![Page 1: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Is a hot dog a sandwich?
1
![Page 2: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ontologies
Na’Shea Wiesner and Lucy WilliamsNovember 27, 2017
2
![Page 3: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Learning Objectives
• Definition of an Ontology
• Ontology Development
• Applications
3
![Page 4: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
![Page 5: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is an Ontology?
• A formal explicit description of concepts in a domain of discourse (aka classes or concepts)
• properties of each concept that describe features or attributes of the concept (aka slots)
• relations between concepts• restrictions of these attributes
5
![Page 6: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ontology Hierarchy• Main focus: classes• Classes describe concepts in a domain• Ex: class Dog represents all dogs• Subclasses -> labrador, terrier, collies, etc• slots -> size, weight, color, furLength…• Instances -> Penny
6
![Page 7: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Database Schema vs. Ontology
7
Database Schema Ontology
What’s it for? Data storage and retrieval
Conceptualization, meaning
Who uses it? Databases Humans, software
Meaningful without instances?
No Yes
![Page 8: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ontology DevelopmentFundamental Rules:
1. There is no one correct way to model a domain. The best solution almost always depends on the application and extensions you have in mind.
2. Ontology development is necessarily an iterative process.
3. Concepts in the ontology should be realistic to objects and relationships in the domain.
8
![Page 9: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ontology Development
• Step 1: Determine Domain and Scope
• Step 2: Consider reusing existing ontologies
• Step 3: Enumerate important terms
• Step 4: Define classes and class hierarchy
• Step 5: Define properties of classes (slots)
• Step 6: Define constraints of slots
• Step 7: Create instances
9
![Page 10: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why Develop an Ontology?
• To share common understanding of the
structure of information among people
• To enable reuse of domain knowledge
• To make domain assumptions explicit
(especially in software or databases)
• To analyze domain knowledge
10
![Page 11: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Example
11
![Page 12: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Applications and Research● Sharing domain knowledge across institutions
○ E.g., biology and biomedical research
● Data integration○ E.g., merging databases
● Semantic Web○ Syntax vs. semantics
● Ontology Languages○ RDF, OWL, SPARQL, others
12
![Page 13: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Biology and Biomedical Research● Gene Ontology● Foundational Model of Anatomy
○ Representation of human body understandable by humans and computers
○ Explore
13
![Page 14: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
References
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jake_Cobb/publication/236842047/figure/fig1/AS:2
99445456523267@1448404768571/Figure-1-Example-pizza-ontology-represented-as-a-gra
ph-G-a-and-a-changed-version-of.png
• https://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontology101-noy-mcgui
nness.html
• http://hollergen677s09.weebly.com/protein-network.html
• https://www.slideshare.net/UscholdM/ontologies-and-db-schema-whats-the-difference
• https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-540-92673-3
14
![Page 15: Is a hot dog a sandwich? - Montana State University · 2017-11-27 · Ontology Hierarchy • Main focus: classes • Classes describe concepts in a domain • Ex: class Dog represents](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050511/5f9c5c59d11646420b0aad46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sandwich Ontology
15