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Introduction to Forest Stand Dynamics
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Stand Dynamics
the study of changes in forest
stand structure with time,
including stand behaviour
during and after disturbances
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Seminar
• The word seminar is derived from the Latin word
seminarium, meaning "seed plot".
• It has the function of bringing together small groups
for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some
particular subject, in which everyone present is
requested to actively participate
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Jan. 4 Thursday Introduction to Stand Dynamics
Jan. 9 Monday Plant interactions and limitations to growth
Jan. 12 Thursday Plant interactions and limitations to growth
Jan. 16* Monday Tree architecture and growth
Jan. 19 Thursday Tree architecture and growth
Jan. 23 Monday Disturbances
Jan. 26 Thursday Overview of stand development patterns
Jan. 30* Monday Temporal and spatial patterns of tree invasion
Feb. 2* Thursday Readings I
Feb. 6 Monday Stand Initiation stage
Feb. 9 Thursday Stem Exclusion stage
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Feb. 13 Monday HOLIDAY (Family Day)
Feb. 16 Thursday Stem Exclusion stage
Feb. 20 Monday WINTER BREAK
Feb. 23 Thursday WINTER BREAK
Feb. 27 Monday Stem Exclusion stage
Mar. 2 Thursday Understory reinitiation/ Old growth
Mar. 6 Monday Readings II
Mar. 9 Thursday Quantification
Mar. 13 Monday Multi cohort
Mar. 16 Thursday Multi cohort
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Mar. 20 Monday Stand Models
Mar. 23 Thursday Stand Models
Mar. 27 Monday Stand Models
Mar. 30 Thursday Field Trip
Apr. 3 Monday Landscapes and Summary
Apr. 6 Thursday
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Webpage
• http://frst507c.forestry.ubc.ca/
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Grading
– Undergrads – Final
– Grads - Term paper (approx. 10 pages)
– Midterm?
– Presentations?
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Introduction to Forest Stand Dynamics
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Systems Thinking
• What is a system?
• Systems - complexes of elements
standing in interaction (von Bertalanffy,
1968)
• Why systems?
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Types of Systems
• Closed
– Isolated from their enviromnemt
– Lab experiments: everything is stable
and controlled
• Open
– Influx and outflow of energy
– Every living organism
• Complex
– Combination of open and closed systems
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Complex Adaptive Systems
They are adaptive; in that the individual and
collective behaviour mutate and self-
organize corresponding to the change-
initiating micro-event or collection of events.
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Open Systems
• More applicable to biological sciences
• Forests, ecosystems, trees = open
systems
• Influx and outflow of nutrients, light,
matter
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Rules of Systems
• Entropy or Evolution theory?
– Contradiction
– Entropy is positive in closed systems
– Entropy may be balanced off by
system production in open systems
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History of Evolutionary Thinking
• 1850s – most 20th century: systems
come to a stable end
– Darwin: nature → humans
– Marx: economy → communism
– Clements: ecosystem → climax
• 1910-present:
– Gleason: community variation and
importance of chance events
– Holling: stages and adaptive cycles
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What is a “paradigm”?
In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,
Thomas Kuhn describes a paradigm as:
a set of beliefs, theories, or a world view
that is unquestioningly accepted and has
become established as "truth."
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UNDERSTORY
DENSE
COMPLEX
SAVANNA
OPEN
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Holling
UNDERSTORY
??
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Stand Dynamics
• Forest stand dynamics – the study of changes
in forest stand structure with time, including
stand behavior during and after disturbance
• Stand – spatially continuous group of trees
and associated vegetation having similar
structures and growing under similar soil and
climatic conditions
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Stand Dynamics
• Studying stages of development (cycles)
in an open system
• Studying patterns of stand development
– Characteristics of emergent properties(e.g. species dominance)
– Connectedness of system elements (e.g.
mixed-species stands)
– Speed of transition (disturbance and/or site
quality)
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Focussing on patterns opened
door to transfer of experience
and knowledge from one
geographic area to another
Systems approach
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The Stand?
• Forest Types
• Stands
• Sub-stands
• Strips or clumps
• Groups
• Individuals
– James Toumey, Foundations of Silviculture, 1928
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Toumey (cont’d)
• These divisions are drawn from more
or less artificial bases and are of
temporary importance
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Stand Dynamics Among Disciplines
Oliver and Larson, 1996
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Why do patterns keep appearing?
• The big picture
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Floralistic Regions
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Continental Drift
The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2012 Historica-Dominion
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Prevailing Winds
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Ocean Currents
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Although stand dynamics needs to have a
systems rather than a reductionist approach,
the patterns of development make most intuitive
sense when individual trees are considered in
the simplest of terms
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Chaos theory
• Pattern bigger than the process
• Mandelbrot set
• Fractals
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Mandelbrot set example
X(n+1) =( Xn )(2+k)
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K = -0.1
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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k = -1.1
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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k = -1.3
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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k = -1.9
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12