the immune system. what’s up with that.. what is it? the immune system is the network of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Immune System.
What’s up with that.
![Page 2: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is it?
• The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders, a.k.a. antigens, such as bacteria or viruses
![Page 3: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• An antigen is any substance that stimulates the immune system to make a specific immune response.
![Page 4: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Self/Non-Self Recognition- THE MAIN, GENERALIZED FUNCTION OF IMMUNE CELLS
• Every cell in a human’s body displays a “marker” or “bar code” based on its major histocompatibility (MHC). These “codes” or “markers” let the body know that those cells are its own cells.
• Any other cells, that do not display the same MHC “marker”, are recognized by the immune system as “non-self” and are attacked.
![Page 5: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
So basically...
“If you’re not us, you’re dead.”
– The Immune System
![Page 6: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What are the general cells
that are involved when an immune response is made?
•Macrophages•Helper T-cells• B-cells and Killer T cells
![Page 7: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Macrophages*THE BIG EATERS*
Macrophages are found in all locations in the body, where
they await the entry of foreign material which they
then wrap themselves around and ingest. Macrophages are
the first immune cells to perform the “self/non-self
recognition” function. They identify antigens as “non-self”, and initiate the rest of
the immune response to attack it.
• 1) They *gobble up* the antigens
• 2) Break them up into little pieces
• 3) Display the pieces the helper T cells
![Page 8: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Helper T Cellsthe heart of the immune system
• The little pieces of the antigen fit like keys into locks found on helper T cells, and thus "turn on" these cells. Once turned on, helper T cells then direct traffic in the immune system, using chemical messengers (called interleukins/lymphokines) to signal other immune cells to get involved in the battle.
The Helper T Cells “direct the traffic” of the immune cells.
![Page 9: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
If the antigen is recognized as
a germ or bacteria,
the B-cells will be
signaled
If the antigen is
recognized as
a cancer or virus-
infected cell,
the killer T cellswill be signaled.
Helper T Cell
![Page 10: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
B-cells• B cells, once given the proper information from
helper T cells, secrete proteins called antibodies.
Antibodies are “missiles” that move about our bodies
specifically targeting foreign material.
• The B-cells bind and neutralize the germ, and attract other immune system components which facilitate the destruction of the antibody-labeled target.
![Page 11: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Killer T Cells• Once given the "go" signal from helper
T cells, these cells will “cozy up” beside cancer cells or virus-infected cells and then "stab" them so that the target cell ruptures and no longer serves as a reservoir for viral growth or as a cancer clone capable of generating more progeny.
![Page 12: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SO, for example…
• Suppose this cell snuffs up a flu virus.
• We now have a virus-infected cell, which will need to be combated.
We have a “nose” (respiratory epithelial) cell
![Page 13: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Step 1 =Macrophages
•The macrophage wraps itself around and ingests the infected cell (the nose cell + antigen).
•The macrophage breaks it up into little pieces, then displays it to the helper T cells.
![Page 14: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Step 2
•The helper t cells recognize the infected “nose” cell as a virus-infected cell.
•Because it is a virus-infected cell, the helper t cells will signal the killer t cells to destroy the antigen.
![Page 15: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Step 3
The killer T cells will move right up to the virus-infected cell and rupture it, so that the virus or cancer can no longer grow or multiply.
![Page 16: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(If…)• If instead the antigen was a
bacteria and not a virus, the helper t cells would signal the b-cells to destroy the antigen.
![Page 17: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Last but not least:
• Pieces of bacteria or virus from either scenario are mopped up by the macrophage scavengers.
![Page 18: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
We all have our flaws…
• Often the immune system has its flaws, and the body is unable to be 100% accurate in making its immune responses. This means that there may be a glitch in either the process of the macrophages, helper t-cells, b cells or killer T cells doing their jobs. The functioning of these processes together make up the generalized self/non-self recognition and attacking of foreign cells.
• So, if there is a problem with the immune system, it generally means that the body is unable to properly identify or fight off antigens.
• 2 examples of immune system response “problems” are asthma and allergies.• Asthma and Allergies deal with “triggers” – in relation to the antigens that “trigger” the
immune response.
![Page 19: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Asthma
![Page 20: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What is it?
