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Human Organ Systems Review
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Organ Systems
• Nervous• Circulatory• Lymphatic (Immune)• Respiratory• Digestive• Excretory (Urinary)• Reproductive• Endocrine
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Nervous System
• Functions:– Senses changes in the environment and
coordinates an appropriate response.– Allows us to function the way we do.
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Nervous System
• Components:– Central Nervous System (CNS)• Brain• Spinal cord
– Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)• Peripheral nerves connect
body to CNS.
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Nervous System
• Nerve Cell (Neuron):– Cell body has all components of the animal cell.– Dendrites receive information.– Axons send information.
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Nervous System
Central Nervous System• Brain:– Receives and processes information from sensory
receptors.– Causes a specific response
in the body.– Allows us to learn, hold
onto memories, reason, maintain balance, etc.
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Nervous System
Central Nervous System• Spinal Cord:– Responsible for reflexes.– Very fast; occurs
without conscious thought.
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Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System• Controls skeletal muscles.• Carries information from the
sensory organs to brain.• Controls involuntary actions such
as breathing, heart rate and digestion.
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Circulatory System
• Functions:– Transports nutrients and oxygen to
the body cells.– Remove wastes and carbon dioxide
from the cells.
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Circulatory System
• Components:– Heart– Blood Vessels– Blood
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Circulatory System
Heart:• Cardiac muscle tissue causes the heart to contract
as one unit.• Epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside of the
heart to protect it from friction.
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Circulatory System
Blood Vessels:• Network of tubes that transport blood.• Arteries:– Carry blood away from heart; under high pressure.
• Veins :– Carry blood toward heat; under low pressure.– Valves help direct blood back to heart.
• Capillaries: – Surround each body cell.– Allows oxygen and nutrients to enter cells.
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Circulatory System
Blood Vessels:
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Circulatory System
Blood:• Type of connective tissue.• Red blood cells:
– Transports oxygen to cells.
• White blood cells:– Recognize and destroy foreign microbes
(e.g., bacteria and viruses).
• Platelets:– Cell fragments involved with blood clotting.
• Plasma:– Protein-rich liquid that carries blood cells.
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Lymphatic System
Functions:• To defend against
disease.• Works with the immune
system.
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Lymphatic System
Components:• Lymph vessels• Lymph fluid• Lymph nodes• Spleen• Thymus gland
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Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels• Run alongside blood vessels.• Transport lymph (fluid with white blood cells).
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Lymphatic System
Spleen, Thymus Gland & Lymph Nodes• Congregation of white blood cells (search for and
destroy foreign invaders).• Filters lymph and destroys
any microbes.
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Respiratory System
• Functions:– Provides oxygen needed
by the body.– Removes carbon dioxide
waste from the body.
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Respiratory System
• Components:– Mouth and nose– Trachea– Lungs– Diaphragm
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Respiratory System
Trachea:• Air from mouth and nose pass
through trachea.• Cartilagenous rings keep it
open.• Lined with ciliated epithelium.– Cilia ‘beat’ to move mucus and
foreign debris away from lungs.
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Respiratory System
Lungs:• Non-muscular organ filled with alveoli.• Alveoli are small air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
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Respiratory System
Diaphragm:• Dome-shaped muscle.• Attached to bottom lungs.
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Respiratory System
Breathing:
Inhalation• Diaphragm contracts and flattens.• Lungs increase in size (and decrease pressure).
Exhalation• Diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome-
shape.• Lungs decrease in size (and increase pressure).
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Digestive System
• Function:– To take food into the body.– To breakdown food into smaller pieces.– To absorb nutrients into body.– To excrete solid waste.
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Digestive System
• Components:– Mouth– Esophagus– Stomach– Intestines
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Digestive System
Mouth • Breaks down food.– Chewing.– Digestive enzymes.
• Saliva produced by epithelial tissue.
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Digestive System
Esophagus• Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to push
food to stomach (peristalsis).
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Digestive System
Stomach• Stores food.• Smooth muscle contracts to mix food with
digestive juices.
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Digestive System
Intestines• Digestion and absorption of nutrients.• Water reabsorbed into body.• Solid matter excreted as feces from anus.
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Excretory (Urinary) System
• Functions:– To filter wastes from the blood.– Forms urine.
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Excretory (Urinary) System
• Components:– Kidneys– Ureters– Bladder– Urethra
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Excretory (Urinary) System
Kidneys• Filter wastes from blood.• Reabsorb essential substances
back into blood (e.g., glucose).• Secrete any other wastes
into urine.
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Excretory (Urinary) System
Ureters, Bladder & Urethra• Ureters carry urine from kidneys to
bladder.• Bladder stores urine.• Urine exits body via urethra.
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Reproductive System
Functions:• To produce sperm in males.• To produce eggs in females.• Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
– e.g., Males: facial and body hair, deepening of voice.– e.g., Females: breast development, body hair.
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Reproductive System
Components:• Female:– Ovaries– Fallopian tubes– Uterus– Vagina
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Reproductive System
Components:• Male:– Testis– Vas deferens– Urethra– Penis
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Endocrine System
Functions:• Produces hormones that regulate bodily
functions.
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Endocrine System
Components:• Pancreas• Adrenal glands• Ovaries• Testis
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Endocrine System
Pancreas• Produces insulin lowers our blood sugar
Adrenal Glands• Produces adrenaline short-term stress
(“fight or flight” response)
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Endocrine System
Ovaries• Produce estrogen secondary sex
characteristics.
Testis• Produce testosterone secondary sex
characteristics.
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Interactions of Systems
• Oxygen diffuses from air in respiratory system into blood in circulatory system.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into air.
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Interactions of Systems• Nutrients diffuse from food in
digestive system into circulatory system.
• Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from circulatory system into body cells.
• Carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse from body cells into circulatory system.
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Interactions of Systems• Wastes from metabolic processes pass from circulatory
system into urinary system.
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Interactions of Systems• Endocrine system (prolonged response) and nervous
system (rapid response) work together to regulate all bodily functions and organ systems.
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Interactions of Systems• Lymphatic system and circulatory system work together
to protect the body from foreign invaders.