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Immune SystemImmune System
Chapter 43Chapter 43
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Introduction to the Immune Introduction to the Immune SystemSystem
An animal must defend itself against An animal must defend itself against unwelcome intruders.unwelcome intruders.
It must also deal with abnormal body It must also deal with abnormal body cells, which, in some cases, may develop cells, which, in some cases, may develop into cancer.into cancer.
Two major kinds of defense have evolved Two major kinds of defense have evolved to counter such threats.to counter such threats.
Innate DefensesInnate Defenses Acquired DefensesAcquired Defenses
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Overview of the Immune Overview of the Immune SystemSystem
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External Barriers:External Barriers:
SkinSkin Mucous Mucous
membranesmembranes SecretionsSecretions
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Internal Cellular Defenses:Internal Cellular Defenses:
Phagocytic cellsPhagocytic cells
NeutrophilsNeutrophils MonocytesMonocytes EosinophilsEosinophils Dendritic cellsDendritic cells
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Internal Cellular DefensesInternal Cellular Defenses
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Phagocytic ResponsesPhagocytic Responses
PseudopodiaPseudopodia IngestionIngestion VacuoleVacuole Fuse with lysosomeFuse with lysosome DigestionDigestion ExocytosisExocytosis
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Internal Cellular Defenses:Internal Cellular Defenses:
Natural Killer CellsNatural Killer Cells
Non-specificNon-specific PerforinsPerforins ApoptosisApoptosis
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Internal Chemical Defenses:Internal Chemical Defenses:
InterferonsInterferons
Complement proteinsComplement proteins
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Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
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Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
Cardinal signs of Cardinal signs of inflammationinflammation
Local versus Local versus systemic systemic inflammationinflammation
Septic shockSeptic shock
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITYACQUIRED IMMUNITY
All cells have cell All cells have cell surface surface macromolecules macromolecules
Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity is sensitive to is sensitive to specific infections specific infections
Antigens Antigens distinguish self distinguish self versus non-selfversus non-self
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITYACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITYACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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Humoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity
Also known as Also known as antibody-mediated antibody-mediated immunityimmunity
Utilizes B-Utilizes B-lymphocyteslymphocytes
Recognizes antigen Recognizes antigen directlydirectly
Made in the bone Made in the bone marrowmarrow
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Clonal Selection and Clonal Selection and ProliferationProliferation
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Humoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity
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Antibody StructureAntibody Structure
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Antibody ClassesAntibody Classes
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Antibody ClassesAntibody Classes
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Antibody FunctionsAntibody Functions
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Cell-Mediated ImmunityCell-Mediated Immunity
Utilizes T-Utilizes T-lymphocyteslymphocytes
T-cells are made in T-cells are made in the bone marrow the bone marrow but mature in the but mature in the thymus gland.thymus gland.
Cannot recognize Cannot recognize antigens directlyantigens directly
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Cell-Mediated ImmunityCell-Mediated Immunity
CLASS I MHC PROTEIN
CLASS II MHC PROTEIN
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Helper T-Lymphocyte Helper T-Lymphocyte StimulationStimulation
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Helper T-cells stimulate B-Helper T-cells stimulate B-cellscells
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Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte StimulationStimulation
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Overview of Adaptive Overview of Adaptive ImmunityImmunity
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Adaptive ImmunityAdaptive Immunity
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Problems with the Immune Problems with the Immune SystemSystem
Blood Transfusion ReactionBlood Transfusion Reaction Tissue RejectionTissue Rejection AllergiesAllergies Autoimmune diseaseAutoimmune disease ImmunodeficienciesImmunodeficiencies
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Blood Transfusion ReactionsBlood Transfusion Reactions
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Blood Transfusion ReactionsBlood Transfusion Reactions
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Rhesus FactorRhesus Factor
Blood Blood TypeType
Presence Presence of D of D Antigen?Antigen?
Type of Type of AntibodyAntibody??
ReceiveReceive??
Rh PositiveRh Positive
YesYes NoneNone + and -+ and -
Rh Rh NegativeNegative NoNo Anti-DAnti-D - only- only
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Tissue Transplant and Tissue Transplant and RejectionRejection
AutograftAutograft IsograftIsograft AllograftAllograft XenograftXenograft
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Allergies or Allergies or HypersensitivitiesHypersensitivities
Type IType I
Type IIType II
Type IIIType III
Type IVType IV
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Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis
Rheumatoid Rheumatoid arthritisarthritis
Systemic lupusSystemic lupus
Grave's diseaseGrave's disease
Type I diabetes Type I diabetes mellitusmellitus
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Immunodeficiency DiseasesImmunodeficiency Diseases
Primary Primary ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
a.k.a. “inborn”a.k.a. “inborn” SCIDSCID
Secondary Secondary ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
a.k.a. “acquired”a.k.a. “acquired” DrugsDrugs Stress and Hodgkin’sStress and Hodgkin’s AIDSAIDS