hydrologic measurement precipitation evaporation streamflow channel properties topography gis...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Hydrologic Measurement
• Precipitation• Evaporation• Streamflow• Channel Properties• Topography• GIS datasets
Reading: Applied Hydrology Chapter 6
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Hydrologic Measurement
Precipitation, Climate, Stream Gaging Water Quality Sampling
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Precipitation Station
• Tipping Bucket Raingage– The gauge registers
precipitation (rainfall) by counting small increments of rain collected.
– When rain falls into the funnel it runs into a container divided into two equal compartments by a partition
– When a specified amount of rain has drained from the funnel the bucket tilts the opposite way.
– The number and rate of bucket movements are counted and logged electronically.
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Tipping bucket rain gage
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Weather/climate station
• Following variables are recorded– Wind
velocity/direction– Rainfall– Relative humidity and
temperature– Radiation
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Components of a weather station
Anemometer
Radiometer
Tipping bucket raingage
Relative humidity and temperature
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Precipitation (continued)
• Snow Pillows
http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/snow/pillow.htm
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Snow Pillows
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Evaporation pan
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Measuring streamflow
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Streamflow using a boat
Tag line
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Measurement at high flows
Using stream gaging cable car
From bridge
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Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
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Schematic of a stilling well gaging station
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Pressure transducer gaging station
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Stream Flow Rate
A
Q AdV
Discharge at a cross-section
Water Surface
Depth Averaged Velocity
Height above bed
%60
%40
Velocity
n
iiii wdVQ
1**
iw
id
1i ni
Velocity profile in stream
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Example
distance depth velocity(ft) (ft) (ft/s)
i d V1 0 0 02 12 3.1 0.43 32 4.4 0.94 52 4.6 1.15 72 5.7 1.36 92 4.5 0.77 112 4.4 0.98 132 5.4 1.49 152 6.1 2.0
10 167 5.8 2.211 182 5.7 2.512 197 5.1 3.113 212 6.0 3.114 227 6.5 3.015 242 7.2 2.616 257 7.2 2.017 272 8.2 1.618 287 5.5 2.019 302 3.6 1.620 317 3.2 1.221 325 0.0 0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Distance
Dep
th
Colorado River at Austin
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Example (Cont.)Distance Depth Velocity Width Area Discharge
(ft) (ft) (ft/s) (ft) (ft2) (ft3/s)i d V w A Q
1 0 0 0 6 4.7 0.02 12 3.1 0.4 16.0 49.6 18.43 32 4.4 0.9 20.0 88.0 76.64 52 4.6 1.1 20.0 92.0 100.35 72 5.7 1.3 20.0 114.0 152.86 92 4.5 0.7 20.0 90.0 63.97 112 4.4 0.9 20.0 88.0 76.68 132 5.4 1.4 20.0 108.0 153.49 152 6.1 2.0 17.5 106.8 216.7
10 167 5.8 2.2 15.0 87.0 193.111 182 5.7 2.5 15.0 85.5 214.612 197 5.1 3.1 15.0 76.5 234.113 212 6.0 3.1 15.0 90.0 280.814 227 6.5 3.0 15.0 97.5 288.615 242 7.2 2.6 15.0 108.0 283.016 257 7.2 2.0 15.0 108.0 220.317 272 8.2 1.6 15.0 123.0 191.918 287 5.5 2.0 15.0 82.5 168.319 302 3.6 1.6 15.0 54.0 84.820 317 3.2 1.2 11.5 36.8 43.421 325 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.2 0.0
325 1693.0 3061.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Distance
De
pth
Q = 3061 ft3/s
V = Q/A = 1.81 ft/s
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Rating Curve
• It is not feasible to measure flow daily.• Rating curves are used to estimate flow from stage
data• Rating curve defines stage/streamflow relationship
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Discharge (cfs)
Sta
ge
(ft)
Discharge GageHeight
(ft3/s) (ft)20 1.5
131 2.0307 2.5530 3.0808 3.5
1130 4.01498 4.51912 5.02856 6.03961 7.05212 8.06561 9.08000 10.09588 11.0
11300 12.013100 13.015000 14.017010 15.019110 16.021340 17.023920 18.026230 19.028610 20.0
http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/measurements/?site_no=08158000
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Water Watchhttp://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/
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http://www.drought.unl.edu/dm/archive.html
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Improvements from Senate Bill 2:Instream Flow requirements
• Requires TPWD, TWDB, TCEQ to develop procedures for defining instream flow requirements
• Implemented on priority study regions by 2010
• Based on fish habitat analysis
Priority Study Regions
Guadalupe
San Antonio
Brazos
Trinity
Sabine
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Process Flowchart
Instream Flow
Decision Making
Hydrodynamic
Model
Habitat
Descriptions
Habitat
Model
ArcGISSMS/RMA2 Data Collection and
some statistics
Depth & velocity
Species groups
Criterion
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Study Area (Guadalupe river near Seguin, TX)
1/2 meter Digital Ortho Photography
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Depth Sounder (Echo Sounder)
The electronic depth sounder operates in a similar way to radar It sends out an electronic pulse which echoes back from the bed. The echo is timed electronically and transposed into a reading of the depth of water.
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Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Provides full profiles of water current speed and direction in the ocean, rivers, and lakes. Also used for discharge, scour and river bed topography.
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Measurement System
GPS Antenna
Depth Sounder
Computer and power setup
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Channel Bed Soundings
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Bathymetry from Side-Scanning Sonar
Channel demo
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National Elevation Dataset
• Digital Elevation Model with 1 arc-second (30m) cells
• Seamless in 1° blocks for the United States
• 10 billion data• Derived from USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle
sheets
http://seamless.usgs.gov/Get the data:
http://ned.usgs.gov/
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Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Contours
720
700
680
740
680700720740
720 720
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Austin West 30 Meter DEM
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32
16
8
64
4
128
1
2
Eight Direction Pour Point Model
Water flows in the direction of steepest descent
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Flow Direction Grid
32
16
8
64
4
128
1
2
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Delineation of Streams and Watersheds on a DEM
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Watersheds of the US
2-digit water resource regions 8-digit HUC watersheds
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Hydrologic Unit Code Watersheds
~ 2000 for US, about the size of counties
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LIDAR surveying
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging; or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) is a technology that determines distance to an object or surface using laser pulses. Like the similar radar technology, which uses radio waves instead of light, the range to an object is determined by measuring the time delay between transmission of a pulse and detection of the reflected signal.
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3-D detail of the Tongue river at the WY/Mont border from LIDAR.
Roberto GutierrezUniversity of Texas at Austin
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http://srtm.usgs.gov/
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HydroSheds derived from SRTM
http://hydrosheds.cr.usgs.gov/
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River networksfor 8-digit HUC watersheds
http://nhd.usgs.gov/
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Lower West Fork, Trinity River BasinHUC = 12030102
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http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus/
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NHDPlus for a Portion of Oregon
http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus/
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NHDPlus Reach Catchments ~ 3km2
About 1000 reach catchments in each 8-digit HUC
Average reach length = 2km 2.3 million reaches for continental US
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http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/products/datasets/statsgo/
1:250,000 Scale Soil Information
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Ssurgo for Travis County
103 soil map units described by 7530 polygons of average area 35.37 ha (87 acres)
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National Land Cover Dataset
http://seamless.usgs.gov/Get the data:
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