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Introduction When a child learns to speak, they invent words,
but these get corrected by adults
Sometimes new words do stick Blog Groupon
Other times words change meaning Uptight (1960s meant cool, sharp looking) Spam (lunchmeat or junk email?) Terrific (causing terror really great)
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Introduction Different people also use words differently
This can be in response to social pressure, cultural identity, or ideologies
Words can change, but so can sounds, syntax, spelling, and speaking styles
We can use this knowledge of current languages to help study and recreate ancient languages as well
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How (and Why) Languages Change
External change Types of changes that occur because of language
contact and language borrowing More rapid Example: English borrowing word ‘syrup’ from Arabic
Internal change Types of changes that occur because of the way
speakers gradually modify their language over time Slower Example: change in the meaning of ‘bad’ from bad to
good (slang)
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External Change Words are the most easily borrowed parts of
speech
Remember the borrowed words we looked at in chapter 2?
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Guess which words are native or foreign
Moose (NA)
Bandage
Elixir (Greek)
Bathroom
Delicatessen (Ger)
Bonkers
Capital
Garage (Fr)
Lemon (Persian)
Skunk (NA)
Tapioca (SA Indian)
Llama (SA Quechua)
Handbag
Typhoon (Chi)
Stone
Canoe (NA Indian)
Admiral (Arabic)NippySquash (NA Indian)Coffee (Arabic)Syrup (Arabic)Fahrenheit (Ger)Cliché (Fr)Futon (Japanese)Floor
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External Change Sometimes speakers of a borrowing language
will pronounce the words the native way
But most of the time the words are changed to fit the style of the borrowing language
Example: American vs British pronunciation of ‘garage’
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External Change Speakers also change the way borrowed words
are used Au jus means “with gravy” We say with au jus, which means “with with gravy” We fit it to our syntax
Another example is how to pluralize words Example: safari (there is no plural in Swahili) We say safaris
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External Change We also reanalyze unfamiliar words and make
them our own
‘hamburger’ meant in the style of Hamburg (a city)
What does it mean now?
We have taken ‘burger’ to mean something specific in our language and have made new words from it Cheeseburger Baconburger Veggieburger
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External Change Word change example: ‘robot’
Where did this word come from?
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/mysteries-of-vernacular-robot-jessica-oreck-and-rachael-teel
What about pants?
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/mysteries-of-vernacular-pants-jessica-oreck
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Internal Change Slower and more predictable than external change
Tend to follow rules and structural patterns of the language
Example: using ‘they’ as gender neutral singular pronoun Instead of he/she Ties to feminism and gender equality
Replacing ‘thee’ and ‘thou’ with more informal ‘you’
Y’all or youse (South, New York) Ties to ideology and cultural identity
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Internal Change Change can also happen because of
misanalysis
Errors in speaking or spelling Could’ve: some mistakenly say could of instead of the
correct could have
Originally, this
was a ‘napron,’ but it shifted to
‘an apron’
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Internal Change Language is spoken in real settings by real
people so of course it will change
Even morphemes can change
What is the first morpheme in ‘disrespectful?’
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Internal Change Language is spoken in real settings by real
people so of course it will change
Even morphemes can change
What is the first morpheme in ‘disrespectful?’
Dis-
What does it mean to dis someone?
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Examples of Language Change
Languages evolve and related languages can evolve out of one native language
English is 1,000 but is very different now than it was at a native language
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Examples of Language Change
Between 1400-1700 occurred the Great English Vowel Shift
Changed structural aspects of language
Also reflected social and ideological aspects
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Language Families Languages have similarities
These are usually related languages
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Language Families Languages have similarities
These are usually related languages
They are called a family of languages or genetically related languages
Examples: Greek and Latin, Sanskrit
English, Dutch, German
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Language Families Linguists can reconstruct ancient languages by
knowing how languages are related
They compare sets of words in related languages and observe any shifts or changes
Cognates are sets of words in related languages that have descended from a common ancestral language
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Language Families
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Languages in Contact Some languages seem to spring to life over
night
Most of the time this is because of population contact Example: Colonization
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Languages in Contact
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Languages in Contact Pidgin is a language that developed through
contact of two unrelated languages
It is a hybrid language made out of the unique situation of two cultures merging
They tend to be short-lived
An exception is creole, a mix of French, English, and African cultures and languages (slave trade) This developed from a pidgin language and is now a
complete language on its own New Orleans, Haiti
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Languages in Contact
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Bilingualism This is the ability to speak two languages
Many people speak one language at school or work and a different one at home
Many times future generations abandon their home language, which is called transitional bilingualism
This is the first step toward language death
However, if generations maintain bilingualism, this is called stable bilingualism
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Bilingualism If you speak more than one language you have to
know how to use them properly in different contexts
Codeswitching is when a person uses more than one variety of language in either one situation or in different situations
You can even switch in and out during one sentence or conversation
Can anyone in class do this?
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Bilingualism