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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
PANDA: Experiments to Study the Properties of Charm in
Dense Hadronic Matter
• Overview of the PANDA Pbar-A Program
• The Pbar Facility
• The PANDA Detector
• Selected Simulation Results
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Are Hadrons So Heavy?
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Hadron Masses
Protons = (uud) ?2Mu + Md ~ 15 MeV/c2
Mp = 938 MeV/c2
(P.Kienle)
no low mass hadrons (except , K, )
spontaneously broken chiral symmetry
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Spontaneous Breaking of Chiral Symmetry
Although the QCD Lagrangian is symmetric, the ground state need not be. (e.g. Fe below TCurie )
Example:
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Quark Condensate
The QCD vacuum is not empty 0qq
Hadron masses are generated by the strong interaction with <qq> (also with gluon condensate)
The density of the quark condensate will change as a function of temperature and density in nuclei.
This should lead to modifications of the hadron’s spectral properties.
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Hadrons in the Nuclear Medium
Spectral functions
W.Peters et al., Nucl. Phys. A632, 109 (1998).S.Klimt et al., Nucl. Phys. A515, 429 (1990).
<qq>
Reduction of <qq>
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Hadron Production in the Nuclear Medium
c d_
d du
c_ d
repulsive
attractive
D-
D+d du
d du
d du
d du
d du
Quark atom
Mass of particles may change in dense matter( ) : 40
( ) : 200
s u
c d
K su m m
D cd m m
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J/ Absorption in Nuclei
J/ absorption cross section in nuclear matter p + A J/ + (A-1)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Advantages of p-A Reactions Compared to A-A
Much lower momentum for heavy producedparticles (2 GeV for “free”)
(Effects are smaller at high momentum)
Open charm mass region (H atom of QCD) @HESR(single light quark)
Well defined nuclear environment (T and )
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Strange Baryons in Nuclear FieldsHypernuclei open a 3rd dimension (strangeness) in the nuclear chart
-
3 GeV/c
K+KTrigger
_
secondary target
p
• Double-hypernuclei: very little data
• Baryon-baryon interactions: -N only short ranged (no 1 exchange due to isospin) impossible in scattering reactions
-(dss) p(uud) (uds) (uds)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
The Experimental Facility
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HESR
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
HESR: High Energy Storage Ring
Beam Momentum 1.5 - 15 GeV/c
High Intensity Mode:Luminosity 2x1032 cm-2s-1 (2x107Hz)p/p (st. cooling) ~10-4
High Resolution Mode:Luminosity 2x1031 cm-2s-1 p/p (e- cooling) ~10-5
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Target• A fiber/wire target will be needed for D physics,• A pellet target is conceived:
1016 atoms/cm2 for D=20-40m
1 mm
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Micro Vertexing
7.2 mio. barrel pixels50 x 300 μm
2 mio. forward pixels100 x 150 μm
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Central Tracking Detectors
example event: pp 4K
• MVD: (Si) 5 layers• Straw-Tubes: 15 skewed double-layers• Mini-Drift-Chambers
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
PID with DIRC
(DIRC@BaBar)
GEANT4 simulationfor HESR:
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Charm
As an example of the Pbar P (3770) DD AnalysisPeak to background of about 6:1
Minv [GeV]
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Electromagnetic CalorimeterDetector material PbWO4
Photo sensors Avalanche Photo Diodes
Crystal size 35 x 35 x 150 mm3 (i.e. 1.5 x 1.5 RM2 x 17 X0)
Energy resolution 1.54 % / E[GeV] + 0.3 %
Time resolution 130 ps (N.B. with PMT!)
Total number of crystals 7150
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Detection of Rare Neutral Channels
PANDA
As an example:c(full phase space)
Comparison with E835(PLB 566,45)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Summary
• High luminosity cooled p-bar from 1-15 GeV/c
• Wide physics program including
• pbar-A reactions
• Panda collaboration forming
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Tracking Resolution
J/ K+K- (J) = 35 MeV/c2
() = 3.8 MeV/c2
Example reaction: pp J/ (s = 4.4 GeV/c2)
Single track resolution
Invariant mass resolution