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Ice matters Arctic and Antarctic under-ice communities linking
sea ice with the pelagic food web
Hauke Flores, J. A. van Franeker, C. David, B. Lange, V. Siegel, S. Kruse, B. Hunt, E. A. Pakhomov, ...
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Outline
1. Introduction 2. The sea ice – food web link
a) Lessons from the Antarctic ice underside b) First insights from a field study in the Arctic
3. Conclusions
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Climate change in Polar Regions
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Climate change in Polar Regions
Ice algae
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** Arrigo & Thomas (2004) Ant Sci, McMinn et al. (2010) Mar Biol
*Gosselin (1997) Deep-Sea Res II
Proportional contribution of ice algal primary production
Arctic Ocean
≤ 57 % ?*
Annual water column primary production (g C m-2 y-1)
Southern Ocean
10-65 % ?**
Arrigo et al. (2008) J Geophys Res Arrigo et al. (2008) Geophys Res Lt
Max. sea ice extent
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Sea ice – food web transition
Calanus glacialis
www.arcodiv.org
Humpback whale
Antarctic krill
J.A. van Franeker
Ice algae
Trophic
Passive
Microbial loop
Respiration
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Eusirus laticarpus
J.A. van Franeker
Sea ice-associated fauna
Antarctic
Eusirus microps
Arctic
Arcodiv.org
Arcodiv.org
Gammarus wilkitzkii
Apherusa glacialis
Onissimus glacialis
Boreogadus saida Euphausia superba
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Iceflux approach
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Iceflux approach
Biomarkers / tracers Trophic
Passive
Microbial loop
Respiration
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B. Lange
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RV Polarstern
Lazarev Sea
Macrozooplankton sampled under Antarctic sea ice
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Antarctic krill under sea ice
Flores et al. (2012) PLoS ONE
Summer: • Krill signific. more abundant under
ice than in ow • Under ice per-area abundances
consistantly higher than 0-200 m abundances from pelagic nets
Winter • Maximum seasonal abundances
under winter sea ice • Local per-area abundances far
exceeded 0-200 m abundances
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Polar cod
Arctic Ocean, 2012
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Biomass comparison
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SUIT sensors
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Linking data
Arctic Ocean 2012
Under-ice fauna Under-ice fauna
Clione limacina
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Linking data
Arctic Ocean 2012
Under-ice fauna Under-ice fauna
Under-ice fauna
Lazarev Sea 2007/08
Clione limacina
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Conclusions
• Rich under-ice community both in the Arctic and the Antarctic Ocean
• Antarctic krill is associated with sea ice almost year-round • Ctenophores often dominate biomass in sea ice ecosystems • Like Antarctic krill, Arctic cod dominates non-gelatinous
biomass under sea ice • Traditional sampling gear can under-estimate under-ice
species abundance significantly • Arctic and Antarctic surface layer community composition
is related to sea ice habitat properties • Changing sea ice habitats can significantly impact on Polar
ecosystems
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Thank you.
SUIT on-deck crew, Polarstern ARK XXVII/3