ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
A FRAMEWORK FOR CALCULATING THE
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF AIR
TRANSPORTHoward Cambridge,
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York,
York, UK
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Outline
• Context• Ecological Footprint• Footprinting Air Transport• Calculation Framework• Application Potential
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Context
• Global Growth
• Demand Drivers
• Impacts
• Climate Change
• Resource Consumption and Waste
• Levels and ResponsibilityBoeing, 2002
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint• Wackernagel and Rees (1996)
• It is a tool to help measure and understand how much bio-productive capacity the earth has and how much of it we use.
• Activity Based
e.g. Tourism, Construction, Services,Transport
• Bio-Productive Land Cropland and Grazing, Forestry, Fisheries, Energy, Built LandPlus Land to Absorb Pollution
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint• 2 Different Methods
• Component vs Compound Approach
• Looks at Bio-productive Area requirements for different activities and sums them up.
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint
• Resource Consumption
e.g. Fossil Fuels
• Impact – Ecological Footprint
Global Hectares (gha) per year
• Waste
e.g. CO2 Emissions
•Whole Economic System
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint
• Largest percentage of Global EF from burning of fossil fuels.
•Followed by utilization of cropland & pasture land.
Ecological Footprint of Nations, 2004. Redefining Progress
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint
• Western Europe and North America highest EF per capita
•Regional Inequalities
•Fair-Earth Share
about 1.5 ghaEcological Footprint of Nations, 2004. Redefining Progress
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Footprinting Air Transport• 3 Main Sectors
Component Airports Airlines Passengers
Transport
EnergyConstruction
FoodWaterWaste• 5 Main Components
• Data Gathering
• Spreadsheet
• Software
• Sources: Airlines, Airports, Passengers
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Transport
• Aircraft Type
Fuel Consumption
Distance
Engine Efficiency
• Passenger Mode
Distance
Car Type
Engine Efficiency
• Other Transport – Baggage Trucks
TRANSPORT (kms)
Types
Short Haul Long Haul Passenger travel to Airport
Passenger travel from Airport
Commuter Commercial (including freight)
Rental Engine CO2 Efficiency
Passengers/ Occupancy
Air Turboprop
Turbo Jet2 Engine
Turbo Jet 4 Engine.
Helicopter
Car Petrol
Diesel
Hybrid
Train HST
Local
Subsurface
Bus >20 pass. capacity
<20 pass. capacity
TramTaxi Petrol
Diesel
Vans / 4x4 vehicles
Rigid lorries
Artic. lorries
Specialist vehicles (powered) e.g. stairs
Trailed equipment (non-powered) e.g. baggage trucks
Other vehicles
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Water• Water required for
cleaning, hygiene
• Water use in Airport
• Water on-board aircraft
• Passenger consumption
• Leakage/Recycled
WATER Airline(litres)
Clean Water -Passenger
-Catering -Cleaning
-Flight Operations Sewerage treatment/disposal Recycled/Reused Leakage Bottled Water
Airport Passenger
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Energy• Air-side Operations
– Runway lights– Radar– Stands– Baggage Handling
• Land-side Operations– Check-in– Shopping– Walkways, escalators– Machinery– Entertainment– Service– Hotels
ENERGY Solar
(KWh or Direct Wind Biofuel Hydro PhotoVoltaicLitres) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | AirlineSpace Heating
Water Heating
Catering
Lighting
Appliances/
Machines
ENERGY Diesel(KWh or Litres) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline
Space Heating
Water Heating
Catering
Lighting
Appliances/
Machines
Gas Petrol CHP Oil
Electricity
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Waste
• Airport
• Aircraft
• Processing• Recycling• Incineration• Land-fill
• Passengers
WASTE Production Distance Recycled Incinerated Landfill(tonnes) (km) % % %
Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic /
Polymers
Glass
Aluminum
Wood
Organic
Other non-ferrous metals
Electronic
Other ferrous / white goods
Chemical waste
Mineral waste