• a.k.a. “chronic inflammatory disease of the airway”
• Cause unknown• Currently no cure• Symptoms: -shortness of breath -tightness in chest -coughing -wheezing
• Any age can develop it• Usually #1 chronic condition
found in young people; needs monitoring and to be controlled over a persons life time
• Episodes vary from one to the next
• Can break out time to time /wont appear for long period of time
A chronic respiratory disease, in which the airways unexpectedly and suddenly narrow, often in response to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress
![Page 21: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
“Triggers”• Anything that will cause
inflammation in the airways
• 2 types: Inflammatory and symptom
Inflammatory (allergic): causes inflammation/tightness of the lungs airways muscles
Symptom (non-allergic): low chance at causing inflammation; can set off “twitchy” airways (especially if airways are already inflamed)
![Page 22: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Symptoms occur;
flow of airway is interrupted as it passes in/out of lungs
• More inflammation; more sensitive airways become-more symptoms occur (muscles circling airway; more sensitive)
• Leads to breathing problems
• Asthma patients-airways inflamed all the time (certain degree)
![Page 23: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Controlling asthma- -avoid asthma
triggers -take medication -form health care
team -follow asthma
action plan
Treatments- (2 types)
-each medication serves diff. purpose
Controllers: reduces inflammation
Symptoms occur less & less
Relievers: lightens symptoms
right away
![Page 24: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The 3 stages
1. Histamine release
2. Arachidonic acid cascade
3. Leukotrienes
![Page 25: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Histamine Release• Important protein; entangled in many
allergic reactions• Histamine-known as vasoactive
amine• Release of histamine:-contributes to an inflammatory
response-constriction of smooth muscles occur
![Page 26: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Allergies• Often treated by antihistaminesEffects of Antihistamines:-restrains histamines release of
inflammatory mediators by leukocytes-results in neutralization of histamine
(deters histamine from binding/activating immune related cells in the area)
![Page 27: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Arachidonc Acid Cascade
• series of chemical reactions that make leukotrienes
• Response to many inflammatory stimuli (change in internal or external environment)
![Page 28: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Leukotrienes
• Are naturally produced lipid mediators
Function:
-involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions
(leukotrienes act to maintain inflammatory response)
![Page 29: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Leukotrienes in asthma• Assist in the study of the
biological and physical reveal of the disease (asthma)
causes these symptoms:
-air flow obstruction-increased secretion of
mucus -mucosal accumulation-Bronchoconstriction-infiltration of
inflammatory cells in airway walls
![Page 30: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Role of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes
• During interaction process, receptors encourage pro-inflammatory activities
• Induces asthma and other inflammatory activities which therefore reduces the airflow to the alveoli
![Page 31: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Allergies
Abnormal reactions to ordinarily harmless substances.
![Page 32: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Description• Normally, the body learns to defend itself through experience through recognition.– Vaccinations help create immunity
• Allergic Reactions occur after the immune system mistakenly learns to recognize innocent foreign substances (allergens) as potentially harmful.– Allergens can be inhaled, swallowed, or come into contact with skin.
![Page 33: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Popular Allergens• Pollen• Mold Spores• House dust mites• Animals• Foods• Insect bites• Latex rubber• Viruses• Bacteria• …. And much more!
![Page 34: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Causes• Fundamental cause
unknown• Tendency to run in
families – genetic• Infants that are breast-
fed are less likely to develop allergies
• Expose to certain allergens
![Page 36: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
SymptomsMild Moderate Severe
Rash Itchy,
watery eyesCongestion
Mild reactions do not spread
to other parts of the
body
Itchiness Difficulty
breathingCan spread to other parts of
body
a.k.a. anaphylaxisSwellingHard
breathingAbdominal
painCrampsVomitingDiarrhea
![Page 37: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Treatment
• Antihistamines– Triggers immune system to go to action.
“Mast cells” in immune system release histamine; causes blood vessels to enlarge redness, swelling and itching. Block histamine receptors and prevent those symptoms• Over counter: Benadryl, Claritin, Dimetane,
Zyrtec• Prescription: Clarinex, Allegram Astelin
(nasal spray)
![Page 38: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
…continues
• Decongestants– Relieve congestion– Allergic reaction cause tissue in nose to swell in
response with allergies. The swelling produces fluid and mucous. Blood vessels in eyes also swell which then cause redness. They shrink swollen nasal tissues and blood vessels to relieve the symptoms of nasal swelling, congestion, mucous, secretion and redness.
• Over counter: zyrtec-d, sudafed, Afrin (nasal spray)• Prescription: Allegra-D
![Page 39: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Anaphylaxissevere, potentially life-threatening allergic
reaction. • Can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure
to allergen• The flood of chemicals released by your immune
system during anaphylaxis can cause you to go to shock; blood pressure drops and airways narrow- blocking normal
![Page 40: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Causes
• Certain allergies make immune systems overreact and when this
happens the immune system goes on a chemical chain reaction=
ANAPHYLAXIS• Allergens: medication, foods
(peanuts, shellfish, etc), insect bites, etc
• Exercise
![Page 41: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Symptoms:
• Skin reactions (pale, itching, hives, rash)
• Constriction of airways and swollen tongue/throat= breathing trouble
• Weak and rapid pulse• Nausea, dizziness• Vomiting, diaherra
![Page 42: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Complications
Can be life-threatening when a severe anaphylactic attack occurs . It can stop
breathing and heartbeat.
![Page 43: The Immune System. What’s up with that.. What is it? The immune system is the network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc2d82/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Treatment• CPR- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation• Epinephrine (adrenaline): reduce body’s
allergic response• Oxygen- compensate restricted breathing• IV antihistamines/cortisone: reduce
inflammation or airways• Steroid Medication: treat and prevent
prolonged symptoms
•Always be properly stocked with medicines
and avoid allergens