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Industrialization & Nationalism
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This Weeks’ Standards
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Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:
• Agricultural Revolution:– Wealthy bought more land → experimentation
– Results:• Tried new agricultural
methods• Small farmers forced to
become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities
– Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
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• Crop Rotation:– Improved medieval 3-field
system
– Ex:• Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil
nutrients)
• Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients)
• Year 3: Barley
• Year 4: Clover
Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:
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• Why Britain?:– Natural Resources:
• Water power & coal –fuel machines
• Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings
• Rivers – inland transportation
• Harbors – merchant ships set sail
Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:
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• Why Britain?:– Economic Expansion:
• Investment in new inventions
• Highly developed banking system
• Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress → increased demand for goods
Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:
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• Why Britain?:– Political Stability:
• No wars on British soil
• Positive attitude
• Laws to encourage business
• Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)
Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:
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Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors:
Natural Resources:– Obstacle = political
disunity
– Coal-rich Ruhr Valley
– Led to importation of British equipment, engineers
– Sent children to England to learn industrial management
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• Railroads:– Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr
Valley
Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors:
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• Meiji Reform:– Meiji = “enlightened rule”
– Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism
– Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down
Industrialization in JapanContributing Factors
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• Transportation:– James Watt – improved steam engine
– Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat
– England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods
– Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained
– Steam-powered locomotives
Industrialization in EnglandProcess:
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• Rise of Cities:– Growth of factory system → city building
and people shift toward cities (urbanization)
– Built near sources of energy (coal & water)
– London most important
Industrialization in EnglandProcess:
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• Living & Working Conditions:– No development plans, sanitary & building
codes– Lacked housing, education– Sickness widespread– Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk– Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case
of injury– Coal mines most dangerous – children and
women employed here b/c they were cheap
Industrialization in EnglandProcess:
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• Transportation:– See above
• Economy & Military:– Economic strength spurred ability to
become military power
Industrialization in GermanyProcess:
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Industrialization in JapanProcess:
• Transportation:– Followed industrialization
– Early 1900s = modern economy
– Built railroads
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Industrialization in JapanProcess:
• Westernization:– To counter western influence = modernize
– Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways
– Chose best & adapted
– Modernized military
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• Modernization:– Coal production grew– Built thousands of
factories– Expanded unique
production (tea & silk)– Shipbuilding to be
competitive with west
Industrialization in JapanProcess:
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IndustrializationWorking Conditions:
• Industry created many new jobs
• Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous
• Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
• Long-Term Effect:– Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours,
better conditions
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IndustrializationSocial Classes:• Factory workers – overworked, underpaid• Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower
middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.
• Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.
• Long-Term Effect:– Standard of living rose
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IndustrializationSize of Cities:
• Factories brought job seekers to cities
• Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size
• Many cities specialized in certain industries
• Long-Term Effect:– Suburbs grew as people
fled crowded cities
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IndustrializationLiving Conditions:• Cities lacked
sanitary codes or building controls
• Housing, water, & social services were scarce
• Epidemics swept through the city
• Long-Term Effect:– Housing, diet, &
clothing improved
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Impact of IndustrializationRise of Global Inequality:
• Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries
• Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products
• Began seizing colonies for economic resources → imperialism
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• Industrialization = tremendous economic power
• Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries
• Development of middle class – education & democratic participation → social reform
Impact of IndustrializationTransformation of Society:
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Important WritingsAdam Smith:
• Basic Ideas:– Economic liberty
guaranteed economic progress
– Government need not interfere in the economy
• Wrote “Wealth of Nations”
• Laissez-faire -government should leave business owners alone
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Important WritingsKarl Marx:
• Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people
• Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
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Impact of Urbanization on WomenMixed Blessing:
• Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home
• Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made
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• Women formed unions in women-dominated fields
• Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories
Impact of Urbanization on WomenReform Movements:
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• Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood
Impact of Urbanization on WomenJane Adams: