Download - Hydrologic Measurement
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Hydrologic Measurement
• Precipitation• Evaporation• Streamflow• Channel Properties• Topography• GIS datasets
Reading: Applied Hydrology Chapter 6
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Hydrologic Measurement
Precipitation, Climate, Stream Gaging Water Quality Sampling
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Precipitation Station• Tipping Bucket Raingage
– The gauge registers precipitation (rainfall) by counting small increments of rain collected.
– When rain falls into the funnel it runs into a container divided into two equal compartments by a partition
– When a specified amount of rain has drained from the funnel the bucket tilts the opposite way.
– The number and rate of bucket movements are counted and logged electronically.
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Tipping bucket rain gage
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Weather/climate station
• Following variables are recorded– Wind
velocity/direction– Rainfall– Relative humidity and
temperature– Radiation
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Components of a weather station
Anemometer
Radiometer
Tipping bucket raingage
Relative humidity and temperature
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Precipitation (continued)
• Snow Pillows
http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/snow/pillow.htm
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Snow Pillows
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Evaporation pan
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Measuring streamflow
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Streamflow using a boat
Tag line
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Measurement at high flows
Using stream gaging cable car
From bridge
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Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
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Schematic of a stilling well gaging station
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Pressure transducer gaging station
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Stream Flow Rate
A
Q AdV
Discharge at a cross-section
Water Surface
Depth Averaged Velocity
Height above bed
%60
%40
Velocity
n
iiii wdVQ
1**
iw
id
1i ni
Velocity profile in stream
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Example
distance depth velocity(ft) (ft) (ft/s)
i d V1 0 0 02 12 3.1 0.43 32 4.4 0.94 52 4.6 1.15 72 5.7 1.36 92 4.5 0.77 112 4.4 0.98 132 5.4 1.49 152 6.1 2.010 167 5.8 2.211 182 5.7 2.512 197 5.1 3.113 212 6.0 3.114 227 6.5 3.015 242 7.2 2.616 257 7.2 2.017 272 8.2 1.618 287 5.5 2.019 302 3.6 1.620 317 3.2 1.221 325 0.0 0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Distance
Dep
th
Colorado River at Austin
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Example (Cont.)Distance Depth Velocity Width Area Discharge
(ft) (ft) (ft/s) (ft) (ft2) (ft3/s)i d V w A Q
1 0 0 0 6 4.7 0.02 12 3.1 0.4 16.0 49.6 18.43 32 4.4 0.9 20.0 88.0 76.64 52 4.6 1.1 20.0 92.0 100.35 72 5.7 1.3 20.0 114.0 152.86 92 4.5 0.7 20.0 90.0 63.97 112 4.4 0.9 20.0 88.0 76.68 132 5.4 1.4 20.0 108.0 153.49 152 6.1 2.0 17.5 106.8 216.710 167 5.8 2.2 15.0 87.0 193.111 182 5.7 2.5 15.0 85.5 214.612 197 5.1 3.1 15.0 76.5 234.113 212 6.0 3.1 15.0 90.0 280.814 227 6.5 3.0 15.0 97.5 288.615 242 7.2 2.6 15.0 108.0 283.016 257 7.2 2.0 15.0 108.0 220.317 272 8.2 1.6 15.0 123.0 191.918 287 5.5 2.0 15.0 82.5 168.319 302 3.6 1.6 15.0 54.0 84.820 317 3.2 1.2 11.5 36.8 43.421 325 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.2 0.0
325 1693.0 3061.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Distance
Dep
th
Q = 3061 ft3/s
V = Q/A = 1.81 ft/s
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Rating Curve• It is not feasible to measure flow daily.• Rating curves are used to estimate flow from stage
data• Rating curve defines stage/streamflow relationship
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000Discharge (cfs)
Stag
e (ft
)
Discharge GageHeight
(ft3/s) (ft)20 1.5131 2.0307 2.5530 3.0808 3.51130 4.01498 4.51912 5.02856 6.03961 7.05212 8.06561 9.08000 10.09588 11.011300 12.013100 13.015000 14.017010 15.019110 16.021340 17.023920 18.026230 19.028610 20.0
http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/measurements/?site_no=08158000
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National Elevation Dataset• Digital Elevation Model with 1 arc-second
(30m) cells • Seamless in 1° blocks for the United
States• 10 billion data• Derived from USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle
sheets
http://seamless.usgs.gov/Get the data:
http://ned.usgs.gov/
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Digital Elevation Model (DEM)Contours
720
700
680
740
680700720740
720 720
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Austin West 30 Meter DEM
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32
