Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812
• Revolution of 1800– Peaceful transition of
power– “We are all Republicans –
we are all Federalists”
• Jeffersonian Democracy– Simplicity– “The government governs
best that governs least”– Agrarian republic– Repealed the Alien and
Sedition Acts
Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812
• Louisiana Purchase– Westerners needed
the Mississippi River– France needed money– Constitution did not
expressly permit the President or Congress the power to purchase territory (Strict Interpretation)
– Doubled the size of the country
Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812
• Marbury v. Madison– Gave the Supreme Court
the authority to determine constitutionality of laws
• War of 1812– British impressment of
American sailors was a cause
– The War Hawks (Clay, Calhoun) wanted Canada
– The British were allied with Native Americans in the West
• Some Americans were opposed to the War– New England held the
Hartford Convention and contemplated seccesion
• Andrew Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans restored American pride
• The War ended the Federalists– They were seen as disloyal
The Era of Good Feelings
• James Monroe– No opposition party– Federalists were gone– Surge of nationalism
• American System– Henry Clay of Kentucky– Internal improvements
• Roads and Canals
– Tariff to protect American industry
– Similar to A. Hamilton
The Era of Good Feelings
• Missouri Compromise– 1820 Missouri admitted
as a slave state– Maine admitted as a free
state– No slavery north of 36
degrees latitude in the Louisiana Purchase
– Slavery now seems permanent
• Monroe Doctrine– American continent was
no longer open to European colonization
– The British navy actually enforced to doctrine
The Age of Jackson
• Election of 1824– Corrupt bargain allows
John Quincy Adams to be elected
• Jacksonian Democracy– Dramatic expansion of
suffrage– Party nominating system– Spoils system– First president from the
West
The Age of Jackson
• Tarriff of Abominations– 1828 highest tariff ever– Southerners hated the
new tax
• Nullification Crisis– Calhoun of South Carolina
challenged the tariff, claiming states could declare an act “null and void”
– Jackson forced South Carolina to back down
• Indian Removal Act– 1830 Congress passes a law
moving the Native Americans of the Southeast to the West
– Worcester v. Georgia 1832• Supreme Court supported
Native American rights• Jackson ignored the ruling
• Bank War– Jackson refused to re-charter
the BUS
• Rise of the Whigs– United in opposition to
Jackson
Transportation and Market Revolutions
• Transportation Revolution– Steamboats and Railroads– National Road
• Erie Canal– Western goods to Eastern markets– New York City became primary Eastern city
• Market Revolution– National economy
• Impact of the Revolutions on Regions– Northeast – industrial growth– Midwest – immigration and agriculture– South – plantation system dominated by elite planters
The Old South
• Old Slavery– Chesapeake
• Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin– 1790s invention– Slavery expands
• King Cotton– Most valuable cash crop– Tobacco depleted the soil
• Cotton Economy– Changed the South’s attitude
toward slavery– No immigration to the South– South lagged industrially
• Planters– Small, but powerful group
• Yeoman Farmers– Majority in the South– Deferred politically to the
Planters
• Poor Whites– Unskilled laborers– Backwoods– Supported slavery
• Slavery in 1850s– Necessary Evil to Positive Good
Religion, Reform and Romanticism
• American Colonization Society– Abolition and return of slaves to Africa– Founded Liberia
• William Lloyd Garrison• Frederick Douglas
– Both prominent abolitionists• Republican Motherhood
– Women would raise virtuous citizens for the new country
• Cult of Domesticity– Idealized women as mothers and
housewives• Seneca Falls
– 1848 Women’s Rights Conventions– Declaration of Sentiments
• Second Great Awakening– People could improve themselves and
society
• Educational Reform– Horace Mann believed in public education– Longer school year, more training for
teachers
• Mentally Ill– Dorothea Dix launched a crusade for
better hospitals for the mentally ill
• Transcendentalism– Henry David Thoreau– Ralph Waldo Emerson– Margaret Fuller– Minimized logic and reason– Fiercely individualistic
• Temperance– Campaign to drink less alcohol
• Utopian Communities– Rejected competition– Egalitarian social order– Brook Farm the most famous
Immigration
• Irish Immigration– Irish moved to the port
cities of the Northeast– Potato Famine caused the
surge– Faced religious
discrimination
• German Immigration– Moved to the Midwest
• Nativism and the Know-Nothing Party– Anti-Catholic Political Party
Westward Expansion
• Lone Star Republic– Texas acquired its independence
from Mexico in 1836
• Polk and “Manifest Destiny”– America had a God-given right to
expand across the continent– President Polk supported it
• Mexican War– 1846 – the war began under fuzzy
circumstances
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– Mexico lost one0third of its territory
• Wilmot Proviso– A proposal that all land taken in the
Mexican war would be free states