Other
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Food
• Airport
• Aircraft
• Production Location
• Organic
• Recycled
FOOD Import (Air)
Import (Surface)
Local Organic Recycled
% %(tonnes) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline
Milks & Creams
Cheese
Meat
Fish
Eggs
Fats & Oils
Sugar
Vegetables
Fruit
Bread
Cereals
Beverages
Alcoholic Drinks
Soft Drinks
Sweets
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
• Runways, Offices
Hangars, Terminals
Transport links
Components - Construction
• Type of Material
• Source of Material
• Size of Building
CONSTRUCTION/ MATERIALS
Aircraft Operating
Hotels
Areas(tonnes)
Concrete (mass/slab)
Spoil/fill
Sand
Hardcore
Mortar
Blocks (light)
Bricks
Mineral wool insulation
Polyurethene ins. (HCFC)
Hard floor covering
Soft floor covering
Steel
Aluminum
Windows/doors uPVC
Windows/doors timber
Plasterboard
Plaster
Paint
Glass
Timber
Reinforced. beams/lintels
RunwayTerminal Building
Car Parks Airport Builidings
Aircraft Servicing
Freight Terminal
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Calculation
• Fuel use multiplied by energy conversion factors (co2 equivalents)
Higher global warming potential of aviation emissions.
• Calculate Total (km/tonnes) for each component (i)
Transport, Water, Waste, Food, Construction
D= Direct Bio-productive land useN= Indirect (fossil fuel) land usei = component
Fuel Type kg CO2 per kWh
Electricity 0.44
Gas 0.19Coal 0.3Oil 0.25Petrol 0.24Renewable Energy 0
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Calculation• Assign to Bio-Productive Area
e.g. how much cropland required to supply tonnage of food.
• Multiply each area by equivalence factors-in order to make comparisons between areas of different productivity i.e. comparing crop land to forest areas are 'normalized' by multiplying them by equivalence factors relating to their bio-productivity.
Arable Pasture Built Land Forest Fisheries Energy/Fossil2.11 0.47 2.11 1.35 0.35 1.35
Arable Pasture Built Land Forest Fisheries Energy/Fossil
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Calculation
Global Hectares /Year
• EF Expressed as:
Global Hectares /Passenger /Year
• EF for each Component EFcomp= (EFarable+ EFpasture+ EFbuilt+ EFforests+ EFfisheries+ EFfossil/energy)comp
• Total EF=Sum all Bio-Productive AreasEFtotal = EFarable+ EFpasture+ EFbuilt+ EFforests+ EFfisheries+ EFfossil/energy
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Application• Set Policies which reduce fuel
consumption
- improve airline profit margins- environmental benefits- reach emission reduction targets
• Assessment tool for future airport expansion
- assess total impact- model different scenarios- communication tool
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Application• Waste Reduction Strategies• Weight Reduction• Freight Logistics• Fleet Adjustments• Passenger Modal Substitution• Renewable energy supply e.g APU• Electric/Hybrid vehicles• Air Traffic Management• Congestion
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Conclusion• Air transport comprises many
different activities carried out by different industries and consumers.
• Air travel is forecast to increase annually for the next 50 years.
• This means increasing resource consumption and more waste produced. This includes greenhouse gas emissions a significant factor in climate change. • Therefore, concerns about environmental issues and sustainable development need to be assessed and addressed.
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Conclusion• The EF provides a method for the
total impact of air transport to be assessed.
• This type of assessment takes into account all activities not just the flight segment.
• The EF can be used as a communication and aware -ness tool to inform passengers about the impact they make. It can leads to shifts to public transport for airport access.
• The EF can be used by airports and airlines to identify operations where energy efficiency measures can be made and where resource consumption can be reduced.
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Methodology Improvement
PhD Research Topic
www.globalfootprintnetwork.org
Future
ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
THANK YOU!!