16
8
64
4
128
1
2
Eight Direction Pour Point Model
Water flows in the direction of steepest descent
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Flow Direction Grid
32
16
8
64
4
128
1
2
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Delineation of Streams and Watersheds on a DEM
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Watersheds of the US
2-digit water resource regions 8-digit HUC watersheds
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Watershed Hierarchy
8 HUC
4
2
6
NHDPlus
10
12
Available In Progress
Digit #
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Watershed of Brushy Creek
HUC12 number
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LIDAR surveying
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging; or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) is a technology that determines distance to an object or surface using laser pulses. Like the similar radar technology, which uses radio waves instead of light, the range to an object is determined by measuring the time delay between transmission of a pulse and detection of the reflected signal.
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Airborne Lidar
Airborne laser altimetry technology (LiDAR, Light Detection And Ranging) provides high-resolution topographical data, which can significantly contribute to a better representation of land surface. A valuable characteristic of this technology, which marks advantages over the traditional topographic survey techniques, is the capability to derive a high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from the last pulse LiDAR data by filtering the vegetation points (Slatton et al., 2007).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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x,y,z
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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3-D detail of the Tongue river at the WY/Mont border from LIDAR.
Roberto GutierrezUniversity of Texas at Austin
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Digital elevation data
Grigno basin, ItalyResolution 30 m x 30 mData source: University of Padova
Tanaro basin, ItalyResolution 90 m x 90 mData source: University of Padova
Tirso basin, ItalyResolution 100 m x 100 mData source: University of Padova
Data resolution available until recently 30-100 m.
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Rio Cordon basin, Selva di Cadore, Italy
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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The role of data resolution
DTM 10x10 m
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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DTM 1x1 m
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
The role of data resolution
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Topographic Lidar
Green LiDARλ = 532 nm + λ =1064 nm
λ = 1064 nm
It is important to remember that the deep water surfaces normally do not reflect the signal: however this is not true in case of presence of floating sediments or when using bathymetric lidar. The bathymetric lidar, that is based on the same principles as topographic lidar, emits laser beams in two wavelengths: an infrared (1064 nm) and a green one (532 nm). The infrared wavelength is reflected on the water surface, while the green one penetrates the water and is reflected by the bottom surface or other objects in the water. Due to this reason the bathymetric lidar is also called green lidar.
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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Fonte: www.optech.ca
During optimal environment condition, when the water is clear, the green lidar survey may reach 50 m water depth with an horizontal accuracy of ±2.5 m, and vertical accuracy of ±0.25 m. This technology is growing fast, and some of the first applications in rivers are coming out (Hilldale and Raff, 2008; McKean et al., 2009).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paolo Tarolli, University of Padova, Italy
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http://srtm.usgs.gov/
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HydroSheds derived from SRTM
http://hydrosheds.cr.usgs.gov/
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River networksfor 8-digit HUC watersheds
http://nhd.usgs.gov/
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Lower West Fork, Trinity River BasinHUC = 12030102
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http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/products/datasets/statsgo/
1:250,000 Scale Soil Information
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Ssurgo for Travis County
103 soil map units described by 7530 polygons of average area 35.37 ha (87 acres)
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National Land Cover Dataset
http://seamless.usgs.gov/Get the data:
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