
Come with input or output (I/O)
modules available for different
types of signals
Require special circuit cards to be
interfaced with external
equipments
Diagnostic features made
available to programmers. Easy
maintenance.
-
Usually programmed using relay-
type ladder diagrams.
-
Can perform simple arithmetical
operations.
They can achieve complicated
mathematical routines.
PLC’s scan the program line by
line. (Slow)
Fast than PLC’s.
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PLC Basic components
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PLC Memory
Memory is used to store programs, use
“fictional” “relays” or variables. Some
PLC’s even map or store the information
of I/O modules in its memory.
Basic units are: BIT, BYTE, WORD,
DWORD.
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PLC I/O Modules
The function is to provide the necessary
interface between PLC and the
controlled system (ex. Limit switches,
manual switches, thermostats, sensors
in general). They can be divided into:
Binary (on-off)
Analog
Communication
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PLC I/O Modules
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PLC Addressing
Addressing is the way PLC’s name the
components connected to it.
It can be divided into I/O addressing and
memory addressing.
Each manufacturer defines the naming
or addressing convention.
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PLC Addressing
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PLC Addressing
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PLC Programming
Programmable controllers are primarly
programmed in ladder logic.
Ladder logic is a symbolic
representation of an electrical circuit.
The main function of a PLC program is
to control outputs based on the condition
of inputs.
The symbols can be divided into two
broad categories: contacts and coils.
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PLC Programming
Contacts
Used for “reading”. (Not necessarily inputs)
Coils
Used for “writing”
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PLC Programming
Exercise: What’s the status of the
outputs?
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PLC Programming
Scan cycle
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Thematic Content
4. Industrial Logic
4.1 Pneumatic Logic Circuits4.2 Electrical Logic Circuits4.3 Ladder Diagram.4.4 The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)4.5 IEC 1131 standard for programming PLC's.4.6 Timers and counters, set of instructions, functions and data blocks.4.7 PLC programming techniques.4.8 Grafcet and Petri Nets.
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IEC 1131/61131
It is a standard programming for PLC’s. The standard consist of 8 parts:
Part 1: General information
Part 2: Equipment requirements and tests
Part 3: Programming languages
Part 4: User guidelines
Part 5: Messaging service specification
Part 6: Communications via fieldbus (Awaiting completion of fieldbus standards.)
Part 7: Fuzzy control programming
Part 8: Guidelines for the application and implementation of programming languages
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IEC 1131/61131
IEC is the International ElectrotechnicalCommission.
It is a worldwide standardization body, meaning nearly all countries have agreed to accept IEC standards.
The most important part of the standard are programming languages: ladder diagram, instruction list, function block diagram, structured text, and sequential function chart.
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Structured Text
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Function Block Diagram.
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Ladder Diagram
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Instruction List
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Sequential Function Chart
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Thematic Content
4. Industrial Logic
4.1 Pneumatic Logic Circuits4.2 Electrical Logic Circuits4.3 Ladder Diagram.4.4 The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)4.5 IEC 1131 standard for programming PLC's.4.6 Timers and counters, set of instructions, functions and data blocks.4.7 PLC programming techniques.4.8 Grafcet and Petri Nets.
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Timers
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Timers
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Timers
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Counters
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Exercise
Program the following task in
www.plcs.net.
The task begins with a start button,
turning on a light, after 5 seconds, the
next light is lit. If the same start button is
then pressed 5 times, another light turns
on, pressing the start button begins the
cycle again.